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In order to evaluate the insulation of two-phase immersion cooling in the HV power electronic package, the insulation degradation of the dielectric interface induced by bubbles is investigated. In this paper, a test strategy with 50 Hz unipolar DC and AC combined voltage for partial discharge (PD) at boiling interface of AIN ceramic is proposed. The insulation threshold of an AIN ceramic surface is acquired in several dielectric environments, such as air, FC-72 liquid (FC-72, a Fluorinert™ from 3M™), FC-72 vapor, and boiling state of FC-72. This reveals the deterioration of boiling on the insulation of the surface immersed in the dielectric refrigerant. To investigate the mechanism of the PD feature at the boiling interface, the PD patterns of the unrestricted bubble and the accumulated bubble are acquired and contrastively analyzed. Combined with the feature of the back discharge and the bubble behavior, the charged vapor-ceramic interface is relatively stable due to the accumulated vapor layer. This stability of the charged vapor-ceramic interface is broken if the bubble is unrestricted. Besides, it is discovered that the vapor-liquid interface inside the bubble may be another charged interface, which can also trigger a back discharge.

This paper focuses on the finite element method in the complex frequency domain (CFD-FEM) for the transient electric field. First, the initial value and boundary value problem of the transient electric field under the electroquasistatic field in the complex frequency domain is given. In addition, the finite element equation and the constrained electric field equation on the boundary are derived. Secondly, the indirect algorithm of the numerical inverse Laplace transform is introduced. Based on it, the calculation procedures of the CFD-FEM are illustrated in detail. Thirdly, the step response, zero-state response under the positive periodic square waveform (PPSW) voltage, and the zero-input response by the CFD-FEM with direct algorithm and indirect algorithm are compared. Finally, the reason for the numerical oscillations of the zero-state response under the PPSW voltage is analyzed, and the method to reduce oscillations is proposed. The results show that the numerical accuracy of the indirect algorithm of the CFD-FEM is more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the direct algorithm when calculating the step response of the transient electric field. The proposed method can significantly reduce the numerical oscillations of the zero-state response under the PPSW voltage. The proposed method is helpful for the calculation of the transient electric field, especially in the case of frequency-dependent parameters.

Abstract Background Participants with prediabetes are at a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent studies have suggested that blocking the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) may improve glucose metabolism and delay the development of T2D. However, the effect of denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits RANKL, on glycemic parameters in the prediabetes population is uncertain. We aim to examine the effect of denosumab on glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and prediabetes. Methods This is a 12-month multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial involving postmenopausal women who have been diagnosed with both osteoporosis and prediabetes. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a bone mineral density T score of ≤ − 2.5, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Prediabetes is defined as (i) a fasting plasma glucose level of 100–125 mg/dL, (ii) a 2-hour plasma glucose level of 140–199 mg/dL, or (iii) a glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 5.7–6.4%. A total of 346 eligible subjects will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either subcutaneous denosumab 60 mg every 6 months or oral alendronate 70 mg every week for 12 months. The primary outcome is the change in HbA1c levels from baseline to 12 months. Secondary outcomes include changes in fasting and 2-hour blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, C-peptide levels, and insulin sensitivity from baseline to 12 months, and the incidence of T2D at the end of the study. Follow-up visits will be scheduled at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Discussion This study aims to provide evidence on the efficacy of denosumab on glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and prediabetes. The results derived from this clinical trial may provide insight into the potential of denosumab in preventing T2D in high-risk populations. Trial registration This study had been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry. Registration number: ChiCTR2300070789 on April 23, 2023. https://www.chictr.org.cn .

Abstract Background Peripheral blood carries a reservoir of mRNAs that regulate cardiac structure and function potential. Although it is well recognized that the typical symptoms of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) stage B2 are long-standing hemodynamic disorder and cardiac structure remodeling caused by mitral regurgitation, the transcriptomic alterations in blood from such dogs are not understood. Results In the present study, comparative high-throughput transcriptomic profiling of blood was performed from normal control (NC) and naturally-occurring MMVD stage B2 (MMVD) dogs. Using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analyses (WGCNA), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG), we identified that the turquoise module was the most highly correlated with echocardiographic features and found 64 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were significantly enriched in platelet activation related pathways. Therefore, from the turquoise module, we selected five DEGs (MDM2, ROCK1, RIPK1, SNAP23, and ARHGAP35) that, according to real-time qPCR, exhibited significant enrichment in platelet activation related pathways for validation. The results showed that the blood transcriptional abundance of MDM2, ROCK1, RIPK1, and SNAP23 differed significantly (P

Chronic pain after spine surgery (CPSS) is often characterized by intractable low back pain and/or radiating leg pain, and has been reported in 8–40% of patients that received lumbar spine surgery. We conducted a literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE/OVID with a focus on studies about the etiology and treatments of CPSS and low back pain. Our aim was to provide a narrative review that would help us better understand the pathogenesis and current treatment options for CPSS. This knowledge will aid in the development of optimal strategies for managing postoperative pain symptoms and potentially curing the underlying etiologies. Firstly, we reviewed recent advances in the mechanistic study of CPSS, illustrated both structural (e.g., fibrosis and scaring) and non-structural factors (e.g., inflammation, neuronal sensitization, glial activation, psychological factor) causing CPSS, and highlighted those having not been given sufficient attention as the etiology of CPSS. Secondly, we summarized clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives of CPSS. We also presented new insights about the treatments and etiology of CPSS, in order to raise awareness of medical staff in the identification and management of this complex painful disease. Finally, we discussed potential new targets for clinical interventions of CPSS and future perspectives of mechanistic and translational research. CPSS patients often have a mixed etiology. By reviewing recent findings, the authors advocate that clinicians shall comprehensively evaluate each case to formulate a patient-specific and multi-modal pain treatment, and importantly, consider an early intraoperative intervention that may decrease the risk or even prevent the onset of CPSS. Translational potential statement: CPSS remains difficult to treat. This review broadens our understanding of clinical therapies and underlying mechanisms of CPSS, and provides new insights which will aid in the development of novel mechanism-based therapies for not only managing the established pain symptoms but also preventing the development of CPSS.

Abstract The illegal use of compromised email accounts by adversaries can have severe consequences for enterprises and society. Detecting compromised email accounts is more challenging than in the social network field, where email accounts have only a few interaction events (sending and receiving). To address the issue of insufficient features, we propose a novel approach to detecting compromised accounts by combining time zone differences and alternate logins to identify abnormal behavior. Based on this approach, we propose a compromised email account detection framework that relies on widely available and less sensitive login logs and does not require labels. Our framework characterizes login behaviors to identify logins that do not belong to the account owner and outputs a list of account-subnet pairs ranked by their likelihood of having abnormal login relationships. This approach reduces the number of account-subnet pairs that need to be investigated and provides a reference for investigation priority. Our evaluation demonstrates that our method can detect most email accounts that have been accessed by disclosed malicious IP addresses and outperforms similar research. Additionally, our framework has the capability to uncover undisclosed malicious IP addresses.

Abstract Capacitance and Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) junction temperature are two critical healthy parameters for modular multilevel converters (MMC) sub‐modules (SMs) condition monitoring. This paper proposes an integrated monitoring method for capacitance degradation and IGBT junction temperature variation. By measuring multiple characteristics of the same port voltage, the capacitance and the junction temperature can be obtained simultaneously, which greatly simplifies the measurement unit required for condition evaluation and realizes the submodule‐level condition monitoring at a lower cost. The capacitance is characterized by voltage changes during capacitor discharging and the junction temperature is monitored by capacitor voltage overshoot (peak value) during IGBT turn‐off. Theoretical analysis and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and articulated the influence of load current, SM capacitor pre‐discharge voltage, and junction temperature. Moreover, an online data‐acquisition circuit for time‐specific capacitor voltage characterization is devised.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel is favored by researchers due to its good biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, low friction coefficient, and suitable water content. The widely distributed hydroxyl side chains on the PVA molecule allow the hydrogels to be branched with various functional groups. By improving the synthesis method and changing the hydrogel structure, PVA-based hydrogels can obtain excellent cytocompatibility, flexibility, electrical conductivity, viscoelasticity, and antimicrobial properties, representing a good candidate for articular cartilage restoration, electronic skin, wound dressing, and other fields. This review introduces various preparation methods of PVA-based hydrogels and their wide applications in the biomedical field.

Remote sensing precipitation data have the characteristics of wide coverage and revealing spatiotemporal information, but their spatial resolution is low. The accuracy of the data is obviously different in different study areas and hydrometeorological conditions. This study evaluated four precipitation products in the Yellow River basin from 2001 to 2019, constructed the optimal combined product, conducted downscaling with various machine algorithms, and performed corrections using meteorological station precipitation data to analyze the spatiotemporal trends of precipitation. The results showed that (1) GPM and MSWEP had the best four evaluation indicators, with R2 values of 0.93 and 0.90, respectively, and the smallest FSE and RMSE, with a BIAS close to 0. A high-precision mixed precipitation dataset, GPM-MSWEP, was constructed. (2) Among the three methods, the downscaling results of DFNN showed higher accuracy. (3) The results, after correction with GWR, could more effectively enhance the accuracy of the data. (4) Precipitation in the Yellow River Basin showed a decreasing trend in January, September, and December, while it exhibited an increasing trend in other months and seasons, with 2002 and 2016 being points of abrupt change. This study provides a reference for the production of high-precision satellite precipitation products in the Yellow River basin.

Abstract Large‐scale wind farms are susceptible to oscillations like any other power systems with high penetration of power electronics, whose characteristics of wideband impedance hold the key to resolving this issue. However, due to the high cost of impedance measurements for power systems, computational modelling methods are usually used, accuracy of which is difficult to be verified. This paper proposes a novel AC chopper integrated with active measurement of wideband impedance (AIM‐ACC), which can be slightly modified from the existing energy consuming devices in wind power systems. With the help of the proposed Reversed‐phase Chirp Pulse Width Modulation (RC‐PWM) signal, the AIM‐ACC generates chopper current within a desired wide frequency band, avoiding the spectral shifting effects of sinusoidal voltages. Thus, the impedance characteristics of wind system are obtained by measuring the injected current and its corresponding voltage, with fast excitation time, good controllability and high accuracy. Finally, the verification of an experiment with single‐phase branch and a simulation with the proposed AC chopper in wind power system was carried out for the effectiveness of the proposed method.

‘Thermosets are ubiquitous but existing manufacturing of thermosets involves either a prolonged manufacturing cycle, low geometric complexity, or limited processable materials. Here, the authors report an in situ dual heating strategy for the rapid 3D printing of thermosets with complex structures and diverse rheological properties by incorporating direct ink writing (DIW) technique and a heating-accelerated in situ gelation mechanism

Abstract High‐frequency voltage oscillation occurs at the initial stage of DC short‐circuit fault in the modular multilevel converter (MMC)‐based high‐voltage direct‐current systems, which directly threatens the reliable operation of the secondary equipment in DC circuit breakers (DCCBs). Therefore, this paper focusses on the voltage oscillation characteristic at DCCB terminals, considered the stray parameters of connecting lines, the parasitic parameters of main equipment and the impedance of grounding grid, established equivalent circuit models of MMC‐HVDC converter station at the initial stage of pole‐to‐pole and pole‐to‐ground fault, and obtained the analytical formula for the voltage oscillation frequency. Then, the comparison with the DC short‐circuit test data of ±200 kV MMC‐HVDC converter station verified the validity of the models and revealed the mechanism of voltage oscillation. Finally, the influence of the parameters of the converter station on the oscillation characteristics was discussed. It was proposed to install the DCCB at the MMC valve's terminal near the DC side, and the oscillation frequency is about 10–60 kHz, which is more than 5 times lower than that at the DC reactor's terminal near the DC pole bus, and the disturbance of oscillation to DCCB was alleviated.

The phytochemical investigation of Cortex Mori Radicis led to the isolation and identification of a new prenylated benzofuranone (1) and four ring-opening derivatives (2–5) named albaphenol A–E, as well as nigranol A (6), together with ten 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives (7–16). The characterization of the structures of the new compounds and the structural revision of nigranol A (6) were conducted using the comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data (1D/2D NMR, HRESIMS, CD, and XRD). Compounds 1–16 were tested for their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Compounds 1 and 4 showed weak BChE-inhibitory activity (IC50 45.5 and 61.0 μM); six 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives showed more-potent BChE-inhibitory activity (IC50 2.5–32.8 μM) than the positive control galantamine (IC50 35.3 μM), while being inactive or weakly inhibitory toward AChE. Cathafuran C (14) exhibited the most potent and selective inhibitory activity against BChE in a competitive manner, with a Ki value of 1.7 μM. The structure–activity relationships of the benzofuran-type stilbenes were discussed. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamic simulations were performed to clarify the interactions of the inhibitor–enzyme complex.

Summary: Background: Early diagnosis of breast cancer has always been a difficult clinical challenge. We developed a deep-learning model EDL-BC to discriminate early breast cancer with ultrasound (US) benign findings. This study aimed to investigate how the EDL-BC model could help radiologists improve the detection rate of early breast cancer while reducing misdiagnosis. Methods: In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we developed an ensemble deep learning model called EDL-BC based on deep convolutional neural networks. The EDL-BC model was trained and internally validated on B-mode and color Doppler US image of 7955 lesions from 6795 patients between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2021 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (SW), Chongqing, China. The model was assessed by internal and external validations, and outperformed radiologists. The model performance was validated in two independent external validation cohorts included 448 lesions from 391 patients between January 1 to December 31, 2021 in the Tangshan People's Hospital (TS), Chongqing, China, and 245 lesions from 235 patients between January 1 to December 31, 2021 in the Dazu People's Hospital (DZ), Chongqing, China. All lesions in the training and total validation cohort were US benign findings during screening and biopsy-confirmed malignant, benign, and benign with 3-year follow-up records. Six radiologists performed the clinical diagnostic performance of EDL-BC, and six radiologists independently reviewed the retrospective datasets on a web-based rating platform. Findings: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the internal validation cohort and two independent external validation cohorts for EDL-BC was 0.950 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.909–0.969), 0.956 (95% [CI]: 0.939–0.971), and 0.907 (95% [CI]: 0.877–0.938), respectively. The sensitivity values were 94.4% (95% [CI]: 72.7%–99.9%), 100% (95% [CI]: 69.2%–100%), and 80% (95% [CI]: 28.4%–99.5%), respectively, at 0.76. The AUC for accurate diagnosis of EDL-BC (0.945 [95% [CI]: 0.933–0.965]) and radiologists with artificial intelligence (AI) assistance (0.899 [95% [CI]: 0.883–0.913]) was significantly higher than that of the radiologists without AI assistance (0.716 [95% [CI]: 0.693–0.738]; p

Abstract The working voltage of the high‐voltage high‐power electronic devices is the positive periodic square waveform (PPSW) voltage, which is much different from the conventional AC or DC voltage. For the composite insulation structure of devices, it is important to analyse the transient electric field under the PPSW voltage. However, the existing investigations are often conducted under the electrostatic field due to the high frequency of the PPSW voltage. Thus, the transient characteristics of the electric field are missed. To obtain some qualitative conclusions, this paper focusses on the theoretical analysis of the transient characteristics of electric field for the composite insulation structure under the PPSW voltage. First, the formula of the electric field intensity and the interfacial charge density are derived analytically. Second, the influence of the cycle and the duty cycle on the transient characteristics are investigated. Third, the maximum of the electric field intensity and the interfacial charge density in the positive square waveform steady‐state are discussed in detail. Besides, the engineering calculation methods for obtaining these maximum values are also suggested. Lastly, an actual model is employed to testify the validity of the analytical analysis. This work is significant for the numerical calculation of the transient electric field of composite insulation structure under the PPSW voltage in engineering.

Abstract. Backgrounds:. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of deaths nationwide. However, little is understood about its temporal trend and corresponding influence on longevity improvements. We aimed to describe the updated tendency in CVD mortality and to quantify its impact on life expectancy (LE) increase in China. Methods:. All-cause mortality rates were calculated with population sizes from the National Bureau of Statistics and death counts from the National Health Commission. We estimated CVD mortality rates by allocating age- and sex-based mortality envelopes to each CVD subtype based on its proportion derived from the Disease Surveillance Points system. The probability of CVD premature deaths and LE were calculated with life tables and we adopted Arriaga's method to quantitate age- and cause-specific contributions to LE gains. Results:. During 2013 to 2018, the age-standardized mortality rate of CVD decreased from 289.69 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 289.03, 290.35)/100,000 to 272.37 (95%CI: 271.81, 272.94)/100,000, along with a decline in probability of CVD premature deaths from 9.05% (95%CI: 9.02%, 9.09%) to 8.13% (95%CI: 8.10%, 8.16%). The gap in CVD mortality across sexes expanded with more remarkable declines in females, especially for those aged 15 to 64 years. Among major subtypes, the probability of premature deaths from hemorrhage stroke declined fastest, while improvements of ischemic stroke and ischemic heart disease were limited, and there was an increase in stroke sequelae. LE in China reached 77.04 (95%CI: 76.96, 77.12) years in 2018 with an increase of 1.38 years from 2013. Of the total LE gains, 21.15% (0.29 years) were attributed to reductions of CVD mortality in the overall population, mostly driven by those aged >65 years. Conclusions:. The general process in reducing CVD mortality has contributed to longevity improvements in China. More attention should be paid to prevention and control of atherosclerotic CVD and stroke sequelae, especially for the elderly. Working-age males also deserve additional attention due to inadequate improvements.

Abstract The high current of hybrid DC circuit breaker (HCB) in the process of breaking generates strong transient magnetic field (MF), which may interfere with the normal operation of driver control units (DCUs). Therefore, the analysis for transient MF disturbance is of great significance. Due to the large space scale of HCB, with the large number of power electronic devices, the numerical calculation method has the disadvantages of large consumption of resources and slow calculation speed in solving the transient MF inside the HCB. In this study, the current generation mechanism of a 500 kV HCB is analysed, and the equivalent current path is obtained by considering the skin effect. Combined with the temporal and spatial distribution of transient current, the multi‐process transient equivalent model of transient MF calculation is established, and the model has the advantages of high precision and high speed. Then, the breaking experiment of HCB is carried out, and the transient MF near the DCU is measured. The experiment results verify the validity of the model. Furthermore, the disturbance of transient MF at the DCU of the transfer branch during breaking 25 kA current is analysed.

Objective: In this study, the advantages of the internal fixation configuration composed of uniplanar pedicle screws in the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures were verified by biomechanical experimental methods, which provided the basis for subsequent clinical experiments and clinical applications.Methods: A total of 24 fresh cadaveric spine specimens (T12-L2) were utilized to conduct biomechanical experiments. Two different internal fixation configurations, namely, the 6-screw configuration and the 4-screw/2-NIS (new intermediate screws) configuration, were tested using fixed-axis pedicle screws (FAPS), uniplanar pedicle screws (UPPS), and polyaxial pedicle screws (PAPS) respectively. The spine specimens were uniformly loaded with 8NM pure force couples in the directions of anteflexion, extension, left bending, right bending, left rotation, and right rotation, and the range of motion (ROM) of the T12-L1 and L1-L2 segments of the spine was measured and recorded to access biomechanical stability.Results: No structural damage such as ligament rupture or fracture occurred during all experimental tests. In the 6-screw configuration, the ROM of the specimens in the UPPS group was significantly better than that of the PAPS group but weaker than those of the FAPS group (p < 0.01). In the 4-screw/2-NIS configuration, the results were identical to the biomechanical test results for the 6-screw configuration (p < 0.01).Conclusion: Biomechanical test results show that the internal fixation configuration with UPPS can maintain the stability of the spine well, and the results are better than that of PAPS. UPPS has both the biomechanical advantages of FAPS and the superiority of easy operation of PAPS. We believe it is an optional internal fixation device for minimally invasive treatment of thoracolumbar fractures.

The assembly and break-up of supercontinents have been hot research topics in international earth sciences because they represent a breakthrough in reconstructing the history of continental evolution and deepening the theory of plate tectonics, which is of indispensable importance to the development of earth sciences. With the continuous enrichment of paleomagnetic, paleontological, chronological, and geochemical data in the last two decades, the evolution of the supercontinent from Columbia to Rodinia has gradually gained unified understanding, and the reconstruction of the major plates within the supercontinent has basically been constrained. In contrast, the reconstruction of microplates, such as South China, Tarim, and Kabul, is controversial and has now become a popular topic and frontier area of supercontinent reconstruction. Hainan lies at the southern tip of South China, and a few Proterozoic units are exposed on the island. At present, Hainan is often taken as a part of the Cathaysia Block. However, due to the lack of exposed Mesoproterozoic igneous and supercrustal rocks in Cathaysia, the reconstruction model of the Cathaysia Block and even the South China Craton based solely on Mesoproterozoic units in Hainan are distinct from those based on units in the Yangtze Block and younger Proterozoic units within the Cathaysia Block, which makes the paleoposition of the South China Craton controversial. In this paper, we provide new detrital zircon U–Pb age data for the Baoban Complex, Hainan, together with the available data to comment on the affinities between Hainan and the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks in the Proterozoic, and on this basis, we can reconstruct the South China Craton within the Proterozoic supercontinents.

Invaluable paper relics that embody a rich traditional culture have suffered damage, requiring urgent restoration. In this context, the utilization of soymilk as a sizing agent holds great significance and reverence. This study investigates the use of soymilk as a sizing agent for Xuan paper and evaluates its effects on various properties and the long-term behavior of the paper. The findings reveal that the application of soymilk as a sizing agent for Xuan paper imparts distinct properties, including hydrophobicity, improved mechanical properties, and unique chromaticity. These characteristics—arising from the papillae on the surface of the Xuan paper, the protein folding of the soy protein, and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the soy protein and paper fibers—play a crucial role in shaping the paper’s unique attributes. From a physicochemical perspective, the aging process leads to multiple changes in paper properties. These changes include acidification, which refers to a decrease in pH, as well as a decline in mechanical strength, an increase in chromaticity, and a decrease in the degree of polymerization (DP) of the paper. The Ekenstam equation is employed to predict the lifespan of the paper, showing longer lifespans for Sheng Xuan paper and a negative correlation between soymilk concentration and lifespan in soymilk-sized paper. Our work provides valuable insights for the preservation and maintenance of paper, highlighting the potential benefits and challenges of using soymilk for surface sizing.

Titanium is widely used as surgical bone implants due to its excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and good biocompatibility. However, due to chronic inflammation and bacterial infections caused by titanium implants, they are still at risk of failure in interfacial integration of bone implants, severely limiting their broad clinical application. In this work, chitosan gels crosslinked with glutaraldehyde were prepared and successfully loaded with silver nanoparticles (nAg) and catalase nanocapsules (n (CAT)) to achieve functionalized coating on the surface of titanium alloy steel plates. Under chronic inflammatory conditions, n (CAT) significantly reduced the expression of macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), increased the expression of osteoblast alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteopontin (OPN), and enhanced osteogenesis. At the same time, nAg inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. This work provides a general approach to functional coating of titanium alloy implants and other scaffolding materials.

Two undescribed butenolide derivatives, asperteretal J (1) and K (2), together with 13 known ones (3–15) were isolated from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus SGP-1, the fermentation product of which exhibited selective inhibitory activity toward butyrylcholinesterase. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on HRMS and NMR data, and the absolute configurations were determined by specific optical rotation comparison. All compounds were evaluated for cholinesterase inhibitory effects with galantamine as a positive control. Compounds 4–8 selectively inhibited butyrylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 18.4–45.8 µM in a competitive manner, with Ki values of 12.3–38.2 µM. The structure-activity relationship was discussed. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation of the inhibitor-enzyme complex were performed to better understand the interactions.

The treatment of critical-size bone defects remains a complicated clinical challenge. Recently, bone tissue engineering has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for defect repair. This study examined the biocompatibility and repair efficacy of hydroxyapatite-mineralized bionic polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds, which were prepared through a combination of 3D printing technology, plasma modification, collagen coating, and hydroxyapatite mineralization coating techniques. Physicochemical analysis, mechanical testing, and in vitro and animal experiments were conducted to elucidate the impact of structural design and microenvironment on osteogenesis. Results indicated that the PLA scaffold exhibited a porosity of 84.1% and a pore size of 350 μm, and its macrostructure was maintained following functionalization modification. The functionalized scaffold demonstrated favorable hydrophilicity and biocompatibility and promoted cell adhesion, proliferation, and the expression of osteogenic genes such as ALP, OPN, Col-1, OCN, and RUNX2. Moreover, the scaffold was able to effectively repair critical-size bone defects in the rabbit radius, suggesting a novel strategy for the treatment of critical-size bone defects.

Abstract PEEK (polyetheretherketone) and N2 are used in the packaging of high‐voltage power electronics as the frame material and insulation gas, respectively. The surface discharge behaviours of PEEK in N2 under positive repetitive square voltage are the main concerns for the packaging insulation design. However, the influence of N2 pressure on discharge characteristics and mechanisms has not been investigated. Herein, the optical images of streamer propagation and surface discharge current pulses of PEEK in N2 with different pressures are obtained under positive repetitive square voltage. The effects of different N2 pressures on the surface discharge initial voltage (SDIV), pulse parameters of discharge current, time lag of discharge and streamer propagation length are analysed in detail. The effects of N2 pressure on the memory effects of residual charges during surface discharge, effective ionisation rate and electron desorption rate are revealed. Furthermore, the time lag theory is used to analyse the influence of N2 pressure on the time lag of forward and backward discharge. The effects of N2 pressure on pulse parameters of discharge current, surface discharge initial voltage and streamer propagation length are also explained on the basis of the process of surface charges accumulation under different N2 pressures. The presented results can provide guidance for the packaging of press pack IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) and reveal the surface discharge mechanism with different N2 pressures under positive repetitive square voltage.

BackgroundAccording to the WHO, anemia is a highly prevalent disease, especially for patients in the emergency department. The pathophysiological mechanism by which anemia can affect facial characteristics, such as membrane pallor, has been proven to detect anemia with the help of deep learning technology. The quick prediction method for the patient in the emergency department is important to screen the anemic state and judge the necessity of blood transfusion treatment.MethodWe trained a deep learning system to predict anemia using videos of 316 patients. All the videos were taken with the same portable pad in the ambient environment of the emergency department. The video extraction and face recognition methods were used to highlight the facial area for analysis. Accuracy and area under the curve were used to assess the performance of the machine learning system at the image level and the patient level.ResultsThree tasks were applied for performance evaluation. The objective of Task 1 was to predict patients' anemic states [hemoglobin (Hb)

Functionally distinct subtypes/clusters of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons may play different roles in nerve regeneration and pain. However, details about their transcriptomic changes under neuropathic pain conditions remain unclear. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve represents a well-established model of neuropathic pain, and we conducted single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize subtype-specific perturbations of transcriptomes in lumbar DRG neurons on day 7 post-CCI. By using PirtEGFPf mice that selectively express an enhanced green fluorescent protein in DRG neurons, we established a highly efficient purification process to enrich neurons for scRNA-seq. We observed the emergence of four prominent CCI-induced clusters and a loss of marker genes in injured neurons. Importantly, a portion of injured neurons from several clusters were spared from injury-induced identity loss, suggesting subtype-specific transcriptomic changes in injured neurons. Moreover, uninjured neurons, which are necessary for mediating the evoked pain, also demonstrated cell-type-specific transcriptomic perturbations in these clusters, but not in others. Notably, male and female mice showed differential transcriptomic changes in multiple neuronal clusters after CCI, suggesting transcriptomic sexual dimorphism in DRG neurons after nerve injury. Using Fgf3 as a proof-of-principle, RNAscope study provided further evidence of increased Fgf3 in injured neurons after CCI, supporting scRNA-seq analysis, and calcium imaging study unraveled a functional role of Fgf3 in neuronal excitability. These findings may contribute to the identification of new target genes and the development of DRG neuron cell-type-specific therapies for optimizing neuropathic pain treatment and nerve regeneration.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB) infusion on mortality in elderly septic patients with acute metabolic acidosis (MA) and in other subgroups.Methods: Retrospective analysis of a large ICU database (MIMIC-IV) was performed. Elderly septic patients with acute MA were identified from MIMIC-IV. Propensity score analysis (PSA) was performed to explain for the baseline differences in the probability to receive SB or not. The marginal structural Cox model (MSCM) was developed to adjust for both baseline and time-varying confounding variables. The primary outcome was the ICU and hospital mortality.Results: A total of 869 elderly septic patients with acute MA were identified in this study, including 361 in the SB group and 508 in the non-SB group. In the PSA, SB infusion was not associated with reduced ICU (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.62–1.10; p = 0.19) or hospital (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.74–1.19; p = 0.60) mortality in overall elderly septic patients with acute MA. In the subgroup of severe metabolic acidosis, SB infusion could not improve the ICU (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.62–1.10; p =0.19) and hospital (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.74–1.19; p =0.60) mortality on elderly septic patients. However, In the subgroup of moderate metabolic acidosis, SB infusion could be found associated with improved ICU (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43–0.95; p

Glabridin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from the root of the glycyrrhiza glabra, has been demonstrated to have anti-tumor properties in human malignancies. This study found that glabridin decreased the viability of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells in a dose-dependent manner that was not involved in the caspase-3 cascade. Glabridin promoted the formation of extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation by increasing the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers BiP, XBP1s, and CHOP. The transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence with the ER chaperon KDEL suggested that the vacuoles were derived from ER. Glabridin-induced vacuolation was blocked when protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, demonstrating that protein synthesis is crucial for this process. Furthermore, we determined that glabridin causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as the production of reactive oxygen species, both of which lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. These features are consistent with a kind of programmed cell death described as paraptosis. This work reports for the first time that glabridin could induce paraptosis-like cell death, which may give new therapeutic approaches for apoptosis-resistant breast cancers.

IntroductionThe effect of caffeine on acupuncture analgesia in humans is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether caffeine-containing beverage intake influences the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on static quantitative sensory testing (QST) and dynamic QST in healthy subjects.MethodsA total of 40 healthy subjects were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive coffee containing moderate doses of caffeine (coffee group) or non-caffeinated juice (juice group) for 4 weeks. The primary outcome measures were the pressure pain threshold (PPT), pressure pain tolerance (PPTo), and heat pain threshold (HPT) as static QST parameters. Numerical rating scales (NRS) of heat stimulus and nociceptive flexor reflex (RIII reflex), as parameters of dynamic QST, were also examined. EA stimulation with tolerance intensity was performed at ST36 (Zusanli)-GB34 (Yanglingquan) points at weeks 0, 2, and 4. PPT, PPTo, and HPT were detected pre- and post- EA. The NRS scores were examined pre-, during, and post-EA, and 1 min after EA was completed. The RIII reflex was examined pre- and 1–5 min post-EA.ResultsAt week 0, both groups showed increased PPT and PPTo and decreased NRS scores of heat stimuli and RIII reflex after EA, but HPT was not affected. After 4 weeks, the effects of EA on PPT and PPTo were attenuated in the coffee group compared to the juice group, whereas the effect of EA on the NRS scores and RIII reflex were not influenced. There was no significant difference found at week 2 for these indications. EA also did not affect the HPT in both groups at week 4.ConclusionModerate caffeine intake reduced the effects of EA on PPT and PPTo in healthy subjects.

Aiming at the free-form curve contour tracking error problem of CNC machining, a cross-coupled controller based on Fuzzy PID using an improved PSO algorithm is proposed. First, the exact formulas of the linear and circular arc contour errors under a plane trajectory are derived, and an estimation method for the free curve profile error under a plane trajectory based on the principle of approximate approximation of preferred points is designed. Second, a cross-coupled controller based on Fuzzy PID using an improved PSO algorithm is achieved. An improved PSO algorithm, whose learning factor is adjusted with the inertia weight, is used to optimize the controller parameters and achieve contour tracking of the free curve. Finally, a two-dimensional biaxial experimental platform is used to test the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the optimal gain parameters obtained by the proposed strategy can significantly improve contour control accuracy in biaxial contour tracking tasks. The proposed contour error control scheme can achieve not only a nearly perfect contouring error estimation, but also an obvious promotion of contouring accuracy.

Abstract The electric eel is a unique species that has evolved three electric organs. Since the 1950s, electric eels have generally been assumed to use these three organs to generate two forms of electric organ discharge (EOD): high-voltage EOD for predation and defense and low-voltage EOD for electrolocation and communication. However, why electric eels evolved three electric organs to generate two forms of EOD and how these three organs work together to generate these two forms of EOD have not been clear until now. Here, we present the third form of independent EOD of electric eels: middle-voltage EOD. We suggest that every form of EOD is generated by one electric organ independently and reveal the typical discharge order of the three electric organs. We also discuss hybrid EODs, which are combinations of these three independent EODs. This new finding indicates that the electric eel discharge behavior and physiology and the evolutionary purpose of the three electric organs are more complex than previously assumed. The purpose of the middle-voltage EOD still requires clarification.

Acupoint is the key area for needling treatment, but its physiology is not yet understood. Nociceptors, one of the responders in acupoints, are responsible for acupuncture manipulation and delivering acupuncture signals to the spinal or supraspinal level. Recent evidence has shown that various diseases led to sensory hypersensitivity and functional plasticity in sensitized acupoints, namely, acupoint sensitization. Neurogenic inflammation is the predominant pathological characteristic for sensitized acupoints; however, the underlying mechanism in acupoint sensitization remains unclear. Recent studies have reported that silent C-nociceptors (SNs), a subtype of C nociceptors, can be “awakened” by inflammatory substances released by sensory terminals and immune cells under tissue injury or visceral dysfunction. SNs can transform from mechano-insensitive nociceptors in a healthy state to mechanosensitive nociceptors. Activated SNs play a vital role in sensory and pain modulation and can amplify sensory inputs from the injured tissue and then mediate sensory hyperalgesia. Whether activated SNs is involved in the mechanism of acupoint sensitization and contributes to the delivery of mechanical signals from needling manipulation remains unclear? In this review, we discuss the known functions of cutaneous C nociceptors and SNs and focus on recent studies highlighting the role of activated SNs in acupoint functional plasticity.

BackgroundFrailty is an aggregate expression of susceptibility to adverse health outcomes because of age- and disease-related deficits that accumulate across multiple domains. Previous studies have found the presence of preoperative frailty is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes. The number of older adults undergoing orthopedic surgery is rapidly increasing. However, there has been no evidence-based study on the relationship between frailty and outcomes in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. ObjectiveThe aims of this study are to investigate the association between frailty and outcomes in patients who underwent orthopedic surgery as well as patient factors associated with frailty. MethodsThe methods to be used for this systematic review are reported according to the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols) 2015 checklist. An extensive search will be conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and other mainstream databases. Any study where patients undergoing orthopedic surgery were assessed using a defined or validated measure of frailty and the association of frailty with patient factors and/or outcomes was reported will be included. A total of 2 researchers will independently screen articles for inclusion, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. We will perform a narrative synthesis of the factors associated with frailty, prevalence of frailty, effect of frailty on patient outcomes, and interventions for patients who are frail. A meta-analysis focusing on individual factors associated with frailty and the effect of frailty on patient outcomes will be performed, if applicable. The risk of bias will be evaluated. A subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be performed. ResultsLiterature searches were conducted in September 2021 and the review is anticipated to be completed by the end of July 2022. ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis will provide an overview of frailty and investigate the relationship between frailty and patient outcomes as well as the relationship between patient factors and frailty in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. This study could potentially increase patients’ awareness of the outcomes associated with frailty, compel clinical specialties to further acknowledge the concept of frailty, and enhance the development of assessment instruments and tools for frailty. Trial RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42020181846; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=181846 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/28338

Both the magnetic field treatment and the microwave treatment can affect the concentration of aroma compounds in liquor, but there are few researches on the composite treatment that combining the two. In this study, the effects of separate pulsed magnetic field (PMF), microwave field, and PMF-microwave composite treatment on Chinese soy-sauce flavor liquor were investigated. The concentration changes of various aroma compounds in liquor were analyzed by gas chromatograph, and the change of water-ethanol association structure in liquor was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sensory evaluation of liquor subjected to different processes was carried out. The results showed that the sensory characteristic of liquor after composite treatment was improved, and the change of aroma compounds is close to that in traditional aging. The PMF treatment can significantly improve the taste of liquor. The results prove that the PMF-microwave composite treatment is a potential artificial aging method.

Apple grading is an essential part of the apple marketing process to achieve high profits. In this paper, an improved YOLOv5 apple grading method is proposed to address the problems of low grading accuracy and slow grading speed in the apple grading process and is experimentally verified by the designed automatic apple grading machine. Firstly, the Mish activation function is used instead of the original YOLOv5 activation function, which allows the apple feature information to flow in the deep network and improves the generalization ability of the model. Secondly, the distance intersection overUnion loss function (DIoU_Loss) is used to speed up the border regression rate and improve the model convergence speed. In order to refine the model to focus on apple feature information, a channel attention module (Squeeze Excitation) was added to the YOLOv5 backbone network to enhance information propagation between features and improve the model’s ability to extract fruit features. The experimental results show that the improved YOLOv5 algorithm achieves an average accuracy of 90.6% for apple grading under the test set, which is 14.8%, 11.1%, and 3.7% better than the SSD, YOLOv4, and YOLOv5s models, respectively, with a real-time grading frame rate of 59.63 FPS. Finally, the improved YOLOv5 apple grading algorithm is experimentally validated on the developed apple auto-grader. The improved YOLOv5 apple grading algorithm was experimentally validated on the developed apple auto grader. The experimental results showed that the grading accuracy of the automatic apple grader reached 93%, and the grading speed was four apples/sec, indicating that this method has a high grading speed and accuracy for apples, which is of practical significance for advancing the development of automatic apple grading.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major killer. Dysregulation of IL-37 and IL-38, both anti-inflammatory cytokines, is observed in auto-immune diseases. The precise regulatory mechanisms of IL-37/IL-38 during the development of CRC remains unclear, but chronic intestinal inflammation is involved in the carcinogenesis of CRC. Constitutive production of colonic IL-37 and IL-38 is substantially reduced in CRC, consistent with an inverse correlation with CRC differentiation. Reduced colonic IL-37 and IL-38 is relating to CRC invasion and distant metastasis, suggesting a protective role for IL-38 within the tumor micro-environment. IL-38 is reduced in right-sided CRC compared to left-sided CRC, which is in line with multiple risk factors for right-sided CRC, including the embryonic development of the colon, and genetic differences in CRC between these two sides. Finally, colonic IL-37 and tumor associated neutrophils (TAN) seem to be independent biomarkers of prognostic value, whereas colonic IL-38 seems to be a reliable and independent biomarker in predicting the 5-year survival post-surgery in CRC. However, there is room for improvement in available studies, including the extension of these studies to different regions/countries incorporating different races, evaluation of the role of multi-drug resistance, and different subsets of CRC. It would be useful to determine the kinetics of circulating IL-38 and its relationship with drug resistance/targeted therapy. The measurement of colonic IL-38 at the molecular and cellular level is required to explore the contribution of IL-38 pathways during the development of CRC. These approaches could provide insight for the development of personalized medicine.

Currently, patients with esophageal cancer, especially advanced patients, usually use autologous tissue for esophageal alternative therapy. However, an alternative therapy is often accompanied by serious complications such as ischemia and leakage, which seriously affect the prognosis of patients. Tissue engineering has been widely studied as one of the ideal methods for the treatment of esophageal cancer. In view of the complex multi-layer structure of the natural esophagus, how to use the tissue engineering method to design the scaffold with structure and function matching with the natural tissue is the principle that the tissue engineering method must follow. This article will analyze and summarize the construction methods, with or without cells, and repair effects of single-layer scaffold and multi-layer scaffold. Especially in the repair of full-thickness and circumferential esophageal defects, the flexible design method and the binding force between the layers of the scaffold are very important. In short, esophageal tissue engineering technology has broad prospects and plays a more and more important role in the treatment of esophageal diseases.

Abstract Background At present, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is spreading all over the world, with disastrous consequences for people of all countries. The traditional Chinese medicine prescription Dayuanyin (DYY), a classic prescription for the treatment of plague, has shown significant effects in the treatment of COVID-19. However, its specific mechanism of action has not yet been clarified. This study aims to explore the mechanism of action of DYY in the treatment of COVID-19 with the hope of providing a theoretical basis for its clinical application. Methods First, the TCMSP database was searched to screen the active ingredients and corresponding target genes of the DYY prescription and to further identify the core compounds in the active ingredient. Simultaneously, the Genecards database was searched to identify targets related to COVID-19. Then, the STRING database was applied to analyse protein–protein interaction, and Cytoscape software was used to draw a network diagram. The R language and DAVID database were used to analyse GO biological processes and KEGG pathway enrichment. Second, AutoDock Vina and other software were used for molecular docking of core targets and core compounds. Finally, before and after application of DYY, the core target gene IL6 of COVID-19 patients was detected by ELISA to validate the clinical effects. Results First, 174 compounds, 7053 target genes of DYY and 251 genes related to COVID-19 were selected, among which there were 45 target genes of DYY associated with treatment of COVID-19. This study demonstrated that the use of DYY in the treatment of COVID-19 involved a variety of biological processes, and DYY acted on key targets such as IL6, ILIB, and CCL2 through signaling pathways such as the IL-17 signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction. DYY might play a vital role in treating COVID-19 by suppressing the inflammatory storm and regulating immune function. Second, the molecular docking results showed that there was a certain affinity between the core compounds (kaempferol, quercetin, 7-Methoxy-2-methyl isoflavone, naringenin, formononetin) and core target genes (IL6, IL1B, CCL2). Finally, clinical studies showed that the level of IL6 was elevated in COVID-19 patients, and DYY can reduce its levels. Conclusions DYY may treat COVID-19 through multiple targets, multiple channels, and multiple pathways and is worthy of clinical application and promotion.

Abstract Background The α2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a sedative and can be used as an adjunct to hypnotics. The study sought to evaluate the effects of different doses of DEX on the requirements for propofol for loss of consciousness (LOC) in patients monitored via the bispectral index (BIS). Methods In this randomized, double-blind, three arm parallel group design and placebo-controlled trial, 73 patients aged between 18 and ~ 65 years with a BMI range of 18.0–24.5 kg·m− 2 and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I or II who were scheduled for general anesthesia at the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University were included in this study. Anesthesiologists and patients were blinded to the syringe contents. All patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive a 0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX infusion (0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX group; n = 24), a 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX infusion (1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX group; n = 25) or a saline infusion (control group; n = 24) for 10 min. Propofol at a concentration of 20 mg·kg− 1·h− 1 was then infused at the end of the DEX or saline infusion. The propofol infusion was stopped when the patient being infused lost consciousness. The primary endpoint were propofol requirements for LOC and BIS value at LOC. Results The data from 73 patients were analyzed. The propofol requirements for LOC was reduced in the DEX groups compared with the control group (1.12 ± 0.33 mg·kg− 1 for the 0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX group vs. 1.79 ± 0.39 mg·kg− 1 for the control group; difference, 0.68 mg·kg− 1 [95% CI, 0.49 to 0.87]; P = 0.0001) (0.77 ± 0.27 mg·kg− 1 for the 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX group vs. 1.79 ± 0.39 mg·kg− 1 for the control group; difference, 1.02 mg·kg− 1 [95% CI, 0.84 to 1.21]; P = 0.0001). The propofol requirements for LOC was lower in the 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX group than the 0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX group (0.77 ± 0.27 mg·kg− 1 vs. 1.12 ± 0.33 mg·kg− 1, respectively; difference, 0.34 mg·kg− 1 [95% CI, 0.16 to 0.54]; P = 0.003). At the time of LOC, the BIS value was higher in the DEX groups than in the control group (67.5 ± 3.5 for group 0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX vs. 60.5 ± 3.8 for the control group; difference, 7.04 [95% CI, 4.85 to 9.23]; P = 0.0001) (68.4 ± 4.1 for group 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX vs. 60.5 ± 3.8 for the control group; difference, 7.58 [95% CI, 5.41 to 9.75]; P = 0.0001). Conclusion The study showed that DEX (both 0.5 and 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX) reduced the propofol requirements for LOC. DEX pre-administration increased the BIS value for LOC induced by propofol. Clinical trial registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (trial ID: NCT02783846 on May 26, 2016).

Image to video person re-identification (IVPR), i.e., matching between pedestrian video and image, is an important task in practice. Although several methods have been presented for IVPR, most of these methods investigate the IVPR problem under the supervised setting, and require a large number of labeled image-video pairs for training. In this article, we study the IVPR problem under the semi-supervised setting, and propose a Kernel Analysis-synthesis Dictionary based heterogeneous Distance Learning (KADDL) approach. Specifically, KADDL first learns two pairs of kernel analysis-synthesis dictionaries from the labeled and unlabeled training image-video data in the kernel space. With the learned dictionary pairs, the heterogeneous image and video features can be transformed into coding coefficients of the same representation space, such that the gap between image and video can be bridged. Then, KADDL learns a discriminative distance metric over the transformed coding coefficients, to make the coding coefficients of positive image-video pair become similar, while those of negative image-video pair dissimilar. To make better use of the unlabeled data, we further designed a reliability-based semi-supervised strategy for KADDL. Experiments on several publicly available pedestrian sequence datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Prediction of electric field impact on residential houses is required in the design of UHVDC transmission lines. The calculation of electric field distribution on houses is a 3D problem, however, the effectiveness of some 2D calculation methods has been validated by specific reduced-scale experimental models. The 2D methods are simple in operation and quick in computation compared with the 3D methods. In this paper, the deviation ranges of 2D electric field calculation results on houses are discussed. Then, a 3D electric field reconstruction method is proposed to correct the 2D results according to the size and location of the houses. The 3D electric field distribution on the houses can be obtained based on efficient 2D calculations, and a direct 3D calculation is avoided. Finally, the validity of the calculation methods is verified by the measurement results of a full-scale experimental system.