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Abstract Few studies have focused on the risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in small for gestational age (SGA) infants. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for NEC in SGA newborns. This study included consecutive SGA neonates admitted to a tertiary hospital in Jiangxi Province, China from Jan 2008 to Dec 2022. Patients with NEC (Bell’s stage ≥ II) were assigned to the NEC group. Gestational age- and birth weight-matched non-NEC infants born during the same period at the same hospital were assigned to the control group. The risk factors associated with NEC were analyzed with univariate and logistic regression models. During the study period, 2,912 SGA infants were enrolled, 150 (5.15%) of whom developed NEC. In total, 143 patients and 143 controls were included in the NEC and control groups, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that sepsis (OR 2.399, 95% CI 1.271–4.527, P = 0.007) and anemia (OR 2.214, 95% CI 1.166–4.204, P = 0.015) might increase the incidence of NEC in SGA infants and that prophylactic administration of probiotics (OR 0.492, 95% CI 0.303–0.799, P = 0.004) was a protective factor against NEC. Therefore, sepsis, anemia and a lack of probiotic use are independent risk factors for NEC in SGA infants.

Abstract The Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) family is well-known to comprise three classes of intracellular enzymes. Class I PI3Ks primarily function in signaling by responding to cell surface receptor stimulation, while class II and III are more involved in membrane transport. Under normal physiological conditions, the PI3K signaling network orchestrates cell growth, division, migration and survival. Aberrant activation of the PI3K signaling pathway disrupts cellular activity and metabolism, often marking the onset of cancer. Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the clinical use of five class I PI3K inhibitors. These small-molecule inhibitors, which exhibit varying selectivity for different class I PI3K family members, are primarily used in the treatment of breast cancer and hematologic malignancies. Therefore, the development of novel class I PI3K inhibitors has been a prominent research focus in the field of oncology, aiming to enhance potential therapeutic selectivity and effectiveness. In this review, we summarize the specific structures of PI3Ks and their functional roles in cancer progression. Additionally, we critically evaluate small molecule inhibitors that target class I PI3K, with a particular focus on their clinical applications in cancer treatment. Moreover, we aim to analyze therapeutic approaches for different types of cancers marked by aberrant PI3K activation and to identify potential molecular targets amenable to intervention with small-molecule inhibitors. Ultimately, we propose future directions for the development of therapeutic strategies that optimize cancer treatment outcomes by modulating the PI3K family.

[Introduction] The new generation of the Internet of Things (IoT) is being fostered in the era of Internet of Everything (IoE), realizing its diverse development by selecting and combining new information, functions, and applications. The Energy Internet of Things (Energy IoT) which is based on IoT, envisions a future where physical things are connected through a dynamic network that exchanges information and energy. The Energy IoT is giving rise to new service models and methods for organizing, exchanging, and managing energy; It covers not only new concepts such as Energy-as-a-Service and Prosumer, but also leads to innovative applications in smart buildings, intelligent metering, smart grids, distributed energy, virtual power plants and more. [Method] This paper analyzed the current status of the Energy IoT, including its key industry drivers, potential technologies and applications, challenges and related research areas. [Result] This paper discusses and compares the definitions of Energy Internet and Energy IoT from academic and industry perspectives. And it analyzes some major stages and issues of future research in the Energy IoT. [Conclusion] This paper provides a useful reference for further research and practical applications in the field of Energy IoT.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) can be strongly potentiated by the addition of the non-toxic inorganic salt, potassium iodide (KI). This approach was shown to apply to many different photosensitizers, including the xanthene dye Rose Bengal (RB) excited by green light (540 nm). Rose Bengal diacetate (RBDA) is a lipophilic RB derivative that is easily taken up by cells and hydrolyzed to produce an active photosensitizer. Because KI is not taken up by microbial cells, it was of interest to see if aPDI mediated by RBDA could also be potentiated by KI. The addition of 100 mM KI strongly potentiated the killing of Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylocccus aureus, Gram-negative Eschericia coli, and fungal yeast Candida albicans when treated with RBDA (up to 15 µM) for 2 hours followed by green light (540 nm, 10 J/cm2). Both RBDA aPDI regimens (400 µM RBDA with or without 400 mM KI followed by 20 J/cm2 green light) accelerated the healing of MRSA-infected excisional wounds in diabetic mice, without damaging the host tissue.

Dermatopathology training is a crucial aspect of the education and training of residents in dermatology and venereology, while interpretation of pathological sections is essential for this training. We employ the general pattern teaching method to enhance teaching quality, focusing on initial observation of sections with the naked eye and low-power lens to deduce biopsy sites and diagnose diseases based on image outline and color contrast. Diseases which can be diagnosed by general pattern analysis can be categorized into six groups: changes in the epidermis, mass-like hyperplasia and band-like changes in the dermis, changes in the fat layer, unique shape, and vascular proliferation. Some of these major categories can be further divided into subgroups. There are a total 18 common pathological patterns, including 53 prevalent skin diseases, 26 of which are required to be mastered according to the training guideline. The general pattern teaching method in combination with informative content and an engaging approach can effectively stimulate residents' enthusiasm for learning skin pathology and enhance their educational experience, leading to the improvement of outcome of dermatopathology training programs for residents in dermatology and venereology.

Abstract Lead-free Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals have been demonstrated to be promising materials for direct X-ray detectors with remarkable performance. However, their application for 2D X-ray imaging is hindered by their time-consuming preparation and limited crystal size. In this paper, a thick Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite film fabricated via facile spray coating at a low processing temperature, which increases the area of the photoactive film, reduces the processing time, decreases the energy budget and the production cost, and enhances the production yield due to high material utilization, has great potential for commercial applications. Careful control of the processing temperature and intervals during spray coating results in a dense and thick perovskite film with well-stacked perovskite domains. The compact perovskite film enhances the charge transport capability of the Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite film and reduces the dark current density of the X-ray detector. The resultant X-ray detector, prepared through a two-step spray coating process, exhibited a sensitivity of 127.23 μC Gyair −1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 7.4 μGyair s−1. In addition, the device delivers long-term stability with a consistent photoresponse when exposed to consecutive X-ray pulse irradiation.

A new catfish species, Liobagrus chenhaojuni Chen, Guo & Wu, sp. nov., is described from the Tiaoxi River, a tributary of Taihu Lake, located in Zhejiang Province, China. This description is based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. This species belongs to a group defined by the presence of a smooth posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine and can be distinguished from other species in the group by a unique combination of characteristics, including: an upper jaw longer than the lower jaw; maxillary barbels reaching the middle of the pectoral fin; irregular blotches present on the lateral body; a rounded caudal-fin with a length ranging from 16.5% to 19.9% of the standard length; 39 to 41 post-Weberian vertebrae; and 15 to 17 anal-fin rays. The validity of this new species is further supported by the molecular phylogenetic analysis based on Cytb sequences.

Photoactivatable carbon monoxide‐releasing molecules (CORMs), typically based on transition‐metal carbonyl complexes, have reliance on activation by UV or visible light that restricts their biomedical applications. To address this limitation, a near‐infrared (NIR)‐responsive nanoplatform is presented based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) loading with manganese carbonyl complex Mn2(CO)10 that concurrently releases CO and manganese ion (Mn2+). With the UCNPs, the more tissue‐penetrable NIR is used to locally generate UV light for photodecomposition of Mn2(CO)10 into CO and manganese oxide (MnOX), after which MnOX is reduced to Mn2+ by the overexpressed glutathione in cancer cells. Moreover, the released Mn2+ can serve as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent to monitor the NIR‐controlled corelease of CO and Mn2+ in real time. Therefore, this nanoplatform can provide a potential strategy for NIR‐enabled spatiotemporally release of CO and Mn2+, enhancing the controlled delivery and biomedical application of CORMs.

Background Impaired ventilatory efficiency during exercise is a predictor of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, little is known about the clinical features and associated factors of impaired ventilatory efficiency in China.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional community-based study in China and collected demographic and clinical information, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, spirometry, and CT data. Impaired ventilatory efficiency was defined by a nadir ventilatory equivalent for CO2 production above the upper limit of normal. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to explore the clinical features and associated factors of impaired ventilatory efficiency.Results The final analyses included 941 subjects, 702 (74.6%) of whom had normal ventilatory efficiency and 239 (25.4%) had impaired ventilatory efficiency. Participants with impaired ventilatory efficiency had more chronic respiratory symptoms, poorer lung function and exercise capacity, and more severe emphysema (natural logarithm transformation of the low-attenuation area of the lung with attenuation values below −950 Hounsfield units, logLAA−950: 0.19±0.65 vs −0.28±0.63, p

Chronic urticaria (CU) is a prevalent skin disorder greatly impacting the patients’ life quality, in which immune dysregulation mediated by gut microbiome plays a significant role. Several studies have found the gut dysbiosis exists in patients with CU. In addition, infection may also be one of the causes of CU. The primary treatment currently used for CU is the second-generation non-sedating H1-antihistamines (nsAH). However, there are some limitations in current therapies. Based on the latest evidence, this review provides an updated overview of how the gut dysbiosis influences CU development, explores potential therapeutic approaches based on the gut microbiota and summarizes the interaction between gut microbiota and current treatment.

Background There are limited data on the clinical features and longitudinal prognosis of variable obstruction, particularly among never smokers and different variable obstruction types. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of the participants with variable obstruction and determine the relationship between variable obstruction and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the decline of lung function in a community-dwelling study of Chinese, especially among never smokers and different variable obstruction subtypes.Methods Participants with preserved spirometry (postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥0.70) at baseline from the Early COPD cohort were included in our analysis. Participants with variable obstruction (prebronchodilator FEV1/FVC

ABSTRACT: Transport stress (TS) not only weakens poultry performance but also affects animal welfare. Additionally, TS can evoke cardiac damage by triggering sterile inflammation in chicks, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we aimed to elucidate how TS induces sterile inflammation and heart injury and to clarify the antagonism effect of astragalus polysaccharides (APS). We randomly divided 60 chicks (one-day-old female) into 5 groups (n = 12): Control_0h (Con_0h) group (chicks were slaughtered at initiation), Control group (stress-free control), TS group (simulated TS exposure for 8 h), TS plus water (TS+W) group, and TS plus APS (TS+APS) group. Before simulation transport, the chicks of TS+W and TS+APS groups were, respectively, dietary with 100 μL of water or APS (250 μg/mL). H&E staining was employed for cardiac histopathological observation. ELISA assay was used to measure oxidative stress marker levels (GSH, GPX, GST, and MDA). A commercial kit was used to isolate the mitochondrial portion, and qRT-PCR was employed to measure the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels. Furthermore, we evaluated the activity of mtDNA-mediated NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, and cGAS-STING inflammatory pathways and the expression of downstream inflammatory factors by Western Blotting or qRT-PCR. Our findings revealed that APS notably relieved TS-induced myocardial histopathological lesions and infiltrations. Likewise, the decrease in proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and IFN-β by APS further supported this result. Meanwhile, TS caused severe oxidative stress in the chick heart, as evidenced by decreased antioxidant enzymes and increased MDA. Importantly, APS prevented mtDNA stress and leakage by reducing oxidative stress. Interestingly, TS-induced mtDNA leakage caused a series of inflammation events via mtDNA-PRRs pathways, including TLR21-NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, and cGAS-STING signaling. Encouragingly, all these adverse changes related to inflammation events induced by mtDNA-PRRs activation were all relieved by APS treatment. In summary, our findings provide the first evidence that inhibition of mtDNA-PRRs pathway-mediated sterile inflammation by APS could protect against TS-induced cardiac damage in chicks.

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) are an emerging approach to 3D reconstruction that use neural networks to reconstruct scenes. However, its applications for multi-view satellite photogrammetry, which aim to reconstruct the Earth’s surface, struggle to acquire accurate digital surface models (DSMs). To address this issue, a novel framework, Geometric Constrained Neural Radiance Field (GC-NeRF) tailored for multi-view satellite photogrammetry, is proposed. GC-NeRF achieves higher DSM accuracy from multi-view satellite images. The key point of this approach is a geometric loss term, which constrains the scene geometry by making the scene surface thinner. The geometric loss term alongside z-axis scene stretching and multi-view DSM fusion strategies greatly improve the accuracy of generated DSMs. During training, bundle-adjustment-refined satellite camera models are used to cast rays through the scene. To avoid the additional input of altitude bounds described in previous works, the sparse point cloud resulting from the bundle adjustment is converted to an occupancy grid to guide the ray sampling. Experiments on WorldView-3 images indicate GC-NeRF’s superiority in accurate DSM generation from multi-view satellite images.

The colorful “delayed leaf greening” is a common but overlooked phenomenon in phosphorus (P)-limited environments in habitats in tropical, subtropical and temperate forests, but the physiological mechanism underpinning it remains unclear. It is important to understand how allocation of phosphorus to major leaf P fractions shifts during leaf development, as a strategy for utilizing P efficiently. We measured concentrations of leaf nitrogen and P and five chemical P fractions, and eight leaf chemical element concentrations (K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Se) in young and mature leaves of six woody plants exhibiting delayed greening in China. We also measured leaf mass per area, photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency, and soil nutrient concentrations. The results indicate six species exhibiting delayed greening had different leaf P concentrations during leaf development, but the same nitrogen concentrations. We further show major leaf chemical P fractions like metabolite P, nucleic acid P and lipid P showed differences in young and mature leaves. The concentration of lipid P, nucleic acid P, Pi and residual P significantly decreased from young to mature leaves, while that of metabolite P was constant. There was a greater allocation of P to phospholipids and metabolite P in mature leaves. The concentration of Cu and K were significantly higher in young leaves. This study provides new insight to investigate the roles of different P fractions in young and mature leaves, and how the allocation shifts for plants to utilize phosphorus.