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Autogenous dentin is a promising biological material that can be used as a substitute for autologous bone. It has been used in postextraction site preservation, maxillary sinus floor elevation, and alveolar ridge augmentation. The clinical application methods of autologous dentin have showed great diversity without uniform standard. The present article reviewed the clinical application of autogenous dentin to provide new ideas for its future development. The literature review results show that dentin materials require several preparations before transplantation, among which the demineralization is a common chemical processing method. Demineralization can enhance the osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties of dentin, but the complex and time-consuming operation process has limited its application to a certain extent. Partial demineralization may be a more appropriate choice. During transplantation, the morphology of dentin depends on the condition of the bone defect and the surgical method. Granular materials with different diameters are convenient for filling irregular defects. Block materials are conducive to maintaining the space of the reconstruction site. Hollow frame materials are slightly more complicated to process but can combine the advantages of granular and block grafts. In addition to being used alone, dentin can also be transplanted in combination with multiple biological materials. Platelet-rich plasma combined with dentin materials has shown ideal results in clinical studies. Plaster of paris and calcium phosphate ceramics have also been combined with dentin materials in animal experiments. But since they have not been applied in humans, their clinical effects require further research.

Defects in oral hard tissue caused by various factors have a negative impact on the functional and aesthetic results of prosthetic treatment. In recent years, the usage of bone tissue engineering for bone reconstruction has drawn widespread attention. Bone tissue engineering exhibits significant advantages, including the abundance of building materials and few side effects. In this paper, the composition and structure of dentin and its application in bone tissue engineering are reviewed, providing a new way to further optimize its performance. The results of a literature review show that the structure of dentin is very similar to that of autogenous bone. The inorganic component is mainly hydroxyapatite (HA), while the organic component is mainly collagen I, noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) and growth factors. Because of its unique composition, dentin can act as a scaffold and/or growth factor source through different processing methods. The deproteinization process removes most of the organic substances and creates a HA-based scaffold material with high porosity, which allows for vascularization and cellular infiltration. Demineralization increases dentin porosity by reducing the crystallinity of the mineralized components, so that part of HA, collagen fibers and growth factors are preserved. Demineralized dentin possesses various regulation functions ranging from differentiation, adhesion and proliferation of primitive cells and bone forming cell lineage. Extracted NCPs, as bioactive molecules, have been proved to play important roles that control cell differentiation, crystal nucleation and mineralization in bone formation. NCPs could be combined with variety of scaffold materials and modify their properties.

Periodontitis would cause dental tissue damage locally. Biomaterials substantially affect the surrounding immune microenvironment through treatment‐oriented local inflammatory remodeling in dental periodontitis. This remodeling process is conducive to wound healing and periodontal tissue regeneration. Recent progress in understanding the foreign body response (FBR) and immune regulation, including cell heterogeneity, and cell‐cell and cell‐material interactions, has provided new insights into the design criteria for biomaterials applied in treatment of periodontitis. This review discusses recent progress and perspectives in the immune regulation effects of biomaterials to augment or reconstruct soft and hard tissue in an inflammatory microenvironment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]