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Serous borderline tumors of the ovary fall in between the benign and malignant category. These tumors are often diagnosed early, and the prognosis is usually favorable. However, there are variations in the histopathological findings of borderline ovarian tumors. Xanthomatous change is one such rare change in which deposition of lipid-rich material is seen morphologically as xanthoma cells within tumor tissue and reports of this are sparse. There is postulated literature on xanthomatous change being a contributing factor for progression of cancer. We present a case of a 75-year-old postmenopausal female with complaint of pain abdomen since 3 days, diagnosed radiologically as right ovarian mucinous cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma. Histopathology revealed a serous borderline tumor with extensive xanthomatous change. This case presents important thoughts on exploring the connection of xanthomatous change with borderline ovarian tumors, which till date is a matter of debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Managing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in individuals with severe dyslipidemia necessitates a comprehensive approach. While rehydration and continuous insulin infusion are fundamental components of DKA management due to the underlying insulin deficiency, the presence of severe hyperlipidemia with eruptive xanthomas warrants additional consideration. Early initiation of lipid‐lowering agents can expedite the resolution of cutaneous lesions and substantially mitigate the risk of severe complications such as pancreatitis, along with attenuating long‐term cardiovascular risks. Xanthomas are the benign lesions which are generated by localized lipid deposits in the skin, tendons, and subcutaneous tissue. They appear clinically as yellowish papules, nodules, or plaques. Acute pancreatitis and eruptive xanthomas can occur as complications of hyperlipidemia. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in one of the risk factors for hypertriglyceridemia. Early recognition and treatment of the eruptive xanthomatosis as a warning sign of hypertriglyceridemia can decrease the morbidity and mortality due to acute pancreatitis. Here, we discuss a case of 37‐years old female patient with uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus presented with acute pancreatitis and eruptive xanthomas as result of raised triglycerides and uncontrolled diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message Managing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in individuals with severe dyslipidemia necessitates a comprehensive approach. While rehydration and continuous insulin infusion are fundamental components of DKA management due to the underlying insulin deficiency, the presence of severe hyperlipidemia with eruptive xanthomas warrants additional consideration. Early initiation of lipid‐lowering agents can expedite the resolution of cutaneous lesions and substantially mitigate the risk of severe complications such as pancreatitis, along with attenuating long‐term cardiovascular risks. Abstract Xanthomas are the benign lesions which are generated by localized lipid deposits in the skin, tendons, and subcutaneous tissue. They appear clinically as yellowish papules, nodules, or plaques. Acute pancreatitis and eruptive xanthomas can occur as complications of hyperlipidemia. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in one of the risk factors for hypertriglyceridemia. Early recognition and treatment of the eruptive xanthomatosis as a warning sign of hypertriglyceridemia can decrease the morbidity and mortality due to acute pancreatitis. Here, we discuss a case of 37‐years old female patient with uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus presented with acute pancreatitis and eruptive xanthomas as result of raised triglycerides and uncontrolled diabetes.

Verruciform Xanthoma (VX) is an uncommon, benign, asymptomatic lesion of the oral cavity. The incidence rate of VX is 0.025%, with the most common location reported to be the gingival margin, followed by the tongue, hard palate, buccal and labial mucosa. It may also present on the skin and genitals. VX can manifest as a solitary or multiple lesion with well-defined margins. It appears as a papule or plaque with verrucous or papillary growth, exhibiting variable colours ranging from reddish-pink and yellow to grey. While the lesion typically appears verruciform, it may also have a polypoid, papillomatous, or sessile nature. In the present case report, the authors present a 45-year-old male patient with a history of tobacco use, who exhibited a reddish-pink papillomatous growth on his labial mucosa for a duration of three months. The growth was surgically excised, and histopathological evaluation confirmed the characteristic features of VX. The lesion healed without complications, and no recurrence was observed. Clinically, VX may be mistaken for various malignant or premalignant lesions such as papilloma, verrucous carcinoma, or proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Therefore, it is crucial to differentiate VX from these conditions to avoid inappropriate intervention. Histopathological evaluation is necessary for the definitive diagnosis of the lesion, which reveals the pathognomonic presence of foamy histiocytes within the elongated dermal papillae. The present case report highlighted the diverse clinical features of VX and discusses its histological findings along with the differential diagnosis.

Verruciform Xanthoma (VX) is an uncommon, benign, asymptomatic lesion of the oral cavity. The incidence rate of VX is 0.025%, with the most common location reported to be the gingival margin, followed by the tongue, hard palate, buccal and labial mucosa. It may also present on the skin and genitals. VX can manifest as a solitary or multiple lesion with well-defined margins. It appears as a papule or plaque with verrucous or papillary growth, exhibiting variable colours ranging from reddish-pink and yellow to grey. While the lesion typically appears verruciform, it may also have a polypoid, papillomatous, or sessile nature. In the present case report, the authors present a 45-year-old male patient with a history of tobacco use, who exhibited a reddish-pink papillomatous growth on his labial mucosa for a duration of three months. The growth was surgically excised, and histopathological evaluation confirmed the characteristic features of VX. The lesion healed without complications, and no recurrence was observed. Clinically, VX may be mistaken for various malignant or premalignant lesions such as papilloma, verrucous carcinoma, or proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Therefore, it is crucial to differentiate VX from these conditions to avoid inappropriate intervention. Histopathological evaluation is necessary for the definitive diagnosis of the lesion, which reveals the pathognomonic presence of foamy histiocytes within the elongated dermal papillae. The present case report highlighted the diverse clinical features of VX and discusses its histological findings along with the differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To describe a rare case of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG) in an infant in order to inform more about this pathology little described in academia, thus avoiding unnecessary treatments and approaches. CASE DESCRIPTION: This is a 4-month-old infant with a single nodular lesion in the abdomen that has progressively evolved since birth. A crusty-looking lesion with small adjacent nodules, central ulceration and blurred borders, approximately 3 centimeters in diameter. With the diagnostic hypothesis of impetigo raised, he used topical and oral antibiotics, without success. Then, suspected of dermatophytosis, he used antifungal agents, without improvement. Due to the persistence of the lesion, an ultrasound of the lesion was requested and referred to a dermatologist. Only after the biopsy was the diagnosis of JXG confirmed. COMMENTS: JXG is a rare and benign pathology, belonging to the group of non-Langerhans histiocytosis that typically appears in pediatric age. Lesions most commonly occur on the skin and have a characteristic morphology. They are usually asymptomatic and spontaneous regression is expected in approximately five years. However, the disease can lead to extracutaneous involvement and other important pathologies may be related to the condition, thus requiring an extension of workup to prevent irreversible sequelae to the patient.

Abstract Introduction Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that occurs as result of mutation in the CYP27A1 gene. The clinical presentation of the disease is quite wide. We planned to briefly review the literature with this case diagnosed as a CTX. Case A 50-year-old male patient was admitted to the neurology outpatient clinic complaining of progressive worsening of his walking, and swelling in his legs. Mild mental retardation was detected in our patient. In addition to the visual impairment that would be explained by cataracts, he had xanthomas in both lower extremities. Signs related to bilateral cataract surgery and intraocular lens were detected during an eye examination. There were no abnormal findings in electroencephalography, electroneuromyography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging of the patient, whom we learned that her visual impairment started in childhood. The Mignarri Suscipion Index index was calculated as 275. A genetic examination was requested and the CYP27A1 gene was p.A216P (c.The mutation 646G>C) (CM044609) was detected as homozygous. Conclusion Due to the low awareness of CTX and the variability of its clinical findings, its diagnosis may be delayed for years, as in our patient. When diagnosed, most patients may have severe, often irreversible neurological damage. With the early recognition of the CTX and the start of treatment, patients can have a chance to quality life.

Xanthomas are benign soft-tissue lesions that frequently occur on the skin after minor trauma or friction. Intraosseous xanthomas are infrequent and the associated literature is scarce; it mainly addresses cases in the facial mass. Imaging and clinical examinations do not yield a specific diagnosis, so histopathology and immunohistochemistry are used to confirm the diagnosis of primary intraosseous xanthoma. Here, we present the case of a 46-year-old male diagnosed with primary intraosseous xanthoma of the frontal bone, describing the clinical, imaging and histological development and his conservative surgical therapeutic management without recurrence after clinical and imaging controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that occurs as result of mutation in the CYP27A1 gene. The clinical presentation of the disease is quite wide. We planned to briefly review the literature with this case diagnosed as a CTX. Case: A 50-year-old male patient was admitted to the neurology outpatient clinic complaining of progressive worsening of his walking, and swelling in his legs. Mild mental retardation was detected in our patient. In addition to the visual impairment that would be explained by cataracts, he had xanthomas in both lower extremities. Signs related to bilateral cataract surgery and intraocular lens were detected during an eye examination. There were no abnormal findings in electroencephalography, electroneuromyography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging of the patient, whom we learned that her visual impairment started in childhood. The Mignarri Suscipion Index index was calculated as 275. A genetic examination was requested and the CYP27A1 gene was p.A216P (c.The mutation 646G>C) (CM044609) was detected as homozygous. Conclusion: Due to the low awareness of CTX and the variability of its clinical findings, its diagnosis may be delayed for years, as in our patient. When diagnosed, most patients may have severe, often irreversible neurological damage. With the early recognition of the CTX and the start of treatment, patients can have a chance to quality life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a rare but life‐threatening disorder. Skin manifestations can be its only manifestation. We present a case of a fifteen‐year‐old female child, with multiple eruptive xanthomas, xanthomas anarcus, and a deranged lipid profile consistent with FH. The presence of this manifestation especially in the younger age group should draw attention to hypercholesterolemia. A timely diagnosis is fundamental to prevent serious complications and for early treatment.

The classic variant consisted of Touton giant cells and vacuolated mononuclear cells, while the transitional variant consisted of non-Touton giant cells with admixed vacuolated mononuclear cells and spindled cells. Keywords: foam cells; histiocytes; juvenile xanthogranuloma; papular xanthoma; xanthomatosis EN foam cells histiocytes juvenile xanthogranuloma papular xanthoma xanthomatosis 1 7 7 01/02/23 20230101 NES 230101 Papular xanthoma is a rare clinical entity with 53 cases previously reported in the literature. Papular xanthoma and JXG were considered the histopathologic differential diagnosis, and papular xanthoma was ultimately favored given the histopathologic findings. [Extracted from the article]

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a rare but life‐threatening disorder. Skin manifestations can be its only manifestation. We present a case of a fifteen‐year‐old female child, with multiple eruptive xanthomas, xanthomas anarcus, and a deranged lipid profile consistent with FH. The presence of this manifestation especially in the younger age group should draw attention to hypercholesterolemia. A timely diagnosis is fundamental to prevent serious complications and for early treatment. We present a case of fifteen‐year‐old female child, with eruptive xanthomas, xanthomas anarcus, and deranged lipid profile consistent with FH. The presence of this manifestation especially in the younger age group should draw attention to familial hypercholesterolemia. A timely diagnosis is fundamental to prevent serious complications and for early treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 33‐year‐old woman presented to the Emergency Department at 3 months postpartum with a 2‐day history of a partial left sixth cranial nerve palsy, and several weeks' history of bilateral blurred vision and papular skin lesions. Brain imaging and ultrasound of the carotid and vertebral arteries were all normal. Investigations revealed severe hyperlipidemia and a venous blood glucose level of 19.6 mmol/L despite a negative result on a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test at 32 weeks of pregnancy. Fundus photography demonstrated bilateral severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy with lipemia retinalis. The skin lesions were consistent with xanthomas on biopsy. The partial left sixth cranial nerve palsy and the bilateral rapidly progressive diabetic retinopathy were likely secondary to peripheral ischemia from serum hyperviscosity and displacement due to severe hyperlipidemia. The rapid progression of symptoms was likely triggered by a postpartum diet high in saturated fats in the context of presumed genetic predisposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthoma is a benign lesion characterized by the localized collection of lipid-containing histiocytes. It is mostly observed in patients with hyperlipidemia but can also be found in patients with normal lipid profiles. It is very rarely detected in the bladder. Xanthoma may be associated with bladder tumor or it can be seen isolated. Most of the cases in the literature are elderly patients. Isolated bladder xanthoma is mostly detected incidentally in cystoscopy performed for complaints like hematuria and lower urinary tract symptoms. A large lesion can be detected in radiological imaging and mistaken for a bladder tumor. We present a case of urinary bladder xanthoma incidentally detected in a 38-year-old man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the case of a 53-year-old female patient who presented with one-year history of mixed frequency tinnitus of the left ear and sudden development of unilateral deafness. She received treatment with oral steroids plus intratympanic infiltrations. Imaging studies using CT-Scan and MRI disclosed a solid tumor of well-defined borders in the union of the petrosal and squamous portions of the left temporal bone. A mastoidectomy was performed, the anatomopathological studies revealed a xanthoma of the temporal bone. A literature review was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]