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This commentary briefly reviews work on the application of case-based reasoning (CBR) to the design and construction of machine-learning approaches and computer-based teaching systems. The CBR cognitive model is at the core of constructivist learning approaches such as Goal-Based Scenarios and Learning by Design. Case libraries can play roles as intelligent resources while learning and frameworks for articulating one understands. More recently, CBR techniques have been applied to design and construction of simulation-based learning systems and serious games. The main ideas of CBR are explained and pointers to relevant references are provided, both for finished work and on-going research.

Operational plan generated by case-based reasoning (OP-CBR) is based on reusing past successful plans for solving new problems. OP-CBR is particularly useful in environments where the large amount of time required to traverse extensive search spaces makes traditional planning techniques unsuitable. In particular, in real-time domains, past plans need to be retrieved and adapted in real time and efficient plan adaptation techniques are required. We have developed real time adaptation techniques for case based planning and specifically applied them to the OP-CBR system. In our framework, when a plan is retrieved, a plan dependency graph is inferred to capture the relations between actions in the plan suggested by that case. The case is then adapted in real-time using its plan dependency graph. This allows the system to create and adapt plans in an efficient and effective manner while performing the task. Our techniques have been implemented in the OP-CBR system [1]. We analyze our approach and prove that the complexity of the plan adaptation stage is polynomial in the size of the plan. We also provide bounds on the final size of the adapted plan under certain assumptions.

According to the fact that the decision-making of surface vessels is more and more complicated, based on the military process of decision-making of surface vessels, using soft engineering, from the view of system science, this article expounds the complexity of the command architecture and decision-making of surface vessels, then analyzes the process of consultation decision, at last, it establishes the architecture of shipboard decision-making software model based on the DCD. It is very useful not only for furthering the theoretical system of shipboard decision-making software, but also for the research on warfare software.