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Abstract Background High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is considered an end-stage acute mountain sickness (AMS) that typically occurs in people after rapid ascent to 2500 m or more. While hypoxia is a fundamental feature of the pathophysiological mechanism of HACE, emerging evidence suggests that inflammation serves as a key risk factor in the occurrence and development of this disease. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying their crosstalk. Methods A mouse HACE model was established by combination treatment with hypobaric hypoxia exposure and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation. Lactylated-proteomic analysis of microglia was performed to reveal the global profile of protein lactylation. Molecular modeling was applied to evaluate the 3-D modeling structures. A combination of experimental approaches, including western blotting, quantitative real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), confocal microscopy and RNA interference, were used to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results We found that hypoxia exposure increased the lactate concentration and lactylation in mouse HACE model. Moreover, hypoxia aggravated the microglial neuroinflammatory response in a lactate-dependent manner. Global profiling of protein lactylation has shown that a large quantity of lysine-lactylated proteins are induced by hypoxia and preferentially occur in protein complexes, such as the NuRD complex, ribosome biogenesis complex, spliceosome complex, and DNA replication complex. The molecular modeling data indicated that lactylation could affect the 3-D theoretical structure and increase the solvent accessible surface area of HDAC1, MTA1 and Gatad2b, the core members of the NuRD complex. Further analysis by knockdown or selectively inhibition indicated that the NuRD complex is involved in hypoxia-mediated aggravation of inflammation. Conclusions These results revealed a comprehensive profile of protein lactylation in microglia and suggested that protein lysine lactylation plays an important role in the regulation of protein function and subsequently contributes to the neuroinflammatory response under hypoxic conditions.

The presented work proposes that the self-assembly of amphiphilic compounds in Xiaoqu Baijiu occurs at the distillation and condensation stage of Chinese Baijiu production for the first time. Such phenomena have similitude with the self-assembly nano-particles conducted by evaporation and condensation approaches. Hydrogen-bonding interactions prompting the formation of molecular clusters in the system. Herein, we characterized the variation of dipole moment, hydrogen bond strength, and cluster morphology in Xiaoqu Baijiu, based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation. The effects of major aroma substances on the self-assembly of Xiaoqu Baijiu were fully investigated, it turns out ethyl lactate had the strongest effect on resulting in self-assembled clusters.

In order to obtain high performance cement-based grouting materials for mining and expand the application of staple fiber in the field of full-length anchorage, Utilizing ultrafine silica cement as the binder material, with the addition of accelerator, expansion agent, and polycarboxylate superplasticizer as additives, a single-factor experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of polypropylene fibers (PPF) content on the mechanical properties, pumpability, bleeding, setting time, volume shrinkage, and microstructure of cement-based grouting materials. For ultrafine cement-based slurries modified with PPF selected as anchor materials, the mechanical load bearing properties and acoustic emission characteristics of the full-length anchoring system were studied under similar pull-out condition. The results revealed that PPF content significantly impacted the slurry characteristics and mechanical property of ultrafine cement grouting materials. It notably enhanced the compressive performance and material toughness while shortening the initial setting time and reducing fluidity. Particularly, there was a positive correlation between flexural strength and PPF content. When the PPF content was 0.1%, the comprehensive performance of composite grouting material S1 was optimal. The compressive strength of the hardened specimens at 3 d and 28 d was 60.1 MPa and 83.7 MPa, respectively, which is 23.4% and 23.2% higher than the reference group S0 without PPF. Microscopic characterizations including XRD, SEM, and FTIR confirmed that the suitable PPF not only facilitated hydration reaction but also improved internal cracks within the hardened body. It acted as a bridge, transferred stress, and delayed crack propagation. Pull-out tests indicated that the mechanical property, residual bearing capacity, and maximum deformation of the full-length anchoring system based on this composite grouting material were significantly enhanced. The maximum pull-out strength was 1.356 times the reference group S0, and the occurrence of acoustic emission events was delayed. It improved the stability of roadway surrounding rocks, providing valuable insights for the similar full-length anchoring applications.

Abstract Aloperine (ALO), a quinolizidine‐type alkaloid isolated from a natural Chinese herb, has shown promising antitumor effects. Nevertheless, its common mechanism of action and specific target remain elusive. Here, it is demonstrated that ALO inhibits the proliferation and migration of non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines in vitro and the tumor development in several mouse tumor models in vivo. Mechanistically, ALO inhibits the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and the autophagic flux, leading to the accumulation of sequestosome‐1 (SQSTM1) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inducing tumor cell apoptosis and preventing tumor growth. Knockdown of SQSTM1 in cells inhibits ROS production and reverses ALO‐induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, VPS4A is identified as a direct target of ALO, and the amino acids F153 and D263 of VPS4A are confirmed as the binding sites for ALO. Knockout of VPS4A in H1299 cells demonstrates a similar biological effect as ALO treatment. Additionally, ALO enhances the efficacy of the anti‐PD‐L1/TGF‐β bispecific antibody in inhibiting LLC‐derived subcutaneous tumor models. Thus, ALO is first identified as a novel late‐stage autophagy inhibitor that triggers tumor cell death by targeting VPS4A.

Abstract Targeted delivery of glutamine metabolism inhibitors holds promise for cholangiocarcinoma therapy, yet effective delivery vehicles remain a challenge. This study reports the development of a biomimetic nanosystem, termed R‐CM@MSN@BC, integrating mesoporous organosilicon nanoparticles with reactive oxygen species‐responsive diselenide bonds for controlled release of the glutamine metabolism inhibitor bis‐2‐(5‐phenylacetamido‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES) and the photosensitizer Ce6. Erythrocyte membrane coating, engineered with Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) peptides, not only enhanced biocompatibility but also improved tumor targeting and tissue penetration. Upon laser irradiation, R‐CM@MSN@BC executed both photodynamic and glutamine‐metabolic therapies, inducing necroptosis in tumor cells and triggering significant immunogenic cell death. Time‐of‐flight mass cytometry analysis revealed that R‐CM@MSN@BC can remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by polarizing M1‐type macrophages, reducing infiltration of M2‐type and CX3CR1+ macrophages, and decreasing T cell exhaustion, thereby increasing the effectiveness of anti‐programmed cell death ligand 1 immunotherapy. This strategy proposed in this study presents a viable and promising approach for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.

Lipids are components of cytomembranes that are involved in various biochemical processes. High-altitude hypoxic environments not only affect the body’s energy metabolism, but these environments can also cause abnormal lipid metabolism involved in the hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment. Thus, comprehensive lipidomic profiling of the brain tissue is an essential step toward understanding the mechanism of cognitive impairment induced by hypoxic exposure. In the present study, mice showed reduced new-object recognition and spatial memory when exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 1 day. Histomorphological staining revealed significant morphological and structural damage to the hippocampal tissue, along with prolonged exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Dynamic lipidomics of the mouse hippocampus showed a significant shift in both the type and distribution of phospholipids, as verified by spatial lipid mapping. Collectively, a diverse and dynamic lipid composition in mice hippocampus was uncovered, which deepens our understanding of biochemical changes during sustained hypoxic exposure and could provide new insights into the cognitive decline induced by high-altitude hypoxia exposure.

Abstract Using updated National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) follow-up data, and a large nationwide representative sample of adult U.S. citizens, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between dietary flavonol intake, all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks. In this prospective cohort study based on NHANES (2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2017–2018), a total of 11,679 participants aged 20 years and above were evaluated. The amount and type of food taken during a 24-h dietary recall were used to estimate dietary flavonol intake, which includes total flavonol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin. Each analysis of the weighted data was dealt with in accordance with the NHANES reporting requirements' intricate stratification design. The Cox proportional risk regression model or Fine and Gray competing risks regression model were applied to evaluate all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks, respectively. The follow-up period was calculated using the time interval between the baseline and the death date or December 31, 2019 (whichever occurs first). Each data analysis was performed between October 1, 2023, and October 22, 2023. Dietary flavonol intake included total flavonol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin. Up to December 31, 2019, National Death Index (NDI) mortality data were used to calculate mortality from all causes as well as cause-specific causes. A total of 11,679 individuals, which represents 44,189,487 U.S. non-hospitalized citizens, were included in the study; of these participants, 49.78% were male (n = 5816), 50.22% were female (n = 5, 863); 47.56% were Non-Hispanic White (n = 5554), 18.91% were Non-Hispanic Black (n = 2209), 16.23% were Mexican American (n = 1895), and 17.30% were other ethnicity (n = 2021); The mean [SE] age of the sample was 46.93 [0.36] years, with a median follow-up of 7.80 years (interquartile range, 7.55–8.07 years). After adjusting covariates, Cox proportional hazards models and fine and gray competing risks regression models for specific-cause mortality demonstrated that total flavonol intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54–0.75), cancer-specific (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28–0.70) and CVD-specific (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47–0.96) mortality risks; isorhamnetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60–0.86), and cancer-specific (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46–0.83) mortality risks; kaempferol intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.63–0.86), and cancer-specific (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40–0.97) mortality risks; myricetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67–0.88), AD-specific (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14–0.85), and CVD-specific (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.47–0.80) mortality risks; quercetin intake was associated with all-cause (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.54–0.81), cancer-specific (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.35–0.84), and CVD-specific (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40–0.93) mortality risks; there was no correlation observed between dietary flavonol intake and DM-specific mortality. According to the current study, all-cause, AD, cancer, and CVD mortality risks declined with increased dietary flavonoid intake in the U.S. adults. This finding may be related to the anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative stress properties of flavonol.

Abstract Background Astragaloside IV (As-IV) and Tanshinone IIA (Ta-IIA) are the main ingredients of traditional Chinese medicinal Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, respectively, both of which have been employed in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the combination (Co) of Ta-IIA and As-IV for cardiovascular diseases remain unclear and warrant further investigation. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and the underlying molecular mechanism of Co in treating myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (MIRI). Methods In order to assess the efficacy of Co, an in vivo MIRI mouse model was created by temporarily blocking the coronary arteries for 30 min and then releasing the blockage. Parameters such as blood myocardial enzymes, infarct size, and ventricular function were measured. Additionally, in vitro experiments were conducted using HL1 cells in both hypoxia-reoxygenation model and oxidative stress models. The apoptosis rate, expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins, oxidative stress indexes, and release of inflammatory factors were detected. Furthermore, molecular docking was applied to examine the binding properties of Ta-IIA and As-IV to STING, and western blotting was performed to analyze protein expression of the STING pathway. Additionally, the protective effect of Ta-IIA, As-IV and Co via inhibiting STING was further confirmed in models of knockdown STING by siRNA and adding STING agonist. Results Both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that, compared to Ta-IIA or As-IV alone, the Co exhibited superior efficacy in reducing the area of myocardial infarction, lowering myocardial enzyme levels, and promoting the recovery of myocardial contractility. Furthermore, the Co showed more potent anti-apoptosis, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation effects. Additionally, the Co enhanced the inhibitory effects of Ta-IIA and As-IV on STING phosphorylation and the activation of STING signaling pathway. However, the administration of a STING agonist attenuated the protective effects of the Co, Ta-IIA, and As-IV by compromising their anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in MIRI. Conclusion Compared to the individual administration of Ta-IIA or As-IV, the combined treatment demonstrated more potent ability in inhibiting apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and the STING signaling pathway in the context of MIRI, indicating a more powerful protective effect against MIRI. Graphical Abstract

Abstract With the large scale mining of coal and the increase of abandoned goafs under weakly cemented aquifer strata in Western China, it is urgent to study the time dependent mechanical properties of water sensitive aquifer strata. In this paper, creep behavior of dry and saturated medium-grain sandstone, which represent two limit states affected by water, were studied and compared. The results showed that water greatly weakens the compressive strength of medium-grained sandstone, but the difference in axial strain between dry and saturated rock samples decreases with the increase of confining pressure. The creep compression volume of rocks decreases with the increase of deviatoric stress, and only under low confining pressure does the creep volume of rocks exhibit expansion. There is an order of magnitude difference in creep strain between medium grained sandstone and other common rocks. The instantaneous elastic modulus has a negative exponential relationship with deviating stress. The creep rate has a positive exponential relationship with deviating stress. Based on Burges model with exponential damage variables, the law of the influence of confining pressure on creep model parameters has been discussed. The linear relationship between elastic modulus of medium-grained sandstone and parameters of Burgers model with damage was found. The research results are conducive to the convenient prediction of creep behavior of medium grained sandstone engineering and the long-term stability control of the surrounding rock.

Background & Aims: Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1), the main apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein, has been well studied in the area of lipid metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. In this project, we clarify the function and mechanism of ApoA-1 in liver regeneration. Methods: Seventy percent of partial hepatectomy was applied in male ApoA-1 knockout mice and wild-type mice to investigate the effects of ApoA-1 on liver regeneration. D-4F (ApoA-1 mimetic peptide), autophagy activator, and AMPK activator were used to explore the mechanism of ApoA-1 on liver regeneration. Results: We demonstrated that ApoA-1 levels were highly expressed during the early stage of liver regeneration. ApoA-1 deficiency greatly impaired liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Meanwhile, we found that ApoA-1 deficiency inhibited autophagy during liver regeneration. The activation of autophagy protected against ApoA-1 deficiency in inhibiting liver regeneration. Furthermore, ApoA-1 deficiency impaired autophagy through AMPK-ULK1 pathway, and AMPK activation significantly improved liver regeneration. The administration of D-4F could accelerated liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Conclusions: These findings suggested that ApoA-1 played an essential role in liver regeneration through promoting autophagy in hepatocytes via AMPK-ULK1 pathway. Our findings enrich the understanding of the underlying mechanism of liver regeneration and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for liver injury.

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and controllable local cancer treatment for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the efficacy of PDT is hindered by intratumoral hypoxia and the presence of an antioxidant microenvironment. To address these limitations, combining PDT with gas therapy may be a promising strategy to enhance tumor oxygenation. Moreover, the augmentation of oxidative damage induced by PDT and gas therapy can be achieved by inhibiting NRF2, a core regulatory molecule involved in the antioxidant response. In this study, an integrated nanotherapeutic platform called CMArg@Lip, incorporating PDT and gas therapies using ROS‐responsive liposomes encapsulating the photosensitizer Ce6, the NO gas‐generating agent L‐arginine, and the NRF2 inhibitor ML385, is successfully developed. The utilization of CMArg@Lip effectively deals with challenges posed by tumor hypoxia and antioxidant microenvironment, resulting in elevated levels of oxidative damage and subsequent induction of ferroptosis in CCA. Additionally, these findings suggest that CMArg@Lip exhibits notable immunomodulatory effects, including the promotion of immunogenic cell death and facilitation of dendritic cell maturation. Furthermore, it contributes to the anti‐tumor function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes through the downregulation of PD‐L1 expression in tumor cells and the activation of the STING signaling pathway in myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, thereby reprogramming the immunosuppressive microenvironment via various mechanisms.

Background: Neuroinflammation is responsible for neuropsychiatric dysfunction following acute brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. This study describes how a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) inhibitor FG-4592 prevents the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute neuroinflammation in microglia. Methods: The distribution of FG-4592 in mouse brain tissues was determined by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. Microglial activation in the hippocampus was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Moreover, we determined the activation of HIF-1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, proinflammatory responses using molecular biological techniques. Transcriptome sequencing and BNIP3 silencing were conducted to explore signaling pathway and molecular mechanisms underlying FG-4592 anti-inflammatory activity. Results: FG-4592 was transported into the brain tissues and LPS increased its transportation. FG-4592 promoted the expression of HIF-1α and induced the downstream gene transcription in the hippocampus. Administration with FG-4592 significantly inhibited microglial hyperactivation and decreased proinflammatory cytokine levels following LPS treatment in the hippocampus. The LPS-induced inflammatory responses and the NF-κB signaling pathway were also downregulated by FG-4592 pretreatment in microglial cells. Mechanistically, Venn diagram analysis of transcriptomic changes of BV2 cells identified that BNIP3 was a shared and common differentially expressed gene among different treatment groups. FG-4592 markedly upregulated the protein levels of BNIP3 in microglia. Importantly, BNIP3 knockdown aggravated the LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses and partially reversed the protection of FG-4592 against microglial inflammatory signaling and microglial activation in the mouse hippocampus. Conclusions: FG-4592 alleviates neuroinflammation through facilitating microglial HIF-1/BNIP3 signaling pathway in mice. Targeting HIF-PHD/HIF-1/BNIP3 axis is a promising strategy for the development of anti-neuroinflammation drugs.

Abstract. Inflammation is a major underlying mechanism in the progression of numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are typical immune regulatory cells with recognized immunosuppressive properties. Despite the immunosuppressive properties, researchers have acknowledged the significance of Tregs in maintaining tissue homeostasis and facilitating repair/regeneration. Previous studies unveiled the heterogeneity of Tregs in the heart and aorta, which expanded in CVDs with unique transcriptional phenotypes and reparative/regenerative function. This review briefly summarizes the functional principles of Tregs, also including the synergistic effect of Tregs and other immune cells in CVDs. We discriminate the roles and therapeutic potential of Tregs in CVDs such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, abdominal arterial aneurysm, pulmonary arterial hypertension, Kawasaki disease, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Tregs not only exert anti-inflammatory effects but also actively promote myocardial regeneration and vascular repair, maintaining the stability of the local microenvironment. Given that the specific mechanism of Tregs functioning in CVDs remains unclear, we reviewed previous clinical and basic studies and the latest findings on the function and mechanism of Tregs in CVDs.

A mechanical model of full-length anchoring bolt is established to study the stability of mechanical bearing structure of surrounding rock in high stress soft rock roadway after full-length anchoring bolt. The model considers the dilatancy characteristics of soft rock post-peak strength softening and the stress boundary conditions of full-length bolt, and the analytical formula of bolt stress is derived. Furthermore, the mechanical model of full-length anchored surrounding rock is established by equivalent the anchoring force to the form of volume force. From shallow to deep, it is divided into anchorage residual zone, anchorage plastic softening zone, non-anchorage plastic softening zone and elastic zone, and the stress expression of each zone is deduced. Combined with engineering examples, the influence of space effect, expansion coefficient, bolt length and tray reaction force on surrounding rock stress and bolt stress is analyzed. The results show that under the influence of spatial effect, the deformation and failure of roadway presents progressive development. The concept of ' anchorage control zone ' is proposed, that is, in the process of full-length bolt support, the virtual support force and anchoring force of surrounding rock are in a state of reciprocal growth and decline, thus inhibiting the transfer of surrounding rock stress to the deep and effectively reducing the plastic zone. The earlier the anchor bolt is installed, the greater the deformation of the surrounding rock acting on the rod body, and the easier it is to form a common bearing body with the surrounding rock. The axial force of the anchor bolt is proportional to the expansion coefficient. With the increase of the expansion coefficient, the growth rate of the anchoring force is significantly accelerated, which ensures the recovery effect of the anchor bolt on the radial stress of the surrounding rock. The axial force distribution and peak value of the rod body will increase with the increase of the length of the bolt and the bonding range of the surrounding rock/anchoring agent interface, and then the peak area of the tangential stress of the surrounding rock will shift to the direction of the tunnel wall. The effect of the reaction force of the full-length bolt tray is mainly reflected in improving the stress of the bolt, giving full play to the anchoring effect of the bolt and the ability to protect the surface, and having little effect on the boundary of the residual zone and the plastic zone.

Abstract Estuaries play an important role in the global nitrous oxide budget. However, considerable uncertainties exist in estimating their nitrous oxide emissions, largely due to anthropogenic impacts, particularly wastewater discharge. Here we investigate nitrous oxide emission dynamics in the Pearl River Estuary through advanced high-resolution, real-time measurements. Results suggest that Pearl River Estuary is a strong nitrous oxide emission source (1.05 Gg yr−1; range: 0.92–1.23 Gg yr−1) with pronounced spatial heterogeneity. Wastewater discharge substantially impacts emissions by introducing abundant nutrients, altering carbon-to-nitrogen stoichiometry, and stimulating biochemical processes. A meta-analysis further reveals the widespread enhancement of nitrous oxide emission induced by wastewater nitrogen input in global estuaries, with nitrous oxide emission factors considerably lower than that suggested by the IPCC owing to progressive biological saturation. Consequently, refining emission factor estimates through comprehensive bottom-up studies is imperative to improve the understanding of estuarine contributions to the global nitrous oxide budget.

The Bou Dahar Pb-Zn district, located in the Moroccan High Atlas, is a typical carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn ore district (>30 Mt at 4 wt.% Pb, 4 wt.% Zn). In situ trace element analysis was performed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on galena and cerussite from different ore types. The galena is generally enriched in Ag and Sb, secondarily enriched in Cu, with a trace amount of Cd and As, but extremely depleted in Bi and Tl. The main substitution mechanism in galena is (Ag, Cu)+ + Sb3+ ↔ 2Pb2+, and at high Sb concentrations, the further substitution of 2Sb3+ + □ ↔ 3Pb2+ (where □ represents a vacancy) took place. Micro-inclusions of Cu-Sb-bearing minerals (such as tetrahedrite) and Ag-bearing minerals (such as acanthite) may exist in some situations. The features of trace elements in galena show the existence of different coupled substitutions in vein-related ore, breccia-related ore, and strata-bound ore. This suggests that the Bou Dahar district experienced multistage mineralization. The MVT model alone cannot fully explain the ore-forming process. The cerussite replacing strata-bound galena is enriched in Sr, Ba, Ag, and Cu, with minor Sb, As, and Tl. Strontium and Ba are directly substituted with Pb in the cerussite lattice. Copper and Ag are likely present in cerussite as nano-inclusions, which differs from the coupled substitution mechanism of the original galena. High concentrations of Ag may occur due to minor electrum inclusions. The enrichment of Ag, Cu, and Au in cerussite during the oxidation process may guide the optimization of ore processing, especially in extracting valuable trace/minor elements.

A precise constitutive model is essential for capturing the deformation characteristics of the GH4169 superalloy in numerical simulations of thermal plastic forming processes. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a precise modified constitutive model to describe the hot deformation behavior exhibited by the GH4169 superalloy. The isothermal cylindrical uniaxial compression tests of the GH4169 superalloy were carried out at temperatures of 950~1100 °C and strain rates of 0.01~10 s−1 using a Thermecmastor-200KN thermal–mechanical simulator. The original strain–stress curves were corrected by minimizing the effects of plastic heat and interfacial friction. Based on the true stress–strain curves, the original strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model was constructed using polynomial orders of 3, 5, and 10, respectively. The results showed that once the polynomial order exceeds the 5th, further increasing the order has little contribution to the accuracy of the model. To improve prediction ability, a higher precision Arrhenius constitutive model was established by extending a series of material parameters as functions that depend on temperature, strain, and strain rate, in which the error can be reduced from 4.767% to 0.901% compared with the classic strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is the most prevalent form of RNA methylation and plays a crucial role in plant development. However, our understanding of m6A modification in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) remains limited. In this study, a complete analysis of m6A writers, erasers, and readers in Masson pine was performed, and 22 m6A regulatory genes were identified in total, including 7 m6A writers, 7 m6A erases, and 8 readers. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all m6A regulators involved in Masson pine could be classified into three distinct groups based on their domains and motifs. The tissue expression analysis revealed that the m6A regulatory gene may exert a significant influence on the development of reproductive organs and leaves in Masson pine. Moreover, the results from stress and hormone expression analysis indicated that the m6A regulatory gene in Masson pine might be involved in drought stress response, ABA-signaling-pathway activation, as well as resistance to Monochamus alternatus. This study provided valuable and anticipated insights into the regulatory genes of m6A modification and their potential epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in Masson pine.

Time-reversibility, which is inherent in many physical systems, is crucial in tailoring temporal waveforms for optimum light–matter interactions. Among the time-reversible atomic systems, narrowband biphoton sources are essential for efficient quantum storage. In this work, we demonstrate time-reversed and fully time-resolved ultra-narrowband single-sided biphoton frequency combs with an average free-spectral range (FSR) of 42.66 MHz and an average linewidth of 4.60 MHz in the telecommunication band. We experimentally observe the fully time-resolved and reversible temporal oscillations by second-order cross correlation and joint temporal intensity measurements. The potential benefits of the time-reversed and fully time-resolved temporal oscillations from our source include enhancing the efficiency of quantum storage in atomic memories and maximizing the utilization of temporal information in multimode biphoton frequency combs. We further verify the heralded single-photon state generation from the multimode biphoton frequency combs by using Hanbury Brown and Twiss interference measurements. To the best of our knowledge, this 42.66 MHz FSR of our photon-pair source represents the narrowest among all of the different configurated biphoton sources reported to date. This ultra-narrow FSR and its 4.60 MHz linewidth provide the highest frequency mode number of 5786 and the longest coherence time among all the singly configurated biphoton sources so far. Our time-reversed and fully time-resolved massive-mode biphoton source could be useful for high-dimensional quantum information processing and efficient time–frequency multiplexed quantum storage toward long-distance and large-scale quantum networks.

Along with urbanization and industrialization, carbon emissions have been increasing significantly, resulting in global warming. Green space has been widely accepted as a natural element in cities to directly increase carbon sinks and indirectly reduce carbon emissions. The quantification of carbon benefits generated by green space is an important topic. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the methods for measuring carbon sinks of green spaces. The results indicate that existing assessment methods can accurately estimate the carbon sinks in green spaces at large scales. However, existing methods are not fully applicable to studies of urban green spaces, due to the low precision of research results. The assimilation method is the most suitable method to study the carbon sequestration efficiency of plants and can project the carbon sinks of urban green spaces at large scales through macroscopic means. Even though, the results of assimilation experiments are unstable under different weather conditions. To address existing research challenges, this paper proposes a photosynthetic rate estimation method based on the light-response curve which is an efficient method to describe the relationship between light intensity and net photosynthetic rate in studying plant physiological characteristics. The newly proposed method, through integrating net photosynthesis-light response curves and urban light intensity associated with meteorological data, has advantages of short measurement time and ensuring standardized experimental environment for result comparability. Overall, this study is important to combine meteorology and plant physiology to propose a photosynthetic rate estimation method for optimizing carbon sink measurement in urban green spaces. The method is more convenient for application for its simple experimental process and result comparability. In practice, this study provides guidance for low-carbon urban green space planning and design, and helps to promote energy conservation and emission reduction through nature-based solutions.

BackgroundEmpirical evidence has shown that light therapy (LT) can reduce depression symptoms by stimulating circadian rhythms. However, there is skepticism and inconclusive results, along with confusion regarding dosing. The purpose of this study is to quantify light as a stimulus for the circadian system and create a dose-response relationship that can help reduce maladies among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). This will provide a reference for light exposure and neural response, which are crucial in the neuropsychological mechanism of light intervention. The study also aims to provide guidance for clinical application.MethodsThe latest quantitative model of CLA (circadian light) and CSt,f (circadian stimulus) was adopted to quantify light dose for circadian phototransduction in youth depression-related light therapy. Articles published up to 2023 through Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Medline (OVID), CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, Embase, and Scholars were retrieved. A meta-analysis of 31 articles (1,031 subjects) was performed using Stata17.0, CMA3.0 (comprehensive meta-analysis version 3.0) software, and Python 3.9 platform for light therapy efficacy comparison and dose-response quantification.ResultsUnder various circadian stimulus conditions (0.1 < CSt,f < 0.7) of light therapy (LT), malady reductions among AYAs were observed (pooled SMD = −1.59, 95%CI = −1.86 to −1.32; z = −11.654, p = 0.000; I2 = 92.8%), with temporal pattern (p = 0.044) and co-medication (p = 0.000) suggested as main heterogeneity sources. For the efficacy advantage of LT with a higher circadian stimulus that is assumed to be influenced by visualization, co-medication, disease severity, and time pattern, sets of meta-analysis among random-controlled trials (RCTs) found evidence for significant efficacy of circadian-active bright light therapy (BLT) over circadian-inactive dim red light (SMD = −0.65, 95% CI = −0.96 to −0.34; z = −4.101, p = 0.000; I2 = 84.9%) or circadian-active dimmer white light (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI = −0.68 to −0.06; z = −2.318, p = 0.02; I2 = 33.8%), whereas green-blue, circadian-active BLT showed no significant superiority over circadian-inactive red/amber light controls (SMD = −0.21, 95% CI = −0.45 to 0.04; z = −2.318, p = 0.099; I2 = 0%). Overall, circadian-active BLT showed a greater likelihood of clinical response than dim light controls, with increased superiority observed with co-medication. For pre-to-post-treatment amelioration and corresponding dose-response relationship, cumulative duration was found more influential than other categorical (co-medication, severity, study design) or continuous (CSt,f) variables. Dose-response fitting indicated that the therapeutic effect would reach saturation among co-medicated patients at 32–42 days (900–1,000 min) and 58–59 days (1,100–1,500 min) among non-medicated AYAs. When exerting high circadian stimulus of light therapy (0.6 < CSt,f < 0.7), there was a significantly greater effect size in 1,000–1,500 min of accumulative duration than 1,500 min of duration, indicating a threshold for practical guidance.LimitationsThe results have been based on limited samples and influenced by a small sample effect. The placebo effect could not be ignored.ConclusionsAlthough the superiority of LT with higher circadian stimulus over dimmer light controls remains unproven, greater response potentials of circadian-active BLT have been noticed among AYAs, taking co-medication, disease severity, time pattern, and visual characteristics into consideration. The dose-response relationship with quantified circadian stimulus and temporal pattern had been elaborated under various conditions to support clinical depression treatment and LT device application in the post-pandemic era.

Genike, the imatinib (IM)-alpha form is widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients in China. We wanted to investigate whether there are differences in IM plasma concentrations, adverse events, health-related quality of life (QOL) and outcomes between patients treated with Genike and Glivec. Thirty included GIST patients receiving IM treatment were matched to either Genike or Glivec according to gastrectomy, body weight, body surface area and sex. There was no statistically significant difference in IM trough plasma levels between the two groups. There were no significant differences in very common adverse events of IM between the Genike and Glivec groups. IM was well tolerated, although it was associated with a significant change in cognitive function (P < 0.001), fatigue (P = 0.015), pain (P = 0.015), nausea/vomiting (P = 0.029), insomnia (P = 0.019), diarrhea (P = 0.003) and financial difficulties (P < 0.001). Physical functioning, financial burden and insomnia were significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.026). Until Aug. 2022, there was no significant difference in time to imatinib treatment failure (TTF) between the two groups. In conclusion, there was no difference in IM plasma concentration and adverse events between Genike and Glivec. Both Genike and Glivec could partially decrease the QOL of GIST patients. Physical functioning was worse in Genike group than in Glivec group, while the economic burden and symptoms of insomnia in Glivec patients were worse. There was no significant difference in TTF between the two groups.

Abstract High-dimensional quantum entanglement is a cornerstone for advanced technology enabling large-scale noise-tolerant quantum systems, fault-tolerant quantum computing, and distributed quantum networks. The recently developed biphoton frequency comb (BFC) provides a powerful platform for high-dimensional quantum information processing in its spectral and temporal quantum modes. Here we propose and generate a singly-filtered high-dimensional BFC via spontaneous parametric down-conversion by spectrally shaping only the signal photons with a Fabry-Pérot cavity. High-dimensional energy-time entanglement is verified through Franson-interference recurrences and temporal correlation with low-jitter detectors. Frequency- and temporal- entanglement of our singly-filtered BFC is then quantified by Schmidt mode decomposition. Subsequently, we distribute the high-dimensional singly-filtered BFC state over a 10 km fiber link with a post-distribution time-bin dimension lower bounded to be at least 168. Our demonstrations of high-dimensional entanglement and entanglement distribution show the singly-filtered quantum frequency comb’s capability for high-efficiency quantum information processing and high-capacity quantum networks.

This paper depicts the distribution of the Wushenqi paleo-uplift in the Ordos Basin by using the latest drilling and seismic data, and analyzes the tectonic evolution of the paleo-uplift with the support of Bischke curve and balanced section. The compressional Wushenqi paleo-uplift which developed in the Early Caledonian orogeny (Huaiyuan orogeny) is approximately a ellipse extending in S-N direction. Its long axis is about 194 km and short axis is about 55–94 km in nearly W-E direction. The denudation thickness and area of the Cambrian in the core are 170–196 m and 11 298 kmbrespectively. It was mainly formed during the Huaiyuan orogeny according to the chronostratigraphic framework. It was in the embryonic stage in the Middle–Late Cambrian, denuded after developed obviously at the end of Late Cambrian. The paleo-uplift of the 3rd member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation was reactivated and reduced in area. In the sedimentary period of the Ma4 Member–pre-Carboniferous, the paleo-uplift experienced non-uniform uplift and denudation. It entered the stable period of burial and preservation in the Carboniferous and later period. The Wushenqi paleo-uplift was formed on the weak area of the basement and tectonic belts, into an compressional structure with irregular morphology, under the control of the non-coaxial compression in the south and north and the stress transmitted by the uplift in the basin. The Wushenqi paleo-uplift has a controlling effect on the sedimentary reservoirs and hydrocarbon accumulation.

Abstract Dietary methionine interventions are beneficial to apoptosis-inducing chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer, while their effects on ferroptosis-targeting therapy and immunotherapy are unknown. Here we show the length of time methionine deprivation affects tumoral ferroptosis differently. Prolonged methionine deprivation prevents glutathione (GSH) depletion from exceeding the death threshold by blocking cation transport regulator homolog 1 (CHAC1) protein synthesis. Whereas, short-term methionine starvation accelerates ferroptosis by stimulating CHAC1 transcription. In vivo, dietary methionine with intermittent but not sustained deprivation augments tumoral ferroptosis. Intermittent methionine deprivation also sensitizes tumor cells against CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and synergize checkpoint blockade therapy by CHAC1 upregulation. Clinically, tumor CHAC1 correlates with clinical benefits and improved survival in cancer patients treated with checkpoint blockades. Lastly, the triple combination of methionine intermittent deprivation, system xc - inhibitor and PD-1 blockade shows superior antitumor efficacy. Thus, intermittent methionine deprivation is a promising regimen to target ferroptosis and augment cancer immunotherapy.

Abstract Cardiac myxoma (CM) is the most common benign cardiac tumor, and most CMs are left atrial myxomas (LAMs). Six variations of KIF1C, c.899 A > T, c.772 T > G, c.352 A > T, c.2895 C > T, c.3049 G > A, and c.*442_*443dup in left atrial myxoma tissues are identified by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing. RNA-seq and function experiments show the reduction of the expression of KIF1C and PRKAR1A caused by rare variations of KIF1C. KIF1C is observed to be located in the nucleus, bind to the promoter region of PRKAR1A, and regulate its transcription. Reduction of KIF1C decreases PRKAR1A expression and activates the PKA, which causes an increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and SRC-mediated STAT3 activation, a reduction of CDH1, TP53, CDKN1A, and BAX, and eventually promotes tumor formation both in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that inhibition of KIF1C promotes the pathogenesis of LAM through positive feedback formed by the crosstalk between KIF1C and PRKAR1A.

Hydrogel products for chronic diabetic wounds, a serious and prevalent complication of diabetes, show limited effects on disability and remain nonspecific. Thus, improvements in the usage of pharmaceutical molecule in the hydrogels are highly desirable to increase the therapeutic effect of hydrogels. In this study, thioctic acid (a common medicine molecule in diabetes treatment) is used for preparing regenerative antibacterial hydrogels (RAH) which contains in situ synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The RAH shows regenerative, self-healing and injectable ability, because of the reversible hydrogen and coordination bonds. With good regenerative capacity, RAH can be stored as powder to avoid the water loss and facilitate storage availability. Owing to the antioxidant properties of thioctic acid, the RAH can decrease the oxidative damage and retain cell proliferation efficiency. Due to the in situ synthesized AgNPs, the RAH also exhibits extraordinary antimicrobial capacities against MDR bacteria. All of these superiorities enable RAH to be a promising therapy for chronic diabetic wounds.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant chemical modifications on mRNA in eukaryotes. RNA-binding proteins containing the YT521-B (YTH) domain play crucial roles in post-transcriptional regulation of plant growth, development, and stress response by reading the m6A mark. However, the YTH domain-containing RNA-binding protein family has not been studied in a valuable and medicinal tree such as Cinnamomum camphora (C. camphora) yet. In this study, we identified 10 YTH genes in C. camphora, located on eight out of 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes can be classified into two major classes, YTHDF (CcDF) and YTHDC (CcDC). Closely related CcYTHs within the same class exhibited a similar distribution of conserved motifs and domain organization, suggesting functional similarities among these closely related CcYTHs. All CcYTH proteins possessed a highly conserved YTH domain, with CcDC1A containing an additional CCCH domain. The liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) predictions indicate that CcDC1A, CcDF1A, CcDF1C, CcDF3C, CcDF4C, and CcDF5C may undergo phase transitions. Quantitative expression analysis revealed that tissue-specific expression was observed fo CcYTHs. Notably, there were two genes, CcDF1A and CcDF5C; both exhibited significantly higher expression levels in various tissues than other genes, indicating that the m6A-YTH regulatory network in C. camphora might be quite distinct from that in most plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) with only one abundant YTH protein. According to the analysis of the up-stream cis-regulatory elements of these YTH genes, these genes could be closely related to stress, hormones, and development. The following stress response experiments further verified that their expression levels indeed changed under both PEG and NaCl treatments. These findings not only provide a foundation for future functional analysis of CcYTHs in C. camphora, but also provide insights into the functions of epigenetic mark m6A in forest trees.

Recent decades in the Lancang River Basin have witnessed extensive construction of hydropower dams, profoundly impacting the local environment. Utilizing high-precision satellite data, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of vegetation cover and carbon emissions, integrating data-driven time series and spatial analysis models to capture both temporal and spatial dynamics. Our findings reveal that hydropower dam construction in the Lancang River Basin has significantly promoted vegetation restoration and growth, concurrently facilitating a reduction in regional carbon emissions. Employing deep learning models for time-series prediction, we observed a substantial increase in the sum of the local normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) post-construction, with an average rise of from 16.15% to a maximum of 20.12% during the pivotal hydropower dams’ operational phase. Between 2001 and 2020, the construction of hydropower dams in the basin corresponded to notable changes in ecological and carbon metrics. Specifically, vegetation cover expansion intensity (VCEI) reversed from a negative mean of −0.009 to a positive mean of 0.008. Additionally, the carbon emission intensity (CEI) around these dams drastically reduced, shifting from an average of 0.877 to 0.052. Importantly, the Global Moran’s I for VCEI significantly increased from 0.288 pre-2016 to 0.679 post-2015, reflecting a stronger spatial autocorrelation in vegetation patterns. Accordingly, these findings illustrate the complex interplay between hydropower dams and environmental outcomes, underscoring the critical role of pivotal hydropower dam construction in ecological improvement. The research results have improved and complemented those of previous studies on the environmental impact of hydraulic engineering, providing valuable insights for the construction management and policy formulation of hydropower dams in other similar river basins around the world.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is essential for RNA metabolism in cells. The YTH domain, conserved in the kingdom of Eukaryotes, acts as an m6A reader that binds m6A-containing RNA. In plants, the YTH domain is involved in plant hormone signaling, stress response regulation, RNA stability, translation, and differentiation. However, little is known about the YTH genes in tea-oil tree, which can produce edible oil with high nutritional value. This study aims to identify and characterize the YTH domains within the tea-oil tree (Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu) genome to predict their potential role in development and stress regulation. In this study, 10 members of the YTH family containing the YTH domain named CchYTH1-10 were identified from C. chekiangoleosa. Through analysis of their physical and chemical properties and prediction of subcellular localization, it is known that most family members are located in the nucleus and may have liquid–liquid phase separation. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the CchYTH promoter region revealed that these genes could be closely related to abiotic stress and hormones. The results of expression profiling show that the CchYTH genes were differentially expressed in different tissues, and their expression levels change under drought stress. Overall, these findings could provide a foundation for future research regarding CchYTHs in C. chekiangoleosa and enrich the world in terms of epigenetic mark m6A in forest trees.

Falling film evaporation technology is widely used in the treatment of salt-containing wastewater in coal chemical industry. However, there is still a lack of research on the inlet method of vertical falling film evaporation tubes. In this paper, the heat and mass transfer processes of saline wastewater under vertical and tangential inlets were investigated using numerical simulations. On this basis, the differences in flow and heat transfer processes between saline wastewater and pure water under tangential inlet were investigated. The results showed that the flow velocity of saline wastewater with a falling film evaporation tube in a tangential inlet mode was larger. Meanwhile, the turbulence in this way was more intense and the fluid temperature in the vertical tube was higher. Saline wastewater has higher temperature and smaller liquid volume fraction than pure water liquid membrane in the range of 193–1,000 mm from the inlet. The use of tangential inlet method to treat salt-containing wastewater has higher evaporation efficiency and is a very effective way to guide the improvement of heat transfer efficiency. HIGHLIGHTS Study on the heat transfer of a falling film evaporator tube with different inlets.; The liquid film velocity at the tangential inlet is faster than that at the vertical inlet.; Salty wastewater is thinner than pure water, which is more conducive to evaporation.;

Abstract Background In current percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice, the balloon used in the procedure should be deflated a short time after balloon dilation to avoid having prolonged balloon dilation in the coronary artery, which would block the coronary artery and cause myocardial ischemia. It is very rare for a dilated stent balloon to fail to deflate. Case summary A 44-year-old male was admitted to the hospital due to chest pain after exercise. Coronary angiography showed severe proximal stenosis of the right coronary artery (RCA) consistent with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease, and coronary stent implantation was required. After the last stent balloon was dilated, the stent balloon could not be deflated and continued to expand, resulting in blockage of the RCA blood flow. The patient then suffered decreased blood pressure and heart rate. Finally, the stent balloon in its expanded state was forcefully and directly withdrawn from the RCA and successfully removed from the body. Conclusion Deflation failure of a stent balloon is an extremely rare complication of PCI. Various treatment strategies can be considered based on hemodynamic status. In the case described herein, the balloon was pulled out of the RCA directly to restore blood flow, which kept the patient safe.

Carbon trading mechanisms and the development of integrated energy systems are important ways to realize the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goal, and the problem of benefit distribution is of paramount importance to achieving the goal. The article innovatively takes the supply side of the provincial integrated energy system as the entry point, considers the economic value of carbon, and focuses on the rational allocation of each subject obtained by comparing different methods. The paper mainly uses the Shapley value of the cooperative game and the kernel method to establish the initial allocation to the main actors, and subsequently, it considers the introduction of the risk level, resource input, environmental pollution, technological innovation, and profit of the main actors to modify the result of the benefit allocation. This paper takes the power generation data of the Xinjiang region as an example, and the results show that 1) thermal power still has the most weight among all power generation modes and obtains 522.83, 503.48, and 406.30 billion yuan under the initial, nucleolus, and modified allocation methods, respectively, and receives the most revenue. 2) Considering that the multi-factor allocation method pays more attention to the allocation of fairness, compared with the initial allocation, thermal power gains decreased by 22.29%, while wind and solar power gains were improved by 17.87% and 60.90%, respectively. The result could be a stronger push for the development and transformation of power energy. 3) The feasibility of this game as a convex game should be verified, the improvement method should be demonstrated through examples, and the results should be compared with reality. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed, which will be useful for realizing the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goal and the synergistic development of integrated energy systems.

ABSTRACTObjective This study aims to evaluate the consistency of heterogeneity degree of erythrocyte volume parameters between the blood automated analyzer Sysmex-XN9000 and the advanced red blood cell software CellaVisionDI-60.Method 500 blood samples of volunteers were analyzed by Sysmex-XN9000 and CellaVision-DI60. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, false positive rate, and false negative rate were evaluated. The consistency of all parameters was tested.Result Taking the standard RBC group as the control group, the RBC parameters of the macrocytic and the microcytic group were compared. There was a statistical difference between the groups. ROC curve analysis showed that the best cutoff value of microcytic and of macrocytic affecting MCV were 4.1% and 5.7%, respectively. The best cutoff value of anisocytosis was 15.0%. The correlation coefficient between anisocytosis and red blood cell distribution width (RDW-CV) was 0.756. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and coincidence rate of anisocytosis were high. The false negative rate was 10.0%, and the false positive rate was 7.4%.Conclusion All parameters of the degree of heterogeneity have good accuracy and consistency in the two instruments. Anisocytosis is with higher coincidence rate and positive predictive value. MIC and MAC have a good prediction on the increase or decrease of MCV. Although advanced RBC software's false negative and false positive rates are high, the red blood cell image system is more intuitive and time-saving in observing cells. Consequently, CellaVision-DI60 is suggested to combine with XN-9000 for judging the anisocytosis in daily work comprehensively.

Human interventions mobilize massive nitrogen (N) emissions to freshwater and result in serious eutrophication impacts. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) provides a reliable quantitative tool to address the challenges of potential ecological impact induced by increasing nutrient inputs. However, characterization procedures that relate N emissions to ecological damage in freshwater ecosystems in LCIA methodology are still lacking. This study aims to propose a spatially explicit characterization model (1 km × 1 km) for N-induced freshwater eutrophication. A complete cause-effect chains linking the N emission with species loss endpoint impact was constructed, in which the site-specific fate factor modelling contained transfer and removal processes in terrestrial and freshwater compartments, and the mechanistic modelling of ecosystem exposure and damage effect were quantified with species loss. The eutrophication characterization was conducted with a case study in Guangzhou, China, and 1 km × 1 km spatial differentiation of eutrophication susceptibility was intuitively demonstrated, with higher values in the Pearl River Estuary area. Method comparisons and further improvements were discussed in support of model generalization and further application.

Abstract Background Both the crystalline and soluble forms of cholesterol increase macrophage secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), aggravating the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis (AS). However, the link between cholesterol and regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cholesterol treatment on Tregs. Methods Differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) was analyzed using flow cytometry. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) and its target genes was measured by western blotting and/or RT-qPCR. Two reporter jurkat cell lines were constructed by lentiviral transfection. Mitochondrial function and the structure of natural Tregs (nTregs) were determined by tetramethylrhodamine (TMRM) and mitoSOX staining, Seahorse assay, and electron microscopy. The immunoregulatory function of nTregs was determined by nTreg-macrophage co-culture assay and ELISA. Results Cholesterol treatment suppressed iTreg differentiation and impaired nTreg function. Mechanistically, cholesterol induced the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in naïve T cells, inhibiting the degradation of HIF-1α and unleashing its inhibitory effects on iTreg differentiation. Furthermore, cholesterol-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage impaired the immunosuppressive function of nTregs. Mixed lymphocyte reaction and nTreg-macrophage co-culture assays revealed that cholesterol treatment compromised the ability of nTregs to inhibit pro-inflammatory conventional T cell proliferation and promote the anti-inflammatory functions of macrophages. Finally, mitoTEMPO (MT), a specific mtROS scavenger, restored iTreg differentiation and protected nTreg from further deterioration. Conclusion Our findings suggest that cholesterol may aggravate inflammation within AS plaques by acting on both iTregs and nTregs, and that MT may be a promising anti-atherogenic drug.

Investigation of unloading rock failure under different σ2 facilitates the control mechanism of excavation surrounding rock. This study focused on single-sided unloading tests of granite specimens under true triaxial conditions. The strength and failure characteristics were studied with micro-camera and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. Furthermore, the choice of test path and the effect of σ2 on fracture of unloading rock were discussed. Results show that the increased σ2 can strengthen the stability of single-sided unloading rock. After unloading, the rock's free surface underwent five phases, namely, inoculation, particle ejection, buckling rupture, stable failure, and unstable rockburst phases. Moreover, at σ2≤30 MPa, the b value shows the following variation tendency: rising, dropping, significant fluctuation, and dropping, with dispersed damages signal. At σ2≥40 MPa, the tendency shows: a rise, a decrease, a slight fluctuation, and final drop, with concentrated damages signal. After unloading, AE energy is mainly concentrated in the micro-energy range. With the increased σ2, the micro-energy ratio rises. In contrast, low, medium and large energy ratios drop gradually. The increased tensile fractures and decreased shear fractures indicate that the failure mode of the unloading rock gradually changes from tensile-shear mode to tensile-split one. The fractional dimension of the rock fragments first increases and then decreases with an inflection point at 20 MPa. The distribution of SIF on the planes changes as σ2 increases, resulting in strengthening and then weakening of the rock bearing capacity.

Stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) is the most frequently used optimization algorithm for correcting wavefront distortion in the wavefront sensorless adaptive optics(WFS-Less AO)system. However, the convergence speed of the SPGD algorithm becomes slow rapidly as increasing of distortion, and the probability of falling into local optimum is rising owing to the fixed gain coefficient. It cannot meet the requirement of real-time wavefront distortion correction. Therefore, a novel algorithm is proposed in this paper, called as adaptive gain stochastic parallel gradient descent (AGSPGD) based on the AMSGrad optimizer in the deep learning, to improve the convergence speed of the algorithm and to reduce the probability of falling into local optimum. The AGSPGD algorithm adopts the first-order moment and the second-order moment of the performance index, which are combined to dynamically adjust the gain. The numerical simulations are completed in this article. The results of ${\bm{D}}/\ {{\bm{r}}}_0 = \ 2.5$ conditions demonstrate that the AGSPGD can reduce the number of iterations by 25%, and the probability of the algorithm falling into local optimum is reduced from 16% to 4%. In addition, the AGSPGD still outperforms the SPGD as ${\bm{D}}/{{\bm{r}}}_0$ increasing.

Abstract While the terrestrial base stations (TBSs) in the fifth‐generation (5G) network provide high throughput for the conventional terrestrial users (TUs), it is still challenging for the network to support massive TUs and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) simultaneously due to the complicated air–ground channel and severe interference. In this paper, the deployment of a high‐altitude platform (HAP) as a supplement for the terrestrial networks, in which the HAP and TBSs serve TUs and UAVs simultaneously in a joint manner, is studied. The novel network has two challenges. First, the deployment of the HAP, which is a new degree of freedom, should be optimized considering the terrestrial network. Second, the channel of the joint HAP and TBS network that serves multiple TUs and UAVs concurrently is complicated, and the resource allocation of the network should be designed. To tackle the above two challenges, a joint resource allocation and HAP deployment problem are formulated, and a gradient‐and‐matching‐based algorithm is proposed to solve it efficiently. Simulation results show that the HAP and the proposed algorithm enhance the sum‐rate of the network by over 30%, and the average data rate of both the TUs and the UAVs can be effectively improved.

WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in regulating plant development and responding to various abiotic stresses. However, the members and functions of WOX proteins in Pinus massoniana remain unclear. In this study, a total of 11 WOX genes were identified, and bioinformatics methods were used for preliminary identification and analysis. The phylogenetic tree revealed that most PmWOXs were distributed in ancient and WUS clades, with only one member found in the intermediate clade. We selected four highly conserved WOX genes within plants for further expression analysis. These genes exhibited expressions across almost all tissues, while PmWOX2, PmWOX3, and PmWOX4 showed high expression levels in the callus, suggesting their potential involvement in specific functions during callus development. Expression patterns under different abiotic stresses indicated that PmWOXs could participate in resisting multiple stresses in P. massoniana. The identification and preliminary analysis of PmWOXs lay the foundation for further research on analyzing the resistance molecular mechanism of P. massoniana to abiotic stresses.

Background: Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a common malignancy with high morbidity and mortality rates. The immune system plays a crucial role in CRC development and progression, making it a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomic data from CRC patients to investigate immune infiltration and identify potential therapeutic targets.Method and results: we used CIBERSORT to analyze the immune infiltration in COAD samples and found that the high infiltration of M2 macrophages and neutrophils was associated with poor prognosis. Next, we identified NR4A1 as a potential therapeutic target based on its protective effect in two predict models. Using cancer therapeutics response analysis, we found that high expression levels of NR4A1 were sensitive to OSI-930, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-tumor effects.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that targeting NR4A1 with OSI-930 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for COAD patients with high levels of immune infiltration. However, further studies are needed to investigate the clinical efficacy of this approach.

Abstract Mitophagy is an important metabolic mechanism that modulates mitochondrial quality and quantity by selectively removing damaged or unwanted mitochondria. BNIP3 (BCL2/adenovirus e1B 19 kDa protein interacting protein 3), a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, is a mitophagy receptor that mediates mitophagy under various stresses, particularly hypoxia, since BNIP3 is a hypoxia-responsive protein. However, the underlying mechanisms that regulate BNIP3 and thus mediate mitophagy under hypoxic conditions remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that in hypoxia JNK1/2 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2) phosphorylates BNIP3 at Ser 60/Thr 66, which hampers proteasomal degradation of BNIP3 and drives mitophagy by facilitating the direct binding of BNIP3 to LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3), while PP1/2A (protein phosphatase 1/2A) represses mitophagy by dephosphorylating BNIP3 and triggering its proteasomal degradation. These findings reveal the intrinsic mechanisms cells use to regulate mitophagy via the JNK1/2-BNIP3 pathway in response to hypoxia. Thus, the JNK1/2-BNIP3 signaling pathway strongly links mitophagy to hypoxia and may be a promising therapeutic target for hypoxia-related diseases.

Abstract Objectives This study is aimed to evaluate if automated urine sediment analysis UN2000 can be used to screen lupus nephritis. Methods UN2000 was used to examine 160 urine samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 124 urine samples from Lupus nephritis. The result of protein/creatinine ratio(P/C) and renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) were evaluated. With biochemical analysis and microscopic examination as the gold standard, the Kappa consistency test was used to analyze the accuracy of P/C and RTEC. Analysis was to evaluate the accuracy of P/C single item or RTEC single item and both screening lupusnephritis. Results The consistency of P/C and the gold standard, and that of RTEC and the gold standard are respectively strong and good (0.858 vs. 0.673). The specificity, positive predictive value, and coincidence were the highest when P/C ≥ 2 + was set as the only screening standard for lupus nephritis. When the standard was selected between P/C ≥ 2 + or RTEC > 2.8 cells/µl, the sensitivity and negative predictive value were the highest. Conclusion UN 2000 can be used to screen lupus nephritis by detecting P/C and RTEC.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary modality that is used to treat a variety of malignancies, using neutrons to irradiate boron-10 (10B) nuclei that have entered tumor cells to produce highly linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles and recoil 7Li nuclei (10B [n, α] 7Li). Therefore, the most important part in BNCT is to selectively deliver a large number of 10B to tumor cells and only a small amount to normal tissue. So far, BNCT has been used in more than 2000 cases worldwide, and the efficacy of BNCT in the treatment of head and neck cancer, malignant meningioma, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma has been confirmed. We collected and collated clinical studies of second-generation boron delivery agents. The combination of different drugs, the mode of administration, and the combination of multiple treatments have an important impact on patient survival. We summarized the critical issues that must be addressed, with the hope that the next generation of boron delivery agents will overcome these challenges.

Summary: Emerging evidence supports that intestinal microbial metabolite short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increase the pool of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the colonic lamina propria (cLP) and protect against nonintestinal inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and post-infarction myocardial inflammation. However, whether and how SCFAs protect the inflamed aortas of subjects with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains unclear. Here, the authors revealed the protective effect of SCFAs on AAA in mice and the expansion of Tregs in the cLP, and propionate exerted Treg-dependent protection against AAA by promoting the recirculation of cLP-Tregs through colonic draining lymph nodes (dLNs) to the inflamed aorta.

Strain engineering is effective to improve the carrier mobility of semiconductor materials. Here, the authors demonstrate lattice strain-induced mobility enhancement of an azobenzene compound under photoisomerization and its application in large-scale flexible organic field-effect transistors.

To help investors understand the profound impact of Taoism in society, this study systematically evaluates its impact on digital inclusive finance and its mechanisms. Based on theoretical analysis, this study makes an empirical analysis based on Chinese city-level data from 2011 to 2019, in which the core explanatory variable “Taoism” encompasses the Taoist places of religious activity in each city, and the explained variable “digital inclusive finance” is measured using the Peking University digital inclusive finance index. The results of this study show that (1) the Taoist concept of inaction requires people to put aside selfishness and prejudice, and treat others fairly, rationally, and leniently, which is conducive to the development of digital inclusive finance; (2) the dialectical wisdom of Taoism inspires positive psychological capital, which is conducive to digital and traditional technological innovations and the development of digital inclusive finance; and (3) further research indicates that Taoism encourages Chinese-listed enterprises to actively fulfill their social responsibilities by promoting the development of digital inclusive finance. This study can help global investors understand China’s traditional culture and capital markets and serve as the first step in exploring Taoist economics.

In order to reduce the effect of nonlinear friction and time-varying factors on the servo system of a computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool and improve its motion control accuracy, this paper uses an adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) method based on model reference adaptive control (MRAC). The method adopts ASMC in the control outer loop and obtains the optimal control parameters by making the sliding mode control (SMC) law continuous and adaptively estimating the control parameters. At the same time, MRAC is used in the control inner loop to enhance the “invariance” of the controlled object so that the switching gain of SMC can satisfy the disturbance matching condition even under lesser conditions. Simulation and experimental results show that compared with the traditional SMC, the ASMC based on MRAC proposed in this paper effectively reduces the influence of nonlinear friction on the system performance, and the reduction in following error reaches 71.2%, which significantly improves the motion control accuracy of the control system. The spectral analysis of the following errors shows that the maximum magnitude reduction rate of the high-frequency chattering is 89.02%, which significantly reduces the effect of the high-frequency chattering and effectively improves the stability performance of the control system.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is becoming one of the most important RNA modifications in plant growth and development, including defense, cell differentiation, and secondary metabolism. YT521-B homology (YTH) domain-containing RNA-binding proteins, identified as m6A readers in epitranscriptomics, could affect the fate of m6A-containing RNA by recognizing and binding the m6A site. Therefore, the identification and study of the YTH gene family in Liriodendron chinense (L. chinense) can provide a molecular basis for the study of the role of m6A in L. chinense, but studies on the YTH gene in L. chinense have not been reported. We identified nine putative YTH gene models in the L. chinense genome, which can be divided into DF subgroups and DC subgroups. Domain sequence analysis showed that the LcYTH protein had high sequence conservation. A LcYTH aromatic cage bag is composed of tryptophan and tryptophan (WWW). PrLDs were found in the protein results of YTH, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the process of liquid–liquid phase separation. LcYTH genes have different tissue expression patterns, but the expression of LcYTHDF2 is absolutely dominant in all tissues. In addition, the expression of the LcYTH genes is changed in response to ABA and MeJA. In this study, We identified and analyzed the expression pattern of LcYTH genes. Our results laid a foundation for further study of the function of the LcYTH gene and further genetic and functional analyses of m6A RNA modification in forest trees.