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In recent years, inkjet printing has been widely used in the field of flexible sensor preparation. However, the effects of inkjet printing parameters and post-processing conditions on sensor performance have not been systematically investigated. Simple fabrication and optimized performance are eagerly desired for the practical use of temperature sensors in wearable healthcare devices. Herein, we report the resistive flexible temperature sensor fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-based ink using an inkjet printer. We have thoroughly investigated and optimized the sensitivity and linearity between the resistance and temperature of inkjet-printed temperature sensors by adjusting droplet spacing and curing conditions (temperature and time). In conclusion, the droplet spacing of 20 µm and the curing condition of 30 minutes at 150 °C were determined as the optimized parameters. With optimized process parameters, the temperature sensor has a high sensitivity of 0.084 °C−1 and a linear coefficient of 0.999 between relative resistance and temperature in the range of 30-100 °C. Furthermore, it has a fast response time (7 seconds) and high stability against repeated bending deformation of 500 cycles. The prepared wearable sensors have potential application prospects in temperature monitoring.

Objective: Diaphorina citri (D. citri) is the vector of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas), the most prevalent bacterial species causing citrus Huanglongbing. We recently reported for the first time that the D. citri could acquire the Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a vitrus previously reported vectored by different aphids, and persist it for at least 15 days. In this study, the CTV and CLas profiles in different organs, development stages, and sexes of D. citri were analyzed. Results: The 3rd instar nymph D. citri is with relatively higher CTV titer, high CTV-positive rates and CLas-positive rates. No significant difference between sexes in their carried CTV and CLas titer. CTV titers in the midguts of adult D. citri were significantly higher than those in salivary glands. Conclusion: Although there is no significant differences between nymphs and adults on the CTV titers, the 3rd instar nymph D. citri is efficient in CTV and CLas acquisition.

Crop types have significant impacts (p < 0.05) on the background nitrous oxide emissions (BNE) from soils. The annual BNE for China when considering the proportion of planting area is 0.69 ± 1.52 kg N–N2O ha−1.

Background Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in hematological cancers but have not yet translated in treating solid tumors. The significant hurdles limiting CAR-T therapy were from a paucity of differentially expressed cell surface molecules on solid tumors that can be safely targeted. Here, we present TSH receptor (TSHR) as a putative target for CAR-T therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Methods We undertook a large-scale screen on thyroid cancer tissues and multiple internal organs through bioinformatical analysis and immunohistochemistry to date TSHR expression. Using 3 previously described monoclonal antibodies, we generated 3 third-generation CAR-Ts. We tested anti-TSHR CAR-T in vitro activity by T-cell function and killing assay. Then we tested preclinical therapeutical efficacy in a xenograft mouse model of DTC and analyzed mice’s physical conditions and histological abnormalities to evaluate anti-TSHR CAR-T’s safety. Results TSHR is highly and homogeneously expressed on 90.8% (138/152) of papillary thyroid cancer, 89.2% (33/37) of follicular thyroid cancer, 78.2% (18/23) of cervical lymph node metastases, and 86.7% of radioactive iodine resistance diseases. We developed 3 novel anti-TSHR CAR-Ts from monoclonal antibodies M22, K1-18, and K1-70; all 3 CAR-Ts mediate significant antitumor activity in vitro. Among these, we demonstrate that K1-70 CAR-T can have therapeutical efficacy in vivo, and no apparent toxicity has been observed. Conclusion TSHR is a latent target antigen of CAR-T therapy for DTC. Anti-TSHR CAR-T could represent a therapeutic option for patients with locoregional relapsed or distant metastases of thyroid cancer and should be tested in carefully designed clinical trials.

S100 calcium binding protein A1 (S100A1) is an important member of the S100 family and known to express in a variety of cancers. However, the biological functions of S100A1 in thyroid carcinoma have not been thoroughly studied. In this report, bioinformatics analyses and immunohistochemistry assays were applied to assess the expression profile of S100A1 as well as its relationship with the pathological features and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Meanwhile, functions of S100A1 in PTC cells were analyzed with either in vitro or in vivo experiments. S100A1 was significantly up-regulated in PTC tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues. S100A1 protein expression was significantly associated with tumor size (p=0.0032) or lymph node metastasis (p=0.0331). More importantly, an elevated S100A1 expression was significantly correlated with a worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR=2.26, p=0.042). Further, knockdown of S100A1 dramatically inhibited cell proliferation and migration as well as increased apoptosis of PTC cells. S100A1 knockdown inhibited tumor progression as seen in in vivo experiments. In terms of mechanism, down-regulation of S100A1 induced yes associated protein (YAP) phosphorylation in the cytoplasm and diminished Hippo/YAP pathway activation. Therefore, S100A1 may serve as a novel oncogene and a promising biomarker for PTC diagnosis and prognosis.

Zr-based bulk metallic glass is an amorphous alloy. In order to study the burr problem in the groove milling process of Zr-based bulk metallic glass, the milling force in the process is studied experimentally. Then the effect of milling parameters on the burr of Zr-based bulk metallic glass was studied, and the relationship between milling force and burr was analyzed. In order to further study the milling burr of amorphous alloy, under the same test parameters, the single crystal alloy material (nickel base single crystal superalloy DD5) and the traditional polycrystalline metal material (304 stainless steel) were selected for comparative test and analysis. The results show that Zr-based bulk metallic glass has good groove milling machinability. The test results provide some experimental basis for groove milling of Zr-based bulk metallic glass.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors with a high incidence and leading cancer-related death in women worldwide. MiR-205 plays a crucial role in breast cancer initiation and progression. Here, we identified the relationship between miR-205 and lymphoid specific helicase and confirmed the significance of the miR-205/lymphoid specific helicase (miR-205/HELLS) axis.Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were analyzed to investigate the expression level of miR-205 and HELLS in breast cancer. The TargetScan, Starbase and miRWalk databases were used to predict the candidate target genes of miR-205. Proliferation and migration abilities were examined using cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assays, transwell assay and wound-healing assay. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was utilized to confirm the binding of miR-205 and HELLS. Quantitative RT-PCR, western blot assays or immunohistochemistry were conducted to detect the expression level of genes in breast cancer cells or tissues. Mice xenograft models were constructed to explore the function of miR-205 and HELLS in vivo.Overexpressed miR-205 alleviated cancer cell proliferation and migration and influenced patients' prognosis by negatively regulating the HELLS gene. Consistently, animal experiments revealed that both overexpressing miR-205 and knocking down HELLS exhibited significant tumor growth inhibition in vivo.Our study demonstrated that miR-205 targets HELLS to regulate tumor progression. MiR-205 and HELLS could be considered a novel diagnosis and therapeutic molecular marker of breast cancer.

Variations in precipitation and atmospheric N deposition affect water and N availability in desert and thus may have significant effects on desert ecosystems. Haloxylon ammodendron is a dominant plant in Asian desert, and addressing its physiological acclimatization to the changes in precipitation and N deposition can provide insight into how desert plants adapt to extreme environments by physiological adjustment. Carbon isotope ratio ( δ13 C) in plants has been suggested as a sensitive long-term indicator of physiological acclimatization. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of precipitation change and increasing atmospheric N deposition on δ13 C of H. ammodendron. Furthermore, H. ammodendron is a C 4 plant; whether its δ13 C can indicate water use efficiency (WUE) has not been addressed. In the present study, we designed a field experiment with a completely randomized factorial combination of N and water and measured δ13 C and gas exchange of H. ammodendron. Then we calculated the degree of bundle-sheath leakiness ( φ ) and WUE of the assimilating branches of H. ammodendron. δ13 C and φ remained stable under N and water supply, while N addition, water addition and their interaction affected gas exchange and WUE in H. ammodendron. In addition, δ13 C had no correlation with WUE. These results were associated with the irrelevance between δ13 C and the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO 2 concentration ( ci / ca ), which might be caused by a special value (0.37) of the degree of bundle-sheath leakiness ( φ ) or a lower activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA) of H. ammodendron. In conclusion, δ13 C of H. ammodendron is not sensitive to global change in precipitation and atmospheric N deposition and cannot be used for indicating its WUE.

The self-dissipation and attenuation capacity of materials play an important role in realizing efficient electromagnetic absorption, in this case, the roles of macroscopic composition and micro-structure should be emphasized simultaneously in the reasonable design of microwave absorbent. Given that, Fe3N alloy embedded in two-dimensional porous carbon composites were fabricated via facile sol-gel and sacrificial template methods. Satisfactorily, the magnetic/dielectric materials combination and porous structure introduction are conductive to the optimization of impedance matching property, as result of the enhancement of microwave absorption capacity. In addition, sufficient magnetic loss capacity, strong conductivity as well as polarization attenuation bring about the outstanding microwave absorbing performance with an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz and a minimum reflection loss value of -65.6 dB. It is believed that this work not only lay a foundation to achieve microwave response materials in a wide frequency range, but also emphasize the significant role of the component selection and structural design.

Mitigating soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is essential for staying below a 2°C warming threshold. However, accurate assessments of mitigation potential are limited by uncertainty and variability in direct emission factors (EFs). To assess where and why EFs differ, we create high-resolution maps of crop-specific EFs based on 1,507 georeferenced field observations. Here, using a data-driven approach, we show that EFs vary by two orders of magnitude over space. At global and regional scales, such variation is primarily driven by climatic and edaphic factors rather than the well-recognized management practices. Combining spatially explicit EFs with N surplus information, we conclude that global mitigation potential without compromising crop production is 30% [95% CI: 17-53%] of direct soil emissions of N2O, equivalent to the entire direct soil emissions of China and the United States combined. Two thirds (65%) of mitigation potential could be achieved on one fifth of global harvested area, mainly located in humid subtropical climate and across gleysols and acrisols. These findings highlight the value of a targeted policy approach on global hotspots that could deliver large N2O mitigation as well as environmental and food co-benefits.

Reducing ammonia (NH3) volatilization from croplands while satisfying the food demand is strategically required to mitigate haze pollution. However, the global pattern of NH3 volatilization remains uncertain, primarily because of the episodic nature of NH3 volatilization rates and the high variation of fertilization practices. Here, we improve a global estimate of crop-specific NH3 emissions at a high spatial resolution using an updated data-driven model with a survey-based dataset of the fertilization scheme. Our estimate of the globally averaged volatilization rate (12.6% ± 2.1%) is in line with previous data-driven studies (13.7 ± 3.1%) but results in one-quarter lower emissions than process-based models (16.5 ± 3.1%). The associated global emissions are estimated at 14.4 ± 2.3 Tg N, with more than 50% of the total stemming from three stable crops or 12.2% of global harvested areas. Nearly three-quarters of global cropland-NH3 emissions could be reduced by improving fertilization schemes (right rate, right type, and right placement). A small proportion (20%) of global harvested areas, primarily located in China, India, and Pakistan, accounts for 64% of abatement potentials. Our findings provide a critical reference guide for the future abatement strategy design when considering locations and crop types.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can significantly influence the soil carbon cycle, however, their impacts on desert soils are still unclear. Here, a field control experiment, using in‐growth mesocosms, was conducted to quantitatively assess the contribution of AMF and ephemeral plants to ecosystem respiration (Re) and methane (CH4) flux in the Gurbantunggut Desert in China, from April to May 2017. Ephemeral plant biomass was significantly increased by AMF infection. Re was significantly positively correlated with AMF infection rate, whereas CH4 flux was significantly negatively correlated. The contribution of AMF to Re was up to 24%, comparable to the contribution of non‐AMF microbial respiration, which accounted for up to 36%, whereas the respiration of ephemeral plants accounted for 40%. Variation in Re was most strongly associated with soil organic carbon and soil available potassium concentrations and soil temperature. Non‐AMF microorganisms accounted for most of the CH4 flux (up to 85%). In contrast, AMF only accounted for 15% of total CH4 flux. The CH4 flux was significantly influenced by soil NO3−‐N content, soil moisture, soil temperature and soil NH4+‐N content. Overall, AMF significantly influenced Re and CH4 flux, and also enhanced the growth of ephemeral plants, which have an important role in the carbon cycle in desert ecosystems.

Temperate desert soils are an important source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). However, it is uncertain how N2O emissions respond to warming, increased rainfall and nitrogen (N) addition in such soils. A multifactorial field manipulation study was carried out in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China's second largest desert, to investigate how these factors influence desert soil N2O emissions and to assess inter‐year variation. In our 3‐year study, under current climatic conditions, the annual flux of N2O in this temperate desert soil was 0.13 ± 0.02 kg N ha−1 yr−1, with the period of no plant growth contributing 43% of the annual emission. Surprisingly, there was no significant change in annual N2O flux under warming (+1°C) or increased precipitation (30%, +60 mm yr−1). In contrast, N2O emissions were significantly affected by extreme drought followed by precipitation. Additional N input, at 30 or 60 kg N ha−1 yr−1, greatly elevated annual N2O emission by 55–133%. The combined impact of N deposition and increasing rainfall on N2O emission was greater than that of any single factor, except for N deposition. This suggests that N2O emissions in this desert are driven primarily by soil available N content and are less sensitive to variations in soil temperature and moisture.

Here, we developed a wearable electrochemical sensor for pH and K

Nowadays, the spread of Internet rumors and viruses has caused great hidden dangers to the safety of human life. It is particularly important to identify the source of network threat, especially when there are multiple sources in the network. At present, the research on multi-source propagation is mostly based on SI model, but there is little work on multi-source propagation under SIR model. Based on SIR propagation model, this paper proposes a novel PRIA algorithm to locate multiple propagation sources. Firstly, we propose a new partitioning method based on effective distance, which transforms the source problem into a single source problem in multiple partitions. Secondly, we propose a single source algorithm based on SIR propagation model, which uses reverse infection algorithm to locate suspicious sources. Finally, we evaluate our approach in real network topology. The simulation results show that our method can effectively identify the real source and estimate the propagation time. And it has great accuracy in the number of identification sources.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted extensive interest owing to their tunable compositions and large specific surface areas. Herein, Fe3O4@carbon and Fe3C@carbon composites were fabricated from iron-based MOFs (MIL-53(Fe)) via a facile hydrothermal and calcination process. Based on the Gibbs free energy theory, nanocrystal transformation from Fe3O4 to Fe3C can be well controlled when the calcination temperature is above 689 °C, revealing that the temperature plays key roles in improving the electromagnetic parameters and microwave absorbing performance. Using elaborately designed MIL-53(Fe) as a precursor for carbon-based lightweight microwave absorbers, a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of −30.48 dB at a very thin matching thickness of only 1.4 mm and an effective microwave bandwidth of 4.40 GHz (from 13.6 to 18 GHz) can be achieved. It is believed that this work can arouse interest to further exploit metal–organic frameworks for lightweight carbon-based microwave absorbers.

Here, we report a unique core-shell nanocomposite of Fe2N@N-doped carbon that coats dopamine-derived carbon shells on porous Fe2N nanoparticles via a facile and effective soft chemical method. The feasibility of preparing core-shell structure in the process of polymerization is realized by utilizing the fact that affluent amino and hydroxyl groups in dopamine endow the formidable chelation ability with metal ions. Temperature-dependent volume shrinkage effect of Fe2N originates from the lattice transformation in nitridation process, which is the key factor to control the void space inside carbon nanocubes and optimize the electromagnetic performance. Consequently, the as-prepared samples achieve excellent reflection loss (RL) values and effective absorption bandwidth at an even thin thickness of 1.4 mm. The balance between the temperature-dependent conduction loss and the optimization of hole structure impedance matching may be responsible for the excellent microwave behaviors. This work offers an attractive core-shell Fe2N@carbon with controllable void space as a promising candidate to handle the electromagnetic interface (EMI) issues.

Desert soils are a significant global sink for methane (CH4). However, it remains unclear how CH4 uptake in temperate deserts could respond to elevated precipitation, nitrogen (N) deposition and warming. An in situ field experiment was conducted to investigate these effects on CH4 uptake in the Gurbantunggut Desert, northwest China, from September 2014 to August 2017. This desert was a weak sink for CH4 (0.83 kg C ha−1 year−1) over this period, with the non-growing season (November–March) accounting for 30.5% of the annual CH4 uptake. Pulse CH4 uptake was found to result from increased water addition (by 30% or 60 mm year−1) and low N deposition (30 kg N ha−1 year−1) which enhanced annual CH4 uptake by 62.3 and 52.6%, respectively. However, no significant impact of high N deposition (60 kg N ha−1 year−1) was found. Warming in open topped chambers (OTCs) had a variable effect on CH4 uptake, which mainly depended on variation in soil moisture. The response in CH4 uptake to the interaction between water and N addition was less than that for the individual factors, except under conditions of warming. In addition, CH4 uptake was significantly positively correlated to water-filled pore space (WFPS), differing from observations in forest and grassland ecosystems. Structural equation modeling indicated that CH4 uptake was significantly enhanced by soil moisture and the underground biomass of ephemerals. Overall, the CH4 sink of this desert was significantly enhanced by increasing precipitation and low N deposition, rather than warming, which may become a feedback for future climate.

Background Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, despite marked achieves in recent decades, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression for PTC are incomplete. Accumulating evidence shows that γ-glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT), an enzyme participated in glutathione homeostasis that is elevated in multiple types of tumors, represents an attractive therapeutic target. Methods Bioinformatics, immunohistochemistry (IHC), qRT-PCR and western blot (WB) assays were used to determine the elevation of GGCT in PTC. The biological functions of GGCT were examined using CCK8, wound healing and transwell assays. Subcutaneous xenograft and tail vein pulmonary metastatic mouse models were constructed to determine the effect of GGCT on tumorigenicity and metastasis in vivo. The effect of miR-205-5p on GGCT and the relationship between these two molecules were examined by dual luciferase reporter assay, RNA-RNA pull down assay as well as the rescue experiments both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction between GGCT and CD44 was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and IHC assays. Results Our results showed that GGCT expression is upregulated in PTC, correlates with more aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and worse prognosis. GGCT knockdown inhibited the cell proliferation, migratory and invasion ability of PTC cells and reduced the expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, CD44, MMP-2 and MMP9) while increased epithelial marker (E-cadherin) in PTC cells. We confirmed binding of miR-205-5p on the 3’-UTR regions of GGCT and delivery of miR-205-5p reversed the pro-malignant capacity of GGCT both in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, we found GGCT interacted with and stabilized CD44 in PTC cells. Conclusions Our findings illustrate a novel signaling pathway, miR-205-5p/GGCT/CD44, that involves in the carcinogenesis and progression of PTC. Development of miR-205-mimics or GGCT inhibitors as potential therapeutics for PTC may have remarkable applications.

Cropland ammonia (NH3) emission is a critical driver triggering haze pollution. Many agricultural policies were enforced in past four decades to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency while maintaining crop yield. Inadvertant reductions of NH3 emissions, which may be induced by such policies, are not well evaluated. Here, we quantify the China’s cropland-NH3 emission change from 1980 to 2050 and its response to policy interventions, using a data-driven model and a survey-based dataset of the fertilization scheme. Cropland-NH3 emission in China doubled from 1.93 to 4.02 Tg NH3-N in period 1980-1996, and then decreased to 3.50 Tg NH3-N in 2017. The prevalence of four agricultural policies may avoid ~3.0 Tg NH3-N in 2017, mainly located in highly-fertilized areas. Optimization of fertilizer management and food consumption could mitigate three quarters of NH3 emission in 2050 and lower NH3 emission intensity (emission divided by crop production) close to the European Union and the United States. Our findings provide an evidence on the decoupling of cropland-NH3 from crop production in China, and suggest the need to achieve cropland-NH3 mitigation while sustaining crop yields in other developing economies.

BackgroundDifferentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is usually very treatable and is often cured with surgery and, if indicated, follow with radioactive iodine (RAI) and long-term thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression with levothyroxine. Unfortunately, locoregional relapse and distant metastases occur in up to 20% at ten years; those relapsed or distant metastatic thyroid cancer is relatively uncommon compare to other cancers, cytotoxic chemotherapies provided low response rates, and two-thirds of cases became RAI refractory (RAI-R). New therapy options for local-regional relapsed or distant metastases thyroid cancer are desperately needed. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) have been demonstrated remarkable efficacy in hematological cancers but have not yet translated in treating solid tumors. The significant hurdles limiting CAR-T therapy were due to a paucity of differentially expressed cell surface molecules on solid tumors that can be safely targeted. Here, we present thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) as a putative target for CAR-T therapy of DTC.MethodsWe undertook a large-scale screen on thyroid cancer tissues and multiple internal organs through bioinformatical analysis and immunohistochemistry to date TSHR expression. Using three previously described mAb, we generate three third-generation CAR-Ts. We tested anti-TSHR CAR-T in vitro activity by T-cell function assay and killing assay. Then we tested pre-clinical therapeutical efficacy in a xenograft mouse model of DTC and analyzed mice’s physical conditions and histological abnormalities to evaluate anti-TSHR CAR-T’s safety.ResultsTSHR is highly and homogeneously expressed on 90.8%(138/152) of papillary thyroid cancer, 89.2% (33/37) of follicular thyroid cancer, 78.2% (18/23) of the cervical lymph node metastases, and 86.7% of locally recurrent or metastasis lesions with RAI-R disease. We develop three novel anti-TSHR CAR-T from mAb M22, K1-18, and K1-70, all three CAR-Ts mediate significant anti-tumor activity in vitro. Among these, we demonstrate that K1-70 CAR-T can have therapeutical efficacy in vivo, and no apparent toxicity has been observed.ConclusionTSHR is a latent target antigen of CAR-T therapy for DTC. Anti-TSHR CAR-T has strong therapeutical efficacy in vivo while without prominent adverse events. Anti-TSHR CAR-T could represent an exciting therapeutic option for patients with specific local-regional relapsed or distant metastases thyroid cancer and should be tested in carefully designed clinical trials.

Ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the most important vitamins and serves many physiological activities in the body. In this work, we propose a simple colorimetric sensor for the rapid detection of AA through the redox reaction between CoOOH nanoflakes and ascorbic acid with the 2, 2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) as a colorimetric signal indicator. CoOOH nanoflakes could catalytically oxidize colorless ABTS to produce green oxidized ABTS (ox ABTS) with an absorption band at 412 nm in UV–vis spectra. The presence of AA could induce the oxidation of ABTS, resulting in a significant color fading and decrease of the absorbance at 412 nm. Thus quantitative detection of AA is realized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear range is obtained from 0.5 to 15 μM with a lower detection limit of 0.16 μM (S/N = 3). Particularly, this colorimetric assay is capable of detecting AA in different vitamins C tablet and fresh kiwi fruit samples. Hence, the fast response, high sensitivity and easy operation of the proposed colorimetric sensor make it suitable for further application in bioassay.

Croplands are the single largest anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N2O) globally, yet their estimates remain difficult to verify when using Tier 1 and 3 methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Here, we re-evaluate global cropland-N2O emissions in 1961–2014, using N-rate-dependent emission factors (EFs) upscaled from 1206 field observations in 180 global distributed sites and high-resolution N inputs disaggregated from sub-national surveys covering 15593 administrative units. Our results confirm IPCC Tier 1 default EFs for upland crops in 1990–2014, but give a ∼15% lower EF in 1961–1989 and a ∼67% larger EF for paddy rice over the full period. Associated emissions (0.82 ± 0.34 Tg N yr–1) are probably one-quarter lower than IPCC Tier 1 global inventories but close to Tier 3 estimates. The use of survey-based gridded N-input data contributes 58% of this emission reduction, the rest being explained by the use of observation-based non-linear EFs. We conclude that upscaling N2O emissions from site-level observations to global croplands provides a new benchmark for constraining IPCC Tier 1 and 3 methods. The detailed spatial distribution of emission data is expected to inform advancement towards more realistic and effective mitigation pathways.