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Purpose: A retrospective case-control study was undertaken to assess the diagnostic efficacy of X-ray film in detecting peptic ulcer perforation (PUP). Materials and Methods: The study retrieved demographic data, perioperative observations, and postoperative results of 353 patients from the hospital repository. These individuals were categorized into two cohorts depending on the detection of intraperitoneal free air on X-ray imaging. Results: The study cohort exhibited a median age of 57 years (interquartile range: IQR 38-71), comprising predominantly males (82.4%). Intraperitoneal free air was evident in 73.1% of patients on X-ray imaging. In the multivariate analyses of the respective groups, time interval and diabetes mellitus (DM) emerged as independent risk factors. Notably, the sensitivity of X-ray film heightened with prolonged duration between symptom onset and emergency department admission, while specificity increased in the presence of DM. Conclusion: The imperative for supplementary imaging modalities in conjunction with clinical assessment is apparent in the diagnostic approach to PUP. Nonetheless, the fluctuation in sensitivity and specificity of X-ray film concerning DM and the duration from symptom onset to emergency department admission warrants careful consideration. Especially in cases where clinical suspicion of PUP exists despite the absence of intraperitoneal free air on X-ray, the utilization of advanced diagnostic techniques is advocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Proximal femoral nail anti-rotation is widely used in the treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fractures. Accurate screw placement angle and position can effectively improve the success rate of surgery and reduce the incidence of internal fixation-related complications. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative anatomical positional relationship between the iliac crest and the greater trochanter of femur on intramedullary nail placement based on radiological measurements. METHODS: 174 hip joints were examined in 87 normal adult pelvic anteroposterior radiographs in Orthopedic Clinic of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. There were 50 males and 37 females at the age of (43.72±14.45) years. The distance between bilateral iliac crest line (La) and bilateral femoral trochanter line (Lb) was measured. The angle with the median pelvic axis ( ∠ 1), the angle between the anatomical axis of the femur and the median axis of the pelvis ( ∠ 2), and the neck-shaft angle ( ∠ 3) were measured. On the pelvic anteroposterior radiograph, the vertical line of the horizontal line of the pelvis was made through the lateral margin of the iliac crest. The exposure of the greater trochanter of the femur was distinguished according to the degree of exposure of the greater trochanter of the femur inside and outside the vertical line. Group I (52 hip joints, with a large degree of exposure) was outside the line, and Group II (122 hip joints, with a small degree of exposure) was inside the line. The iliac crest occlusion angle was Δ1=| ∠ 1- ∠ 2|, and according to the proximal femoral nail anti-rotation with a 5° proximal lateralization angle was grouped, with Δ1 ≤ 5° as group IIa (66 hips), and Δ1>5° as group IIb (56 hips). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The values of La, La/Lb and Δ1 in Group I were lower than those in Group II (P < 0.05); the value of La/Lb in Group IIa was higher than that in Group IIb (P < 0.05); the value of Δ1 in Group I was higher than that in Group IIa (P < 0.05) and lower than that in Group IIb (P < 0.05); the value of Lb in Group IIb was lower than that in Group I (P < 0.05) and higher than that in Group IIa (P < 0.05). (2) The results showed that the smaller the distance between the pelvic width and the bilateral femoral trochanters, the smaller the degree of occlusion, and the easier it was to enter the nail. The smaller the degree of iliac crest occlusion, the better for nail insertion was. There are quite a few people with iliac crest occlusion. If it is found that the iliac crest occlusion is obvious before the operation, it can be considered to increase the degree of adduction appropriately to facilitate nail insertion on the premise of maintaining anatomical reduction during positioning, which has guiding significance for clinical operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate AI biases and errors in estimating bone age (BA) by comparing AI and radiologists' clinical determinations of BA. Methods: We established three deep learning models from a Chinese private dataset (CHNm), an American public dataset (USAm), and a joint dataset combining the above two datasets (JOIm). The test data CHNt (n = 1246) were labeled by ten senior pediatric radiologists. The effects of data site differences, interpretation bias, and interobserver variability on BA assessment were evaluated. The differences between the AI models' and radiologists' clinical determinations of BA (normal, advanced, and delayed BA groups by using the Brush data) were evaluated by the chi-square test and Kappa values. The heatmaps of CHNm-CHNt were generated by using Grad-CAM. Results: We obtained an MAD value of 0.42 years on CHNm-CHNt; this result indicated an appropriate accuracy for the whole group but did not indicate an accurate estimation of individual BA because with a kappa value of 0.714, the agreement between AI and human clinical determinations of BA was significantly different. The features of the heatmaps were not fully consistent with the human vision on the X-ray films. Variable performance in BA estimation by different AI models and the disagreement between AI and radiologists' clinical determinations of BA may be caused by data biases, including patients' sex and age, institutions, and radiologists. Conclusions: The deep learning models outperform external validation in predicting BA on both internal and joint datasets. However, the biases and errors in the models' clinical determinations of child development should be carefully considered. Key Points: • With a kappa value of 0.714, clinical determinations of bone age by using AI did not accord well with clinical determinations by radiologists. • Several biases, including patients' sex and age, institutions, and radiologists, may cause variable performance by AI bone age models and disagreement between AI and radiologists' clinical determinations of bone age. • AI heatmaps of bone age were not fully consistent with human vision on X-ray films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To propose and validate a method for standardizing and printing cephalograms acquired from different imaging systems. Methods: Validation of the proposed method was done using digital cephalograms, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-derived cephalograms, and direct measurements obtained from 3 dry human skulls. Each cephalogram was analyzed as-received and after standardization, using both manual and digital methods. 3-dimensional (3D) measurements were also computed from the CBCT images. After adequate blinding, 2 observers independently carried out all these measurements at 2 different times. Finally, the different cephalometric measurements of each skull were compared with the corresponding direct measurements (gold standard). Results: The as-received digital cephalogram showed an inherent magnification of 33%, as determined from the calibration ruler. Compared to direct skull measurements, the as-received conventional and CBCT-derived cephalograms printed without standardization showed a reduction in measures of around 14% and 28%, respectively, whereas measurements obtained from cephalograms, which were standardized and printed by the proposed method, were comparable to direct measurements. Conclusions: The findings of the validation study demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method in standardizing different cephalograms before printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Diastasis of the pubic symphysis has been reported to occur in 13–16% of pelvic ring injuries. In Asians, there are only a few data showing the width of the pubic symphysis. The aim of this study is to see the width of pubic symphysis relating to age and sex in Koreans. Methods Width of pubic symphysis was measured in pelvis AP and pelvic CT of 784 peoples (392 males, 392 females). Results In supine AP, the width at the upper end was 4.8±2.5 mm (males; 3.46±1.38 mm, females; 4.04±2.76 mm). The width at the midpoint was 4.7±2.0 mm (males; 4.64±1.58 mm, females; 4.75±2.29 mm). The width at the lower end was 4.8±2.5 mm (males; 4.58±2.19 mm, females; 5.08±2.76 mm). In abducted AP, the width at the upper end was 3.8±2.9 mm (males; 3.65±1.50 mm, females; 3.97±3.85 mm). The width at the midpoint was 4.6±2.3 mm (males; 4.45±2.16 mm, females; 5.18±3.79 mm). The width at the lower end was 4.8±3.1 mm (males; 4.55±1.30 mm, females; 4.74±3.06 mm). In axial CT, the width at the anterior border was 15.0±6.2 mm (males; 14.50±6.62 mm, females; 16.44±6.22 mm). The width at the narrowest point was 3.1±1.5 mm (males; 3.19±1.53 mm, females; 3.09±1.50 mm). The width at the widest point was 4.1±1.6 mm (males; 4.27±1.60 mm, females; 4.00±1.50 mm). The width at the posterior border was 2.3±1.3 mm (males: 2.20±1.30 mm, females; 2.44±1.40 mm). Axial thickness was 27.1±5.3 mm (males; 29.48±4.60 mm, females; 24.70±4.82 mm). In coronal CT, the width at the upper end was 3.1±4.1 mm (males; 2.28±1.26 mm, females; 3.83±5.48 mm). The width at beginning of widening was 3.6±4.5 mm (males; 2.68±1.63 mm, females; 4.54±6.08 mm). The width at the lower end was 20.5±8.2 mm (males; 17.49±4.53 mm, females; 23.60±9.86 mm). Coronal thickness was 20.4±7.1 mm (males; 24.50±5.98 mm, females; 16.23±5.61 mm). In supine film, width significantly increased with age at the upper end (p=0.022) and midpoint (p

Juvenile ossifying fibroma is an uncommon fibro-osseous lesion of jaws nature of short-term rapid growth characterized by excessive growth of bone, destruction, and more probable to reoccur. This lesion has more predominance to occur in younger individuals than older ones and mostly involves facial bones. The lesion mostly involves jaws, orbit, cranial bones, ethmoidal complex, skull base, and Calvaria. Radiographically appears as unilocular or multilocular appearance. The lesion was divided into psammomatoid and trabecular types histopathologically. The psammomatous type of juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma principally involves the bones of the orbit and paranasal sinuses. This lesion is considered to have a higher recurrence rate than its counterparts, so it should be taken care of. This is a case report of a 17-year-old female patient referred to our clinic for a swelling complaint and was provisionally diagnosed as a periapical cyst. The radiograph of this swelling appeared as a multilocular mixed lesion upon viewing. An incisional biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis, ensuring it was a juvenile ossifying psammomatoid fibroma. The treatment for the lesion was surgical excision and succeeded by restoration. Lesions with different clinical presentations should be viewed cautiously, taken care of for a proper diagnostic approach, and should be followed for more extended periods to avoid recurrence.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the correlation between the severity of the initial chest x-ray (CXR) abnormalities in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and the final outcomes. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Royal Hospital, Oman between mid-March and May 2020 and included patients who had been admitted with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and had a final outcome. Serial CXRs were identified and examined for presence, extent, distribution and progression pattern of radiological abnormalities. Each lung field was divided into three zones on each CXR and a score was allocated for each zone (0 is normal and 1-4 is mild-severe). The scores for all six zones per CXR examination were summed to provide a cumulative chest radiographic score (range: 0-24). Results: A total of 64 patients were included; the majority were male (89.1%) and the mean age was 50.22 ± 14.86 years. The initial CXR was abnormal in 60 patients (93.8%). The most common finding was ground glass opacity (n = 58, 96.7%) followed by consolidation (n = 50, 83.3%). Most patients had bilateral (n = 51, 85.0%), multifocal (n = 57, 95.0%) and mixed central and peripheral (n = 36, 60.0%) lung abnormalities. The median score of initial CXR for deceased patients was significantly higher than recovered patients (17 versus 11; P = 0.009). Five CXR evolution patterns were identified: type I (initial radiograph deteriorates then improves), type II (fluctuate), type III (static), type IV (progressive deterioration) and type V (progressive improvement). Conclusion: A higher baseline CXR score is associated with higher mortality rate and poor prognosis in those with COVID-19 pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the differences in measurement result of femoral neck shaft angle between anteroposterior X-ray film and 3-dimensional CT reconstruction image, and investigate the main related factors that lead to the differences. Methods The clinical data of 265 lower limbs from 265 patients hospitalized in our center from August 2016 to June 2018 were retrospectively collected from the electronic medical record system of our hospital. The femoral neck shaft angle was measured on the anteroposterior X-ray films and 3-dimensional CT reconstruction images, and the difference was tested. Age, gender, BMI, left and right difference, hip-knee-ankle angle, femoral bowing angle, femoral torsion angle, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and femoral shaft length were included to establish a statistical model to screen the most important factors leading to the difference. Finally, a control group and an experimental group were set up through the 1:1 propensity score matching to verify the the most important factors. Results The femoral neck shaft angle was (128.02±6.26)° on the anteroposterior X-ray films and (124.22±6.45)° on the 3-dimensional CT reconstruction images, and statistical difference was found between them (P < 0.001), with a difference greater than 3° (accounting for 56.6% of the patients). The established multiple linear regression model (P < 0.001, adjusted R2=0.747) showed that femoral torsion angle (standardized regression coefficient=-0.233, P < 0.001) was the most important factor of the difference. Conclusion There is a difference in the measurement result of femoral neck shaft angle between anteroposterior X-ray film and 3-dimensional CT reconstruction image. Femoral torsion angle is the most important factor. Larger femoral extorsion angle causes larger femoral neck shaft angle measured on the anteroposterior X-ray film.

Silver recovery research from x-ray film waste by leaching and precipitation method using NaOH and Na2S aims to determine the optimum conditions in silver recovery. The parameters optimated in this study were the concentration of the precipitants, leaching temperature and the effect of the type of precipitants on the precipitated time. The results showed that the NaOH and Na2S precipitants were able to recover silver optimally at a concentration of 1.5 M. The optimum leaching temperature of the film with the Na2S precipitant to recover silver was at 25oC, whereas in the NaOH precipitant the film leaching temperature only affected the time of precipitation. Therefore, the formation of precipitate using Na2S is more efficient than NaOH, but the acquisition of silver is better to use NaOH than Na2S.

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Statement of Problem: Some radiographic film holders produce radiographs with geometric distortion that may interfere with diagnosis. However, whether the distortion can be corrected by adjusting the design of the radiographic film holder is unclear., Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop an adapter for a radiographic film holder model aiming to generate radiographs with greater sharpness and a more accurate geometric representation of dental implants., Material and Methods: The 2-piece adapter was designed using the SketchUp software program and was 3-dimensionally (3D) printed. Implants with internal conical connections were installed in 19 maxillary prototypes in the central incisor region. Five dentists obtained 285 digital periapical radiographs with 3 different radiographic film holders: standard Cone Indicator, Rinn XCP, and adapted Cone Indicator. They then evaluated the radiographic sharpness of the implants threads and their dimensions using the ImageJ software program. The data were analyzed using the Friedman test with the Durbin-Conover post hoc test and MANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test (α=.05)., Results: On the mesial surface of the implants, the threads were sharper for the adapted than for the standard Cone Indicator radiographic film holder (P<.05). The adapted Cone Indicator showed a smaller difference between the radiographic and actual implant diameters compared with the Rinn XCP and standard Cone Indicator radiographic film holders (P<.05)., Conclusions: The developed adapter provided radiographs of dental implants with improved sharpness and geometric accuracy., (Copyright © 2024 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To develop deep learning-based cardiac chamber enlargement-detection algorithms for left atrial (DLCE-LAE) and ventricular enlargement (DLCE-LVE), on chest radiographs METHODS: For training and internal validation of DLCE-LAE and -LVE, 5,045 chest radiographs (CRs; 2,463 normal and 2,393 LAE) and 1,012 CRs (456 normal and 456 LVE) matched with the same-day echocardiography were collected, respectively. External validation was performed using 107 temporally independent CRs. Reader performance test was conducted using the external validation dataset by five cardiothoracic radiologists without and with the results of DLCE. Classification performance of DLCE was evaluated and compared with those of the readers and conventional radiographic features, including cardiothoracic ratio, carinal angle, and double contour. In addition, DLCE-LAE was tested on 5,277 CRs from a healthcare screening program cohort.Results: DLCE-LAE showed areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROCs) of 0.858 on external validation. On reader performance test, DLCE-LAE showed better results than pooled radiologists (AUROC 0.858 vs. 0.651; p < .001) and significantly increased their performance when used as a second reader (AUROC 0.651 vs. 0.722; p < .001). DLCE-LAE also showed a significantly higher AUROC than conventional radiographic findings (AUROC 0.858 vs. 0.535-0.706; all ps < .01). In the healthcare screening cohort, DLCE-LAE successfully detected 71.0% (142/200) CRs with moderate-to-severe LAE (93.5% [29/31] of severe cases), while yielding 11.8% (492/4,184) false-positive rate. DLCE-LVE showed AUROCs of 0.966 and 0.594 on internal and external validation, respectively.Conclusion: DLCE-LAE outperformed and improved cardiothoracic radiologists' performance in detecting LAE and showed promise in screening individuals with moderate-to-severe LAE in a healthcare screening cohort.Key Points: • Our deep learning algorithm outperformed cardiothoracic radiologists in detecting left atrial enlargement on chest radiographs. • Cardiothoracic radiologists improved their performance in detecting left atrial enlargement when aided by the algorithm. • On a healthcare-screening cohort, our algorithm detected 71.0% (142/200) radiographs with moderate-to-severe left atrial enlargement while yielding 11.8% (492/4,184) false-positive rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Recycling of waste material and production of biofuels are the thrust areas to modern technology. The basic idea behind this work is to regenerate waste silver from X‐ray films and to employ them in biofuel production from jatropha oil. Stable silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared using Quercus infectoria (oak gall) and raw Camellia sinensis (tea) extracts. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, UV‐visible spectra, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, and Fe‐SEM technique. The temperature of the reactions, weight hourly space velocity, and time of reaction decide the yield of biofuel, and the parameters were optimized over Ag NP catalyst. Apart from yield of biofuel, the proportion of gasoline fraction (C5‐C9) was also peer monitored. A maximum of 90% conversion of jatropha oil was converted into 85% biofuel with 76% selectivity toward gasoline over Ag NPs. Flash point, fire point, calorific value, cloud point, specific gravity, and viscosity of the gasoline were evaluated and correlated with ASTM D6751 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the proposed method, crude enzymes extracted from waste dry leaves of 15 different plants showing protease activity were used for removal of silver from exposed medical X-ray film by hydrolysis of gelatin. Optimum operating pH and temperature for crude protease extract was found to be 7 and 50 °C, respectively. The X-ray film before and after protease treatment was analysed using FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy). The slurry obtained after smelting process analysed using EDS shows 99.8% of silver recovery. The result confirms that the enzyme extraction process recovers silver and PET (polyethylene terephthalate) in eco-friendly treatment methodology when compared to conventional chemical treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diastasis of the pubic symphysis has been reported to occur in 13–16% of pelvic ring injuries. In Asians, there are only a few data showing the width of the pubic symphysis. The aim of this study is to see the width of pubic symphysis relating to age and sex in Koreans. Methods: Width of pubic symphysis was measured in pelvis AP and pelvic CT of 784 peoples (392 males, 392 females). Results: In supine AP, the width at the upper end was 4.8±2.5 mm (males; 3.46±1.38 mm, females; 4.04±2.76 mm). The width at the midpoint was 4.7±2.0 mm (males; 4.64±1.58 mm, females; 4.75±2.29 mm). The width at the lower end was 4.8±2.5 mm (males; 4.58±2.19 mm, females; 5.08±2.76 mm). In abducted AP, the width at the upper end was 3.8±2.9 mm (males; 3.65±1.50 mm, females; 3.97±3.85 mm). The width at the midpoint was 4.6±2.3 mm (males; 4.45±2.16 mm, females; 5.18±3.79 mm). The width at the lower end was 4.8±3.1 mm (males; 4.55±1.30 mm, females; 4.74±3.06 mm). In axial CT, the width at the anterior border was 15.0±6.2 mm (males; 14.50±6.62 mm, females; 16.44±6.22 mm). The width at the narrowest point was 3.1±1.5 mm (males; 3.19±1.53 mm, females; 3.09±1.50 mm). The width at the widest point was 4.1±1.6 mm (males; 4.27±1.60 mm, females; 4.00±1.50 mm). The width at the posterior border was 2.3±1.3 mm (males: 2.20±1.30 mm, females; 2.44±1.40 mm). Axial thickness was 27.1±5.3 mm (males; 29.48±4.60 mm, females; 24.70±4.82 mm). In coronal CT, the width at the upper end was 3.1±4.1 mm (males; 2.28±1.26 mm, females; 3.83±5.48 mm). The width at beginning of widening was 3.6±4.5 mm (males; 2.68±1.63 mm, females; 4.54±6.08 mm). The width at the lower end was 20.5±8.2 mm (males; 17.49±4.53 mm, females; 23.60±9.86 mm). Coronal thickness was 20.4±7.1 mm (males; 24.50±5.98 mm, females; 16.23±5.61 mm). In supine film, width significantly increased with age at the upper end (p=0.022) and midpoint (p< 0.001); however, it decreased at the lower end (p< 0.001). In abduction film, width at midpoint increased with age (p=0.003). Conclusion: Pelvic malunion should be defined according to the population and age. These results could be a reference in assessing the quality of reduction after internal fixation of the patients with traumatic diastasis of the pubic symphysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The imaging evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction mostly through two-dimensional X-ray has disadvantages of non-solid and large measurement error, while three-dimensional reconstructive CT (3D-CT) has higher accuracy for postoperative evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of bone tunnel position and graft status after anterior cruciate ligament near-isometric reconstruction measured by 3D-CT and X-ray. METHODS: From January 2016 to December 2019, 31 patients with arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were selected from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, including 28 males and 3 females, at the age of 20-47 years. All patients were subjected to anterior medial approach to locate the bone tunnel of femur and anterior cruciate ligament near-isometric reconstruction. 3D-CT and X-ray examination were performed within one week after the operation to observe the condition of graft and bone tunnel. The position of bone tunnel in tibia and femur was measured by Klos method and Bernard method respectively. The trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) 3D-CT clearly showed the bone tunnel after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The 31 patients had complete bone tunnel wall, (21.71±2.16) mm for femoral end graft and (14.23±1.78) mm for tibial end graft (excluding extrusion screw part). The internal fixator and graft ligament could also be observed. (2) X-ray films showed that the position of tibial tunnel was (44.17±5.23)% in sagittal plane and (43.05±4.58)% in coronal plane. The position of femoral tunnel was (28.75±4.59)% in Blumensaat line level and (38.23±8.71)% in height from the top of intercondylar fossa. 3DCT showed that the position of tibial tunnel was (42.41±6.93)% in sagittal plane and (43.66%±4.12)% in coronal plane; the position of femoral tunnel was (32.41±6.33)% in blumensaat line level and (41.53±6.51)% in height from the top of intercondylar fossa. There was significant difference in tunnel position between the two methods at Blumensaat line level (P=0.011). (3) The results show that there are some differences between 3D-CT and X-ray films in the evaluation of bone tunnel position after anterior cruciate ligament near-isometric reconstruction. 3D-CT measurement can objectively and accurately reflect the condition of bone tunnel and graft state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign body ingestion is one of the most common presenting complaints in the emergency room. Psychiatric patients that present with an unusual ingested object are frequently associated with the intention of suicide, especially if they have a history of recurrent foreign body ingestion. Radiographic films help in locating the site and predicting the complications. The best method of object retrieval is dependent on many factors and decisions made for the best of patient safety to minimize expected complications. This is a case report of a patient who presented with unusual foreign body ingestion.

Purpose: Orbital trauma is associated with orbital blowout fractures, with associated globe injuries and loss of vision. Orbital reconstruction can be done with various implant materials. The aim of this study is to identify the safety and postoperative outcomes of using X-ray films as orbital implants during orbital reconstruction surgery. Study Design: An interventional case series. Place and Duration of Study: Ophthalmology departments of Lahore General Hospital and Mayo Hospital, Lahore from June 2001 to May 2017. Methods: Retrospective data of all the patients who came for orbital reconstruction surgeries from June 2001 to May 2017 was retrieved. All patients had undergone CT scan prior to surgery. Orbital reconstruction was done by a single surgeon, by bridging bony defect with sterilized X-ray film. All patients received post-operative antibiotics for 1 week. Results: Twenty three male patients were included in the series, with a mean age of 28 ± 2.47 years. Assault and sports injuries with a ball were the commonest form of trauma. Diplopia was the major presenting complaint in 91% of the patients. All patients underwent surgical reconstruction of the orbital floor of orbit with sterilized X-ray film using a lateral canthotomy approach. Only mild postoperative diplopia was recorded in 7 of the cases, with uneventful recovery in the majority. Conclusion: Sterilized X-ray film is a safe, cost effective, and durable material for reconstruction after orbital blowout fracture, especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeTo test the hypothesis that American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categories for breast density reported by radiologists are lower when digital mammography is used than those reported when film-screen (FS) mammography is used.Materials and methodsThis study was institutional review board approved and HIPAA compliant. Demographic data, risk factors, and BI-RADS breast density categories were collected from five mammography registries that were part of the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Active, passive, or waiver of consent was obtained for all participants. Women aged 40 years and older who underwent at least two screening mammographic examinations less than 36 months apart between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009, were included. Women with prior breast cancer, augmentation, or use of agents known to affect density were excluded. The main sample included 89 639 women with both FS and digital mammograms. The comparison group included 259 046 women with two FS mammograms and 87 066 women with two digital mammograms. BI-RADS density was cross-tabulated according to the order in which the two types of mammogram were acquired and by the first versus second interpretation.ResultsRegardless of acquisition method, the percentage of women with a change in density from one reading to the next was similar. Breast density was lower in 19.8% of the women who underwent FS before digital mammography and 17.1% of those who underwent digital before FS mammography. Similarly, lower density classifications were reported on the basis of the second mammographic examination regardless of acquisition method (15.8%-19.8%). The percentage of agreement between density readings was similar regardless of mammographic types paired (67.3%-71.0%).ConclusionThe study results showed no difference in reported BI-RADS breast density categories according to acquisition method. Reported BI-RADS density categories may be useful in the development of breast cancer risk models in which FS, digital, or both acquisition methods are used.

Objective: To explore the method of accurately estimating the acetabular cup prosthesis coverage rate (hereinafter referred to as "cup coverage rate") in total hip arthroplasty (THA) based on X-ray films, and to determine the effective parameters that can be used to estimate the cup coverage rate., Methods: The three-dimensional printed pelvic models were established based on CT data of 16 healthy pelvis, and the acetabular prosthesis were implanted according to conventional THA procedure. The length and width of the uncovered area of the acetabular cup prosthesis were measured by a modified X-ray recording method with a rotating C-arm X-ray machine, and the cup coverage rate was calculated. Then the differences among the traditional anteroposterior X-ray recording method, the modified method, and actual measurement on pelvic model were statistically analyzed. The correlation between the area of the uncovered area of the prosthesis and its width and length was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis., Results: The cup coverage rates of traditional method, modified method, and actual measurement were 78.22%±3.36%, 86.74%±3.61%, and 89.62%±2.62%, respectively, with significant differences ( P <0.05). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the width and length were positively linear with the uncovered area of the prosthesis, and the regression equation was as follows: uncovered area of the prosthesis=-21.192+0.248×width+0.140×length, and the coefficient of determination R 2 =0.857, P <0.001., Conclusion: Compared with the traditional method, the modified method can more accurately evaluate the cup coverage rate during THA, and the width of the uncovered area of the prosthesis can be used as an effective reference for the cup coverage rate.

Abstract Background Most adult trauma protocols suggest that where there has been a dangerous mechanism of injury or the patient exhibits abnormal physiology, CT scan is the primary radiological investigation. Other patients who may have suffered thoraco-lumbar (T-L) trauma initially have antero-posterior (AP) and lateral plain X-rays performed. Our clinical experience suggests AP views are not particularly useful in the management of these relatively low-velocity injuries. This is the first study intended to determine the contribution made by AP X-rays in these cases. Methods Adults with a history of T-L trauma referred to our tertiary spinal service over 20 weeks were reviewed. Those with a CT scan performed prior to X-rays were excluded. Four spine surgeons and four neuroradiologists were independently shown lateral X-rays along with the clinical details and asked to provide a management plan. Then they were shown the AP X-rays and asked if they would like to change their advice. Results Fifty-two patients were identified. Thirty-four sets of supine and 40 sets of erect X-rays were included (four people only had lateral X-rays performed), yielding 1152 film views. Average patient age was 58.3 years with 30 (58%) males. Forty-five (87%) were AO type A (compression-type) fractures. Seven (13%) had been erroneously referred with a diagnosis of acute fracture, which on review was not considered to be the case. Fifty-four percent of fractures were between T11 and L2. Forty-six percent appeared osteoporotic. In no instance did evaluation of the AP X-ray change the management plan which had been suggested following the evaluation of the lateral X-ray alone. However, there was significant variation in advice on further management between consultants. Conclusions Our results suggest AP X-rays do not contribute to the management of low-velocity thoraco-lumbar traumas. Larger studies are required to support these findings, but there appears to be a potential to reduce both cost and radiation exposure. More importantly, it demonstrates there is large variability in the management of such patients due to the lack of evidence-based protocols.

BACKGROUND: Radiotechnologists are always in contact with chemicals during the process of confirmation and appearance of radiographs. This study evaluated the prevalence of darkroom disease among the radiotechnologists and nurses working in radiology centers of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted between two groups of radiotechnologists and nurses from selected hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, in year 2016, including 323 radiotechnologists (exposure group = 140 people) and nurses (control group = 183 people) working in educational therapy centers. The participants were selected through convenience sampling method. Total information on darkroom disease was collected using the standard Damases questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS software at the significance level of P < 0.050. RESULTS: The mean age of radiotechnologists was 34.01 ± 7.9, and the mean age of nurses was 32.33 ± 7.90 years. Symptoms of nausea (P = 0.001), runny nose (P = 0.001), oral ulcer (P = 0.020), burning mouth (P = 0.001), skin rash (P = 0.001), blurred vision (P = 0.002) night sweats (P = 0.001), chemical taste (P = 0.001), and dysuria (P = 0.001) were significantly more common in the radiotechnologists group. Regarding gender and symptoms of darkroom disease in each occupational group, nausea (P = 0.024) and runny nose (P = 0.001) among the radiotechnologists and chemical taste (P = 0.001) among the nurses, had significant relationship with being woman. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of darkroom disease was high among the radiotechnologists in Guilan Province, Iran. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the quality of services provided, as well as to promote the health and safety of radiology personnel through preparing and implementing modern digital equipment in radiology departments.

Objectives Infection control is one of the most important aspects of dentistry. Since intraoral radiographic films are directly in contact with the oral environment, microbial contamination may transmit infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of microbial contamination of intraoral radiographic films and compare the probable microbial contamination of two intraoral radiographic film brands available in the Iranian market. Methods in this in vitro, experimental study, 900 radiographic films of two commercial brands, i.e. Intra X-ray and Carestream films were placed in aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal culture media immediately after removal from the packaging in sterile conditions. The samples were transferred to the respective culture media after incubation. The cultured bacteria were Gram-stained, and microscopically observed. The percentage of the contaminated intraoral radiographic films and the type of microbial contamination were reported. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results Of all, 32.6% of the Carestream films and 44.6% of Intra X-ray films were infected by aerobic microorganisms, mostly Bacillus. In the anaerobic culture, the turbidity of the medium indicated the possible presence of microorganisms. In the fungal culture, no fungal hyphae were observed microscopically. Conclusion The results of this study showed that intraoral films cannot be considered sterile. Intra X-ray radiographic films were significantly more contaminated than Care stream radiographic films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of proteolytic enzymes by protease inhibitors is crucial for maintaining the balance between protein synthesis and degradation, preventing uncontrolled proteolysis and fine-tuning cellular processes essential for optimal function and survival of the plants. It is known that the plant protease inhibitors activities are induced in defense of biotic as well as abiotic stresses. Thus, beyond their fundamental physiological functions, their involvement in stress responses, such as drought, cold, and salinity, is of equally significant. The X-ray film contact print method is an effective method for assessing various protease inhibitors exposed to stress conditions. In this approach, initially plant protease inhibitors will be separated using electrophoresis, and then the gel is treated with trypsin, which inhibits protease inhibitors. This gel when placed on X-ray film, the trypsin will digest the gelatin layer present on the film and the gelatinolytic activity stalled at the premises of protease inhibitors. This will provide the impression of the differentially expressed protease inhibitors in stress-treated plants., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To propose a method to determine the unreasonableness of the fixed angle in posterior atlantoaxial fusion surgery based on the ratio of line segments between anatomical landmarks of the atlantoaxial joint. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. According to the inclusion criteria, a screening was performed on the database of asymptomatic volunteers who had full-spine lateral X-ray films taken at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from May 2016 to May 2021. A total of 207 volunteers were included, comprising 98 males with an age of (40.68±13.87) years and 109 females with an age of (42.64±14.45) years. On the lateral X-ray film, a line (L) parallel to the posterior margin of the odontoid process was drawn at the posterior edge of the lower articular surface of the axis (a), intersecting the atlas at points b, c, and d. The line segments ab, bd, bc, and the C 1 -C 2 angle were measured, and the ratios of bd/ab and bc/ab were calculated. The ability of bd/ab and bc/ab to predict the unreasonable fixed angle of the atlantoaxial joint (≥22°) was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in both male and female. The areas under the ROC curves (AUC) were calculated, and the performance of the two prediction methods was compared using the Delong's test. The cutoff value for distinguishing the unreasonableness of the C 1 -C 2 angle and the sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results: The ROC curve analysis in the male group showed that the AUC of bc/ab for predicting the unreasonable C 1 -C 2 angle was 0.791 (95% CI : 0.696-0.867, P <0.001), with a cutoff value of 0.449, sensitivity of 97.3%, and specificity of 70.0%. The performance was significantly better than that of bd/ab (cutoff value 1.100, AUC=0.532, 95% CI : 0.428-0.634, sensitivity 26.3%, specificity 83.3%, P <0.001). The ROC curve analysis in the female group showed that the AUC of bc/ab for predicting the unreasonable C 1 -C 2 angle was 0.804 (95% CI : 0.745-0.852, P <0.001), with a cutoff value of 0.488, sensitivity of 90.5%, and specificity of 58.6%. The performance was significantly better than that of bd/ab (cutoff value 0.960, AUC=0.687, 95% CI : 0.624-0.748, sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 44.8%, P =0.041). Conclusions: The bc/ab value can be used as an effective indicator to predict the unreasonable C 1 -C 2 angle in posterior atlantoaxial fusion surgery with high diagnostic accuracy. The cutoff value for males is<0.449, and for females is<0.488.

Copyright of Imaging Science & Photochemistry is the property of Imaging Science & Photochemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Clínica de Ortodontia Dental Press is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The biochemical properties of extracellular proteases enzymes from Malaysia Alkalophilic's bacteria, Bacillus lehensis G1, were investigated. The secreted enzymes were tested on 2% of skim milk agar. Results demonstrated that the enzyme could maintain the activity up to 60°C within an extensive range of pH from 3 to 11 with the optimal pH and temperature of 7.0 and 40°C, respectively. The proteases activity were also observed to be increased in the presence of several ions such as Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ and Co2+. Whilst, the enzyme activity was marginally inhibited with the addition of Ca2+, K+ and Ni2+ with the residual activity of 85%, 81%, and 75%, respectively. Furthermore, the extracellular proteases have shown to be compatible with several Malaysia commercial liquid detergents, which could be beneficial for stain removal. The potential application of proteases in gelatine decomposition from used X-ray films was also determined in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of vascular calcification (VC) in different types of arteries in patients with maintenance peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and its influencing factors. Methods: This study enrolled PD patients with stable status who has received PD treatment for more than 6 months in Peking University People's Hospital. We used plain X-ray films of abdomen, pelvis, and hands to quantitatively evaluate VC of large artery (abdominal aorta, iliac artery), medium artery (femoral artery, radial artery), and small artery (finger arteries). Two radiologists read and scored radiographs blindly. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), baseline and time-average laboratory indices including parameters of calcium phosphorus metabolism, serum albumin, PD adequacy were collected. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the influencing factors of different sites of VC. Results: (1) 154 PD patients were enrolled in this study: seventy-eight males, mean age was 60.4 ± 13.9 years, and median PD duration was 24 (16.39) months. The major primary disease was diabetic nephropathy (39%). (2) Among the 154 PD patients, the proportion of calcification of large artery was the highest (found in 100 patients, accounting for 64.9%); then the medium artery (66, 42.9%); and 15 of small artery, accounting for 9.7%. (3) Logistic regression showed that older age, longer dialysis duration, lower baseline serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and higher CCI scores were independent risk factors of large artery calcification (p < 0.05), and higher CCI scores, higher baseline serum triglycerides (TG), lower baseline serum iPTH, and time-average iPTH were independent risk factors of medium and small arteries. Conclusions: In PD patients, the occurrence of large artery calcification was higher than others. Among different sites of VC, the abdominal aortic calcification was most likely to occur, and the proportion of small artery calcification was low. Calcification of medium and small arteries can exist alone without calcification of large artery. Large artery calcification was more likely to occur in patients with older age, longer dialysis duration, lower baseline serum iPTH levels and higher CCI scores. Patients with higher CCI scores, higher baseline TG and lower baseline iPTH, and time-average iPTH were more likely to develop small and medium artery calcification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign body ingestion is one of the most common presenting complaints in the emergency room. Psychiatric patients that present with an unusual ingested object are frequently associated with the intention of suicide, especially if they have a history of recurrent foreign body ingestion. Radiographic films help in locating the site and predicting the complications. The best method of object retrieval is dependent on many factors and decisions made for the best of patient safety to minimize expected complications. This is a case report of a patient who presented with unusual foreign body ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ali Alyami,1,2 Yasser Alshomrani,1,3 Rayyan Suqaty,1 Shaddy Futtiny,1 Faisal Alnaqib,1 Muath Albarakati,1 Ahmad Alhazmi1,4 1King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Science, Jeddah, 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 4Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia Background and objectives: The identification and diagnosis of musculoskeletal symptoms are major challenges for primary care physicians. A lack of clinical suspicion, limited exposure, and referral of patients to nonspecialized centers can delay the management of cases, which in turn can increase morbidity and mortality. Subjects and methods: Four different sets of X-ray films were shown to 91 primary health care physicians. The first two were normal, whereas the third and fourth showed bone lesions. Participants were asked to indicate the presence of an abnormality, the diagnosis, and the approach to referral if required. Results: There was a variation in the results for the first two sets of normal X-ray films. Most participants (73.6%) were able to diagnose the first case correctly. However, 73.6% of participants were unable to diagnose the second case correctly. A high percentage of participants (90.1%) were able to detect abnormalities in Cases 3 and 4, with nearly all participants indicating that they would refer patients to centers other than bone oncology centers in the western region of Saudi Arabia if they suspected bone tumors. Only 25.8% of participants were aware of these bone oncology centers. Conclusion: Physicians in many primary health care centers need practice in reading normal X-ray films to avoid unnecessary referral of patients to specialized medical centers. We recommend the development of a new system for referring patients suspected to have bone tumors to avoid a delay in the management of cases and to decrease morbidity and mortality. Keywords: primary health care physicians, diagnosis, referral, osteolytic, lesion, X-ray film

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the X-ray film profile and X-ray films that have the optimal characteristics. This study was conducted on four X-ray films with different brands that are used in 13 radiology department hospital/health center/Clinics in Semarang, called A film, B film, C film and D film. Characteristic curve of each X-ray film was obtained by sensitometry method and measurement results are used to determine the value of basic fog, contrast film (average gradient), latitude and film speed. The results of the study, the characteristics profile of films that have fog basic values lower or equal 0.22 (≤ 0.22) are A, B and D films except C film. Contrast highest to lowest owned B, A, C and D films. Range from the highest to low of film latitude is D film, C film , A film and B film. Speed films produced relatively similar for all X-ray film. Optimum characteristic profile films shown in the B film. The use of X-ray film in a shooting radiograph should pay attention to the type of object being examined to produce optimal quality radiographs and understand each characteristic profile of X-ray films are used.

Aims: This study compared fractal dimension (FD) values on mandibular trabecular bone in digital and digitized images at different spatial and contrast resolutions. Materials and Methods: 12 radiographs of dried human mandibles were obtained using custom-fabricated hybrid image receptors composed of a periapical radiographic film and a photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP). The film/PSP sets were disassembled, and the PSPs produced images with 600 dots per inch (dpi) and 16 bits. These images were exported as tagged image file format (TIFF), 16 and 8 bits, and 600, 300 and 150 dpi. The films were processed and digitized 3 times on a flatbed scanner, producing TIFF images with 600, 300 and 150 dpi, and 8 bits. On each image, a circular region of interest was selected on the trabecular alveolar bone, away from root apices and FD was calculated by tile counting method. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey′s test were conducted to compare the mean values of FD, according to image type and spatial resolution (α = 5%). Results: Spatial resolution was directly and inversely proportional to FD mean values and standard deviation, respectively. Spatial resolution of 150 dpi yielded significant lower mean values of FD than the resolutions of 600 and 300 dpi (P < 0.05). A nonsignificant variability was observed for the image types (P > 0.05). The interaction between type of image and level of spatial resolution was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Under the tested, conditions, FD values of the mandibular trabecular bone assessed either by digital or digitized images did not change. Furthermore, these values were influenced by lower spatial resolution but not by contrast resolution.

Purpose: Conventional method of determining working length might require repeated radiographs, thus repeated exposure resulting in radiation hazards for both the patients and clinicians. The novel way of using custom made x-ray film for determining working length can reduce the multiple radiation exposure and reduces the risk due to xray radiation. Hence the study aimed to design and assess a linear radiographic grid system using laser for measuring the working length and radiographic size of pathologic areas during endodontic diagnosis and prognosis determination. Methodology: Horizontal lines 1mm apart were drawn on X-ray film with the help of laser machine under red colored safe light and the x-ray film was replaced in its original pocket. This modified x-ray film was then used to determine the working length. This custom made radiograph was then exposed and processed using conventional method. Results: The laser modified x-ray film on processing exhibited 1 mm equidistant horizontal lines on radiograph without affecting image quality. These lines can be taken as guiding lines to determine accurate and precise working length. Conclusion: This method can be simple, effective, affordable and alternate method to determine working length, with added advantage of limited radiation exposure determine the working length accurately and precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although some physicians insist on performing plain radiography for all trauma patients, some others recommend performing it for symptomatic ones. Therefore, the present study has been designed with the aim of evaluating the screening performance characteristics of plain radiography in identifying traumatic neck injuries. Methods: The present diagnostic accuracy study was performed on injured patients presenting to the trauma unit of emergency departments of hospitals affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Imam Hossein and Shohadaye Tajrish), Tehran, Iran, during March 2015 to March 2016. Results: 180 patients with the mean age of 32.30 ± 11.32 (16-68) years were evaluated (76.7% male). Most patients (73.3%) were in the 16-40 years age range and the most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collision (83.3%). Fracture of the 7th cervical vertebrae was the most prevalent fracture seen in radiography (7.2%) and computed tomography (CT) scan (17.2%). Based on the findings of cervical radiography and CT scan, respectively, 54 (30.0%) and 139 (77.2%) of the patients had at least 1 pathological finding (fracture or dislocation) in their cervical spine. Area under the ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and positive and negative likelihood ratio of plain radiography in detection of traumatic cervical injuries and with 95% confidence interval were 0.568 (0.472-0.664), 33.09 (25.48-41.64), 80.48 (64.63-62.90), 85.18 (72.32-94.62), 26.16 (18.95-34.91), 5.75 (3.00-11.00) and 2.81 (2.43-3.26), respectively. Conclusion: Accuracy of plain radiography in detection of traumatic cervical injuries is very low. This is due to the very low sensitivity of plain cervical radiography in detection of fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. Therefore, it seems that plain radiography cannot be considered as a proper tool for ruling out cervical spine injuries following head and neck trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of advanced high-tech imaging, the utility of plain radiographs in conditions of the bone is increasingly being overseen by both clinicians and radiologists. Plain radiography is the first-line, essential screening or diagnostic tool for diverse bone diseases, where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be non-contributory. Plain radiographs often play a pivotal role in diagnosing metabolic bone disorders. This paper from a single tertiary care centre discusses ten real-life patients with metabolic bone conditions and other bone diseases with near-normal MRI of the spine, in whom plain radiographs revealed subtle findings and aided in making diagnoses. Each of these cases had a non-specific clinical presentation. They all showed inconclusive features on MRI, but subtle important radiographic findings led to a specific diagnosis. Plain radiography is key in diagnosing bone diseases. Many of these metabolic conditions clinically mimic rheumatologic conditions owing to non-specific arthralgia and back pain. Familiarity with subtle radiographic findings of these conditions may lead to early diagnosis and treatment, resulting in improved patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sternum is an uncommon site for neoplastic involvement and metastases are far commoner than primary neoplasms. Of the primary tumours, malignant lesions are more frequent than the benign lesions. Early diagnosis and treatment is prudent in such neoplasms not only to halt disease progression but also to prevent circulatory compromise resulting from the mass effect on the mediastinum. Sound knowledge of neoplasms affecting the sternum and their imaging appearance is essential to arrive at an early diagnosis and also to obviate biopsy in cases with classical imaging findings. Neoplastic involvement of the sternum is extremely unusual and should be considered malignant unless proven otherwise. Imaging may help in arriving at the diagnosis of these lesions, together with other factors such as patient's age, type of lesion (lytic/sclerotic or mixed), matrix mineralization, multiplicity and involvement of other sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tumors of the developmental age are an important problem in clinical practice. Primary bone tumors constitute 1-1.5% of all tumors, and 7% of all tumors diagnosed in the developmental age. The aim of the study was to assess the capabilities of imaging methods in diagnosing complications of limb endoprostheses in children with osteoarticular tumors. Material/Methods: We included 155 patients with limb endoprostheses, aged 7-26 years. There were 113 patients with knee prostheses, 1 patient with bilateral knee prostheses, 16 patients with shoulder prostheses, 14 patients with hip prostheses, 11 patients with hip and knee prostheses, and 1 patient with a femoral prosthesis. All patients underwent plain radiography and an ultrasound study. Results: Complications were found in 50 patients (32% of all patients). The following complications were seen - inflammatory changes in soft tissues and bones (12 patients, 7.7%), stump fractures (11 patients, 7%), lack of elongation effect or shortening of the prosthesis (7 patients, 4.5%), prosthesis fractures (4 patients, 2.5%), crural fractures (4 patients, 2.5%), loosening of the prosthesis (3 patients, 1.9%), joint dislocation (2 patients, 1.3%), stump and prosthesis fracture (1 patient, 0.6%) and local recurrence (6 patients, 3.9%). Prostheses were exchanged for the following reasons - fractures (5 patients, 3.2%), inflammation (2 patients with 3 exchanges, 1.9%). Local recurrence and inflammation were confirmed by a biopsy. Conclusions: Radiography and ultrasonography are of crucial importance in monitoring patients after implantation of limb endoprostheses. The findings did not require confirmation in additional studies: CT and MRI. Suspicion of local recurrence and inflammation required a biopsy confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nitrate was widely used as a film base for photography, cinematography, and radiography in the first half of the twentieth century. Its stability is inherently poor and subject to environmental storage conditions. The risk of fire and the cross-infection effect on the cellulose acetate film stored at the same location necessitate that cellulose nitrate is identified within collections and stored separately. Not only medical archives, but also museums using radiography in their research may hold a sizeable amount of historical X-ray films. The Natural History Museum, London has been using film for X-radiography since before World War II. This suggests that some of the X-ray materials in its collections have a cellulose nitrate rather than ‘safety’ (cellulose acetate or polyester) film base. X-ray sheets rarely contain information related to their composition so science-based identification methods must be used. We propose the determination of nitrogen content in the film by organic elemental analysis (OEA) as a reliable method for the identification of films (X-ray, photographic, or cinematographic) with a cellulose nitrate base. Though it is a destructive method, the sample size required is small (<1 mg). This method does not require any sample preparation apart from weighing the samples and wrapping them in tin foil. OEA proved to be more accurate than the ‘float’ test in trichloroethylene and quicker and more straightforward to perform than infrared spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]