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The effects of system partition on the water quality were studied using three shrimp ponds (Ts), and each one of the shrimp pond was connected individually with a fish pond by piping and pump. Three other isolated shrimp ponds were designated as the Cs treatment. The results showed that the implementation of the system can improve the water quality in the shrimp ponds. Particulate organic matter (POM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂–N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) in the Ts were lower than those in the Cs during the experiment, and in some cases, they were significantly lower (p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. A schematic diagram for the experiment setup. The transmembrane MTEC monolayer was acquired on the air-liquid interface culture mode from day 4-12.

Sipunculus nudus is an important economic species because of its high nutritional and medicinal values. The exploitation and utilization of S. nudus primarily occur in the coastal regions of the Beibu Gulf. However, wild resource of S. nudus is rapidly decreasing because of the overexploitation, which has led to considerable developments of artificial breeding techniques. The cultivation scale of S. nudus has increased in response to successful artificial breeding; however, methods for culturing S. nudus in tidal flats or ponds require further study. Most studies have focused on the breeding, nutrition, medical value and ecological impact of these worms. Studies on the distribution, sediment requirements, nutrition characteristics, breeding techniques and aquaculture ecology of this species are summarized in this paper to promote the development of the aquaculture industry for S. nudus. The high biomass of S. nudus in the Beibu Gulf is positively correlated with the sediment characteristics and water quality of the region. The production of peanut worm has improved to some extent through culturing; however, the nutrient value and ecological environment problems have been observed, which reflect the over exploitation of trace elements and the sediment. These problems will worsen unless they are resolved, and the release of organic materials, nitrogen and phosphorus during harvesting impacts the coastal environment. Moreover, genetic erosion is a potential risk for larvae in artificial breeding programs in tidal flats. Therefore, culturing and collecting methods should be improved and the wild resource conservation should be implemented to promote the sustainable development of the peanut worm.

To understand the impacts of peanut worms Sipunculus nudus on the prokaryotic community composition in a tidal flat, an onsite investigation was conducted in Suixi in the Beibu Gulf (109.82E, 21.35N) in the burrow sediments, non‐burrow sediments and the sediments without peanut worm disturbance (control). The16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to investigate the microbial communities and their response to bioturbation by S. nudus in a sandy tidal flat. A total of 18 bacteria phyla were detected, and Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria constituted the majority of the prokaryotic community in the samples. The distribution of the relative abundances of genera showed that approximately 6.99%–17% of the reads in the samples were classified into 25 known genera. Sulfate‐reducing bacteria (Desulfococcus and Desulfosarcina) were the most abundant taxa, followed by Thermodesulfovibrionaceae LCP‐6, indicating that sulfate reduction is the main process in the sandy tidal flat. The abundances of Desulfococcus, LCP‐6 and Cyanobacterium in the non‐burrow sediment were greater than in the burrow sediment, suggesting that the anoxic condition is more suitable for Desulfococcus and LCP‐6 when the activity of S. nudus is absent. The biomass of Cyanobacterium was decreased by the feeding bioturbation of S. nudus. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes Luteimonas in the burrow sediments was significantly greater than in the non‐burrow sediment, and there was a strong relationship between S. nudus bioturbation and increased in oxygen contents and oxidation‐reduction potentials in the burrow sediment. The abundances of Desulfococcus and LCP‐6 were greater in the middle layer (20–30 cm) than in the top layer in the non‐burrow sediment. However, the middle and bottom layers (20–30, 30–40 cm) had higher abundances of these genera than did the upper layers (0–10, 10–20 cm) in the burrow sediments. The abundances of the Fusobacteria Propionigenium and the Spirochaetes Spirochaeta were greater in the middle and bottom layers (20–30 cm, 30–40 cm) than in the top layers (0–10, 10–20 cm) in the burrow sediment, but this phenomenon was not found in the non‐burrow sediment. This study demonstrates that bioturbation by S. nudus plays an important role in reshaping the bacterial community composition in intertidal regions.

Bioturbation by Sipunculus nudus in a fish-Sipunculus polyculture system was investigated using two controlled experiments. The first experiment was conducted in 20 breeding tanks (water volume 550 L) in which unfed S. nudus (mean weight 1.2 ± 0.1 g) were stocked in the bottom sandy sediment at four different densities: 0 (control), 50, 100 and 150 individuals per tank. In each tank, 3 juvenile Mugil cephalus (mean weight 24.5 ± 0.5 g) were cultured with a normal ration supply in a net cage (diameter 0.8 m, height 0.6 m) suspended in the seawater above. The experiment was conducted for 60 d. The second experiment, which was conducted for 20 d, quantified the transportation ability of S. nudus on the surface sediment. S. nudus (mean weight 1.3 ± 0.1 g) were stocked in the sandy sediment in 25 aquaria (31 cm × 20 cm × 30 cm) at five densities (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 individuals per aquarium). The sediment was prepared in layers: the bottom layer was a 6-cm-thick layer of medium sand (grain size 0.40–1.10 mm), and the top layer was a 1-cm-thick layer of fine sand (grain size 0.10–0.28 mm). In the first experiment, 1) S. nudus exhibited excellent survival in all experimental groups, but positive weight gain was only observed in the low-stocking-density group (50 individuals per tank); the best M. cephalus growth also occurred in this group (P The above results indicate that S. nudus can mitigate sediment organic waste accumulation in an aquaculture system by transporting surface sediment to the bottom; thus, the polyculture of S. nudus with other aquaculture animals is both ecologically and economically feasible.

The purposes of this paper are to describe important features required for a sound trade association at home and abroad and suggest ways to develop sound trade associations in the transitional Chinese economy. Through literature survey, this paper summarizes common features for sound trade associations. In addition, a survey was conducted on various trades in Hebei province to obtain updated data on trade associations. A regression analysis was performed on the data to identify factors influencing trade associations' functions and performances. Thereafter, several panel discussions with representative enterprises, associations and governmental sectors were followed to further examine the government's duties, methods and procedures in fostering trade associations. ​Master of Science (Managerial Economics)