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Based on the current situation and problems of transportation "last mile" transportation distribution, this paper establishes a path optimization model based on user distribution methods from the perspective of market preference for transportation distribution methods, designs an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm, and builds a user portrait based on the solution algorithm and the construction method. Based on the solution algorithm and the user portrait construction method, the solution scenario is established, and the distribution route and transportation distribution method are planned based on five real location data. Through the analysis of the solution scenarios, it can be obtained that after the optimization of the model, the transportation distribution cost of enterprises can be reduced, and the satisfaction of the transportation distribution service quality can be improved. The higher the complaint cost, the lower the total transportation and distribution cost, and the higher the satisfaction rate; the higher the time window penalty cost, the higher the total distribution cost, and the lower the satisfaction rate. Through several model comparisons, it is found that the optimized model has obvious advantages in transportation cost and good performance in transportation service satisfaction. To further strengthen the promotion and application of the distribution path optimization model, countermeasures are proposed in three aspects: establishing a unified end transportation information service platform, increasing the investment in end transportation path optimization, and strengthening the formulation of supporting policies to realize the optimization of end distribution services.

Bud dormancy activity is a crucial developmental event for growth and survival in woody perennials, and phytohormones play vital roles in this process. In the present study, endodormant and ecodormant vegetative buds were collected from Populus tomentosa and the transcriptomes from two periods were then analyzed and compared using RNA sequencing, aiming at exploring the associations between plant hormones and bud endodormancy release. Among 91,447 assembled unigenes, 7117 were differentially expressed during the transition from endodormancy to ecodormancy. Enrichment analyses revealed that many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assigned to hormone-related pathways, indicating the involvement of hormones during endodormancy release. Subsequently, various genes involved in hormone metabolism, transport, and signal transduction were identified and discussed. These hormones include abscisic acid, gibberellin, ethylene, auxin, and cytokinin. In addition to the five traditional hormones, we examined the differential expression patterns of genes in the brassinosteroid- and jasmonate-related pathways. All expression changes in the identified genes further demonstrated that phytohormones participate in endodormancy release. This is the first systematic investigation of the expression patterns of hormone-associated genes in endodormancy release in P. tomentosa at molecular level. This work provides important insights into the associations between hormones and dormancy in perennial trees, and will be beneficial for further studies on the complex mechanisms of bud dormancy.

As a new diagnostic method of core electromagnetic field, the laser-driven ion-beam trace probe (LITP), is expected to realize the first application of the advanced laser accelerator in magnetic confinement fusion. The detector of the LITP directly measures the distribution of the dispersed pulsed ions after they have passed through the core plasma (Yang 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 11E429). In such an environment of high temperature and radiation, the response and lifetime of the ion detector is very crucial. In this work, we have verified the feasibility of the LITP ion detection through systemic experiments. A CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled with an imaging system composed of optical lens and optical fiber array was calibrated on both the 4.5 MV Electrostatic Accelerator and the Compact LAser Plasma Accelerator (CLAPA) at Peking University. We found that the detectable proton density limit is achievable by using a tens of TW level laser system. The CsI(Tl) scintillator system was also tested on the HL-2A tokamak device to measure the real background noise caused by the hot plasma electrons and radiation. It was not damaged by the harsh environment after being placed in the tokamak for three days, and the background noise was completely suppressed when using an ultrafast camera and microsecond shutter. These calibrations and tests verified the feasibility of the LITP detector.

The power of the proton beam of a high-power spallation neutron source generally ranges from 100 kW to several MW. The distribution of the power density of the beam on the target is critical for the stable operation of the high-power spallation target. This study proposes a beam monitoring method that involves restoring the image of a high-power proton beam spot on a target based on the principle of pinhole imaging by using the back-streaming of secondary neutrons from the spallation target. Fast and indirect imaging of the beam spot can be achieved at a distance of tens of meters from the target. The proposed method of beam monitoring can flexibly adjust the size of the pinhole and the measurement distance to control the intensity of flux of the secondary neutrons according to the demands of the detection system, which is far from the high-radiation target area. The results of simulations showed that the proposed method can be used to restore the beam spot of the incident proton by using the point response function and images of the secondary neutrons. Based on the target and the Back-n beamline in the CSNS, the effectiveness of this method has also been confirmed by means of Monte Carlo simulation.

Background Postoperative thrombocytopenia has been reported to be correlated with adverse events, but the prognostic value of baseline thrombocytopenia is unclear. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between preoperative thrombocytopenia and adverse outcomes in patients with type B aortic dissection who underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Methods A total of 825 patients with acute and sub-acute type B aortic dissection undergoing were TEVAR at a multidisciplinary aortic center were enrolled between January 2010 and December 2017. Patients were stratified on the basis of presence (n=149) or absence (n=676) of thrombocytopenia (platelet count, Results In the enrolled cohort, thrombocytopenia occurred in 149 (18.1%) patients. Patients with thrombocytopenia were older, were more commonly acute stage of TBAD, higher D-dimer level and had higher rates of abdominal vessel involvement and pericardial effusion. During the hospitalization period, 26 patients (3.2%) died, which was significantly higher in the thrombocytopenic group (8.1% versus 2.1%; P=0.001) Multivariate analyses revealed that thrombocytopenia was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (Table). During long-term follow-up (median duration 44.2 months), A total of 62 deaths were reported after discharge, including 40 (64.5%) aortic-related and unknown deaths, of which 12 and 50 patients for thrombocytopenia and non-thrombocytopenia group, respectively. Kaplan-Meier estimated rates of long-term all-cause mortality were higher for thrombocytopenia (log-rank test, P=0.014). Similar results were observed in a subset of aortic-related death (P=0.004) as well as aortic-related and unknown death (P=0.006), not non-aortic related death (P=0.878) (Figure 1). Conclusion Platelet counts, as simple and inexpensive indexes, were reliable to be used as a preoperative risk assessment tool for patients with type B aortic dissection undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Figure 1. Long-term Mortality Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): This research was supported by grant DFJH201807 from High-level Hospital Construction Project of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital.

Background This study aimed to analyze the impact of the timing of intervention from presentation of symptoms to TEVAR and its relation to major complications for uncomplicated TBAD. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of 390 patients who underwent TEVAR for acute, subacute and chronic uncomplicated type B aortic dissection from January, 2010 to December 2017. Standard univariate and survival methods were used. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. The Secondary outcomes of interest was long-term death and in-hospital adverse events, including postoperative coma, postoperative endoleak, postoperative stroke, postoperative spinal cord ischemia, postoperative limb ischemia, postoperative mesenteric ischemia/infraction. Results Of the 390 TEVARs for uncomplicated TBAD, 145 were performed within 14 days of presentation of symptoms (acute), 172 between 14 hours and 90 days (sub-acute), and 73 were beyond 90 days (chronic). Demographic characteristics were similar among groups (Table 1). A slight increase of in-hospital death, post-operative endoleak and limb ischemia, were observed in the acute intervention group compared with the sub-acute group (4.8% vs 2.3%, 11.7% vs 9.3%, 2.8% vs 2.3%, respectively). The chronic group patients had a highest rates of post-operative endoleak. However, there are no significantly differences between the three groups (Table 2). During long-term follow-up (median duration 36.9 months, interquartile range, 22.5–67.7 months), overall survival was similar among groups (log-rank test, P=0.280) (Figure). Conclusion TEVER performed for uncomplicated TBAD within 14 days to the presentation of symptoms, as compared with TEVAR between 14 hours and 90 days or beyond 90 days, neither appear to increase the risk of in-hospital complications nor long-term mortality. Long-term All-cause Mortality Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): This research was supported by grant DFJH201807 from High-level Hospital Construction Project of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital.

Background Acute type B aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) with ulcer-like projections (ULP) is associated with various adverse aortic-related events (AAE) and recommended for preventive endovascular repair as alternative. However, we have no therapeutic criterion on which to decide preventive treatment. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value and risk stratification of ULP in patients with acute type B IMH for proper treatment. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 61 consecutive patients with acute type B IMH and with present of ULP from January 2015 to December 2018 in our center. All patients were treated medically initially and CT scans were performed on admission and during follow-up period. Results During a median follow-up of 4.5 months (range, 0.3 to 49.8 months) from onset, 36 patients (59.0%) had composites of adverse aortic events, including 1 patient died for aortic rupture, 6 patients converted to endovascular repair, 6 progressed into aortic dissection, and 28 developed to aortic enlargement. A cutoff value to estimate risk is 6.0 mm for maximal ULP width (72.2% sensitivity and 84.0% specificity) and 4.0 mm for maximal ULP depth (94.4% sensitivity and 52.0% specificity). Patients with widest (P=0.005) or deepest ULP (P=0.019) in aortic arch and proximal descending thoracic aorta had significant poorer aorta-related event-free survival rates. On multivariate analysis, maximal ULP width ≥6.0 mm [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.569, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.157 to 5.705, P=0.020], maximal ULP depth ≥4.0 mm (HR=5.198, 95% CI: 1.154 to 23.420, P=0.032) and widest ULP in aortic arch and proximal descending thoracic aorta (HR=2.363, 95% CI: 1.012 to 5.517, P=0.047) were independently associated with AAE. ULP with both risk location (widest ULP in aortic arch and proximal descending thoracic aorta) and size (maximal ULP width ≥6.0 mm) were significantly associated with a poorer aortic-related event-free survival rate than others (both P Conclusions Maximal ULP width ≥6.0 mm, maximal ULP depth ≥4.0 mm and widest ULP in aortic arch and proximal descending thoracic aorta are predictive for progression of acute type B aortic intramural hematoma. For patients with ULP in both risk location and size, preventive endovascular treatment should be considered. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): This research was supported by grant DFJH201807 from High-level Hospital Construction Project of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital.

Considering the side effects of etomidate, it requires additional anesthetics to reduce the side effects and improve efficacy. Ketamine is often used as an adjunct anesthetic. We hypothesized that etomidate combined with fentanyl was more effective than etomidate combined with ketamine in the anesthesia of pediatric strabotomy. To prove our hypothesis, a prospective randomized controlled clinical study was performed, in which 35 children with strabotomy received etomidate plus ketamine (group A) for anesthesia induction and maintenance and 35 children with strabotomy received etomidate combined with fentanyl (group B). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), bispectral index (BIS), anesthesia effect, and emergence agitation and pain were observed before anesthesia induction (T1), after anesthesia induction (T2), at the beginning of the operation (T3), after 10-min operation (T4), and at the end of the operation (T5). Children in group B had significantly lower MAP and HR from T3 to T5, decreased BIS from T2 to T4, better anesthesia effect, and smaller emergence agitation and pain scores at 10 min after entering into postanesthesia care unit (PACU) compared with group A (p 0.05). The mean emergence agitation score in group B was significantly lower than that in group A when the maximum emergence in group B was at 20 min after entering into PACU (p 0.05). In conclusion, etomidate combined with fentanyl plays a good efficacy in anesthesia of pediatric strabotomy compared with etomidate plus ketamine.

Accurately extracting the boundaries of urban built-up area (UBA) borders is vital for scientific urban planning and construction. Based on the land surface emissivity (LSE) and land surface temperature calculation difference between the linear spectral mixing model and Qin normalised difference vegetation index threshold improvement algorithm (ΔLST), a new method for extracting UBA is proposed. The performance of this method is assessed using Landsat images of six typical Chinese cities. The ΔLST threshold method based on the LSE difference demonstrates that the UBA boundary range is accurately extracted, and the overall average accuracy is 86.42%, which has a sufficient universality and application value. Compared with the traditional remote sensing method for extracting UBA, the method proposed in this study avoids the interference of the cloud layer, effectively solving the problem arising due to an easily extracted cloud layer, and the UBA can be accurately identified and extracted under partial cloud coverage. The proposed ΔLST threshold method that is based on the LSE difference makes up for the over-reliance on the urban heat island effect in the UBA method based on the LST inversion results.

We investigated the expression level of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), myeloid cell leukemia-I (MCL-1), and p53 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and para-carcinoma tissues, as well as their clinical significance. The expression levels of PUMA, MCL-1, and p53 in RCC and para-carcinoma tissues were measured using immunohistochemical and quantitative real-time PCR methods. Correlations between protein expression and pathological characteristics were analyzed. Renal clear cell carcinoma showed elevated MCL-1 and p53 protein expression (P > 0.05) and reduced PUMA expression as compared to that in para-carcinoma tissues. Spearman ranking correlation analysis showed that expression of PUMA, MCL-1, and p53 in was negatively correlated with RCC (r = -0.504, P = 0.001; r = -0.413, P = 0.008). We also observed significant correlation between MCL-1 expression and tumor differentiation (P < 0.05), where MCL-1 expression was significantly higher in well-differentiated adenocarcinoma as compared to that in medium or lowly differentiated adenocarcinoma. In addition, p53 expression was highly correlated with TNM staging (P < 0.05). Single factor analysis on COX's proportional hazard model indicated that postoperative survival rate and prognosis of renal clear cell carcinoma was highly correlated with TNM staging (P < 0.05). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated higher expression of PUMA, MCL-1, and p53 in cancer tissues as compared to that in para-carcinoma tissues (P < 0.05).The expression of PUMA, MCL-1, and p53 can reflect the biological behavior of renal cell carcinoma, and can be used to indicate tumor invasion, progression, and prognosis.

Introduction: In China, the perspective of residents and care staff towards the climate of the nursing homes are unknown due to lack of studies in this area.

Doubling method is the technical barriers in maize haploid breeding. It was very important to establish the independent intellectual property rights for doubling method. In this experiment, the maize haploid inducer, TG15, was used for producing maternal haploids. Also, haploids were obtained from two kinds of maternal genotypes involved in the experiment, including high-oil type and common type. Significant differences were observed among offspring of various genotypes in the recovery of haploid fertilization. In 21 hybrid offspring haploids, the average powder rate was 8.28%, and the seed setting rate was 4.98%. The experimental results showed that when the hybrids were treated with 0.08% colchicine, the average powder rate and seed setting rate of offspring haploids were 35.53 and 20.30%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the hybrids with natural recovery ability. This study primarily established the doubling method of haploids called "bud seedling method" in China which was very practicably in maize doubled haploid breeding.

This paper reports on the development of EST-SSR markers on a large-scale and further selection of their core markers based on the genetic mapping and application in following analyses of genetic diversity and germplasm identification in litchi. The results showed polymorphisms from 242 out of 784 pairs of EST-SSR primers applied to populations of ‘Maguili’ and ‘Sanyuehong’, with 84 individuals of hybrid progeny. The genetic linkage map was constructed and 8 linkage groups were obtained, on which 78 EST-SSRs are located and 34 markers whose genetic distances were greater than 3 cM were designed as the core markers. The core markers were applied to detect the genetic diversity of the resources and were used to identify hybrid progenies from two newly made crossing populations. The cluster analysis of 416 litchi samples collected from different regions of China indicated that the similarity coefficients ranged from 0.44 to 1.0, which suggested a high genetic diversity exists for litchi germplasm. The 416 samples could be classified into 2 and 37 groups at the similarity coefficient of 0.44 and 0.684, respectively. Incidentally, there were more than 30 samples which were identified as homonyms and/or synonyms. The cluster analysis was also applied to accessions from different provinces by POPGENE32 software and the evolution event for litchi resources is discussed. Six core markers were successfully applied to identify true hybrids from two population seedlings of ‘Xuehuaizi’ × ‘Guiwei’ and ‘Xuehuaizi’ × ‘Jiaohesanyuehong’, respectively.

Chemical coagulation with three representative inorganic coagulants was used for the advanced treatment of secondary effluent from WWTP to enhance total phosphorus (TP) and organic removal. The effect of chemical coagulation on organic contaminants was investigated with combined fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy and High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The results showed that different coagulation features and benefits were exhibited by FeCl3, Al-2(SO4)(3) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl). PACl had better performance in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, while FeCl3 and Al-2(SO4)(3) were more efficient in removing TP. The optimal coagulant in this study was FeCl3. The floc obtained from FeCl3 coagulation was larger, easier to settle and break than that of Al-2(SO4)(3) and PACl. Coagulation mainly removed orthophosphate and the major phosphorus fraction of coagulated effluent was organic phosphorus. The macromolecule organics (molecular weight (MW) >10 kDa) were completely removed regardless of their chemical nature, while inorganic coagulants showed different effects on removal efficiency of organic matters with a MW less than 10 kDa. Besides, 71.24% of the total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was tryptophan-like proteins and soluble microbial byproduct-like materials which could easily be removed by coagulation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this research, the contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the peel of 11 China-grown pomegranate cultivars were investigated with the methods of Folin-Ciocalteu and NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) assay. The results showed that ‘Fentian’ had the highest polyphenols content followed by ‘Danhong’, ‘Chuanhui’, ‘Xingzi’, ‘DRF-1’, ‘D3’, ‘Chonghuang’, ‘Chongfen’, ‘Baiyue’, ‘Dasuan’, and ‘Damo’. By comparing the flavonoids content in the peel of different cultivars, the following trend was observed: ‘DRF-1’ > ‘D3’ > ‘Chuanhui’ > ‘Fentian’ > ‘Chonghuang’ > ‘Xingzi’ > ‘Danhong’ > ‘Dasuan’ > ‘Chongfen’ > ‘Baiyue’ > ‘Damo. This evidence indicates that the two antioxidants contents in pomegranate peel may be cultivar-specific. Among the eleven cultivars, the trend in total peel antioxidant capacity was ‘Fentian’ > ‘Danhong’ > ‘Xingzi’ > ‘D3’ > ‘Chuanghui’ > ‘DRF-1’ > ‘Chonghuang’ > ‘Dasuan’ > ‘Baiyue’ > ‘Damo’ > ‘Chongfen’. Correlation analysis showed that the total antioxidant capacity in the peel had a strong linear relationship with the polyphenols content (r=0.90), indicating the total antioxidant capacity of pomegranate peel may be attributed to the content of total polyphenols. Together, this study may be beneficial in the cultivar selection and application of pomegranate peel.

With the development of manufacturing automation and intelligent increasing speed, the construction in plant management information has been important tasks to promote business innovation ability, improve competitiveness and manufacturing execution. In this paper, UML (Unified Modeling Language) and object-oriented modeling technology were applied to model the static structure and dynamic behavior of the plant management information from requirement analysis to system implementation, including functional requirement model, static structural model, asset management time sequence chart, system physical model and so on. The visualized system analysis method and technology better planned the system design and improved the efficiency of the system development. It will play a guiding role in the object-oriented software development.

Ohmic contact electrodes with high performance were formed on the surface of BaTiO3-based thermisitors by localized electroless Cu-plating and the physical properties of the coated thermistors were investigated. The adhesive force between the electroless plated layer and the substrate, the voltage-resistance, the resistance, the ageing-resistance properties, and the solderability, all met the industrial production requirements for thermistors. The structure and morphologies of these NiP–Cu composite electrodes as well as the ceramic substrates were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, verifying that the film contains a typical Cu crystal structure with preferred orientation of the copper grains.

Bulk samples of an ultrafine-grained tungsten–tantalum composite alloy have been synthesized by consolidating mechanically milled composite powders. The grain growth during densification is limited due to the submicron-scale layering of the individual metals in the composite particles and the relatively low sintering temperature (1300 °C). The ultrafine microstructure of the high-density (∼99% theoretical density) samples leads to a high yield stress of ∼3 GPa under quasi-static uniaxial compression. A tendency for Ta-rich solid-solution formation during densification was observed, and the high-temperature phase equilibria in the composite powders were examined further using high-energy x-ray diffraction at temperatures up to 1300 °C.

The purpose of this study was to explore cytokine expression patterns and cytogenetic abnormalities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow microenvironment of Chinese patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Bone marrow samples were obtained from 30 cases of MDS (MDS group) and 30 healthy donors (control group). The expression pattern of cytokines was detected by customized protein array. The karyotypes of MSCs were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Compared with the control group, leukemia inhibitory factor, stem cell factor (SCF), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1), bone morphogenetic protein 4, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) stimulating factor, and transforming growth factor-β in the MDS group were significantly downregulated (P

A laminar airflow study was performed in a standard operating theatre in Hong Kong, the design of which followed the requirements of the UK Health Technical Memorandum. The study of the ultra-clean ventilation system investigated the effectiveness of the laminar flow in: (i) preventing bioaerosols released by the surgical staff from causing postoperative infection of the patient; and (ii) protecting the surgical team against infection by bacteria from the wound site. Seven cases of computer simulation are presented and the sensitivity of individual cases is discussed. Air velocity at the supply diffuser has been identified as one of the most important factors in governing the dispersion of airborne infectious particles. Higher velocity within the laminar regime is advantageous in minimizing the heat-dissipation effect, and to ensure an adequate washing effect against particulate settlement. Inappropriate positioning of the medical lamps can be detrimental. Omission of a partial wall may increase the infection risk of the surgical team due to the ingression of room air at the supply diffuser periphery. This paper stresses that a successful outcome in preventing airborne infection depends as much on resolving human factors as on overcoming technical obstacles.

As an extension of the Evolutionary Structural Optimization [ESO] method, the bidirectional ESO [BESO] method has effectively addressed various topology optimization problems. It is observed in ESO/BESO applications that the optimal solution obtained strongly depends on the finite element mesh. This paper presents an improved BESO methodology incorporating a means of controlling the optimization process in order to satisfy a constraint on structural perimeter and thus to solve this size effect problem. Numerical tests are conducted on three examples at different levels of finite element discretization. Solutions convergent with respect to the grid refinement are obtained, especially when the perimeter bound is sufficiently low. Simpler topologies consisting of fewer and larger structural members and holes are generated when a more restricting constraint is imposed. Therefore, it is concluded that BESO combined with perimeter control is capable of suppressing mesh dependency and controlling the structural complexity for topology optimization problems.

The compression of weak optical pulses in a normal group-velocity dispersion regime, by higher-order solitons in the anomalous group-velocity dispersion regime of single-mode fibres, is analysed, both qualitatively and quantitatively, by computer simulation. The results show that copropagating a weak pulse with an intense pump pulse can lead to the generation of a compressed pulse pair in an optical fibre, whose minimum-dispersion wavelength is chosen such that it falls between the pump and the signal wavelength. Numerical simulation also shows that the higher the initial relative peak power of the higher-order solitons, the higher the compression factor and the peak power of the compressed pulse pair. Finally, the physical mechanism based on this compression is analysed in detail.

CO2 geological sequestration and Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application is one of the possible way to manage the risk of global climate change. Since 2005, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) has conducted pilot and extended test of CO2 flooding and storage in Songliao basin, from which significant progresses have been achieved in CO2 EOR technologies for low permeability reservoirs. Main progresses that we achieved include oil-CO2 phase behaviour studying and minimum miscible pressure (MMP) reduction technology, water alternating CO2 EOR method and recovery optimization stratagems. We also formed two types of separated layer CO2 injection technologies, bottom hole real time corrosion monitoring system, effective lift technologies for three different types of reservoirs based on gas-oil ratio classification, long distance pipeline transportation and supercritical CO2 injection technology, produced fluid treatment with CO2 EOR application and cycling gas injection technology, CO2 flooding reservoir monitoring, performance analysis and evaluation method, potential evaluation and strategic planning for CO2 EOR and storage in CNPC.

In this paper, an improved method for evolutionary structural optimisation against buckling is proposed for maximising the critical buckling load of a structure of constant weight. First, based on the formulations of derivatives for eigenvalues, the sensitivity numbers of the first eigenvalue or the first multiple eigenvalues (for closely spaced and repeated eigenvalues) are derived by performing a variation operation. In order to effectively increase the buckling load factor, a set of optimum criteria for closely-spaced eigenvalues and repeated eigenvalues are established, based on the sensitivity numbers of the first multiple eigenvalues. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method.

In recent years, the Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) method has been developed into an effective tool for engineering design. However, no attempts have been made to incorporate random dynamic response constraints. The optimum design of structures with dynamic response constraints is of great importance, particularly in the aeronautical and automotive industries. This paper considers the extension and modification of the ESO method to control the structural random dynamic responses. The random dynamic theory is applied to build an expression of random dynamic response constraints considering engineering requirements. Based on the modal truncation method of eigenderivatives and some approximate process, a set of formulations for sensitivity numbers of mean square random dynamic responses is derived. The algorithm is implemented in optimization software. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method.

A plasma region in nanometer scale may be created by a highly charged ion impact on solid surface. The charge imbalance leads to enormous electric fields and may further induce Coulomb explosion due to electrostatic repulsion in the region. Thus, the highly charged ion is thus expected to be a powerful tool to induce surface modification in the nanometer scale. The Coulomb explosion model is applied in order to interpret the interaction mechanism and to understand the impact and energy deposition of highly charged ions on a solid surface, and to obtain the energy deposited by the ion. The energy deposition ratio is dependent on the material and charge. A high temperature and high pressure environment will be formed by the deposited energy, causing the atoms to swell up and a hillock nano-defect to be formed on surface. The height of hillock is estimated from the Coulomb explosion.

Highly charged ions (HCIs) Ar q+ /Pb q+ are extracted from ECR source and impacted on solid surface of SiO 2 . Sputtering yield as a function of incident angle is measured by multi-channel plate (MCP). The results have been fitted by a new formula. We proposed the cooperation model to explain the formula. The results demonstrate that the potential assisted kinetic sputtering yield increases with the charge state and potential sputtering (PS) could be induced by impact of HCIs. At larger incident angles, the sputtering yield is dominated by elastic collision between HCIs and material atoms. It is found that, smaller the incident angle, larger the contribution from the potential sputtering.

Ion chromatography (IC) with series bulk acoustic wave (SBAW) detection was developed for monitoring of phosphate, chloride and sulfate during the cultivation of Cephalosporium acremonium and production of cephalosporin C. The advantages of the good selectivity of ion chromatography and the highly sensitive response of SBAW detection have been combined to improve the detection limit. The detection limits (signal:noise=3) for sulfate, chloride, and phosphate were 0.09, 0.02, and 0.07 μg ml −1 , respectively. Samples were pretreated by dialysis to remove the medium components which damage the column or impair its performance and cause negative peaks. After dialyzing, the strongly diluted sample can be analyzed using the presented method. The optimization of the chromatographic analysis was investigated. A comparison of IC-SBAW with other methods of IC is made.

The extraction of Y3+ from Sr2+ has been carried out with a new type of extractant, sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxyacetic acid, in chloroform using 87mSr and 90mY as tracers. The extraction efficiency of Y3+ depends strongly on the pH of aqueous phase, whereas the extraction of Sr2+ is negligible at pH

Distributed video-on-demand servers (DVS) are proposed as a solution to the limited streaming capacity and null scalability of large-scale centralized systems. Server interconnection topology plays an important role in video-on-demand systems' performance. This paper presents an analysis of different topologies and their influence over storage management and distribution, delivery policies performance, refusing requests occurrence, network consumption and scalability. To accomplish the proposal study, we have designed a complete simulation framework for DVS systems. Experimental results obtained under different workload conditions allow us to draw two important conclusions: First, a better connectivity implies a lower mean request service distance and lesser network requirements, improving multicast policies efficiency. Second, topology regularity is essential, as it allows a greater traffic balancing and provides more alternative routing paths. The analysis of global results shows that hypercube presents the best trade-off among all the evaluated metrics, providing a gradual and unlimited scalability for the DVS system.