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Abstract Bone defects pose significant challenges in healthcare, with over 2 million bone repair surgeries performed globally each year. As a burgeoning force in the field of bone tissue engineering, 3D printing offers novel solutions to traditional bone transplantation procedures. However, current 3D-printed bone scaffolds still face three critical challenges in material selection, printing methods, cellular self-organization and co-culture, significantly impeding their clinical application. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the performance criteria that ideal bone scaffolds should possess, with a particular focus on the three core challenges faced by 3D printing technology during clinical translation. We summarize the latest advancements in non-traditional materials and advanced printing techniques, emphasizing the importance of integrating organ-like technologies with bioprinting. This combined approach enables more precise simulation of natural tissue structure and function. Our aim in writing this review is to propose effective strategies to address these challenges and promote the clinical translation of 3D-printed scaffolds for bone defect treatment. Graphical abstract

Abstract Background The mutually beneficial coevolutionary relationships between rodents and plant seeds have been a theme of research in plant-animal relationships. Seed tannins are important secondary metabolites of plants that regulate the food-hoarding behavior of rodents; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet clear. In this study, we investigated whether and how seed tannins improve spatial memory and regulate the hoarding behavior of Tamias sibiricus by altering their gut microbiota. Results We showed that acorn tannins not only improved spatial memory but also enhanced scatter-hoarding in T. sibiricus. Changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota in response to tannins from acorns are closely related to these improvements. Metabonomic analyses revealed the role of gut isovaleric acid and isobutyric acid as well as serum L-tryptophan in mediating the spatial memory of T. sibiricus via the gut microbiota. The hippocampal proteome provides further evidence that the microbiota-gut-brain axis regulates spatial memory and scatter-hoarding in animals. Our study is likely the first to report that plant secondary metabolites improve hippocampal function and spatial memory and ultimately modulate food-hoarding behavior via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Conclusion Our findings may have resolved the long-standing puzzle about the hidden role of plant secondary metabolites in manipulating food-hoarding behavior in rodents via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Our study is important for better understanding the mutualistic coevolution between plants and animals. Video Abstract

Camel milk is a nutrient-rich diet and fermentation affects its nutritional value and probiotic function. In this study, sour camel milk and oat jujube sour camel milk were prepared using fermentation bacteria agent TR1, and the metabolites of camel milk, sour camel milk and oat jujube sour camel milk were detected using a non-targeted metabolomics approach using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).The results showed that the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with 100 % accuracy and good predictive power detected 343 components in positive ion mode and 220 components in negative ion mode. The differential metabolites were mainly organic acids, amino acids, esters, vitamins and other substances contained in camel milk.It showed that there were significant differences in the metabolites of camel milk, sour camel milk and oat jujube sour camel milk. Based on the pathway enrichment analysis of the three dairy products in the KEGG database, 12 metabolic pathways mainly involved in the positive ion mode and 20 metabolic pathways mainly involved in the negative ion mode were identified. The main biochemical metabolic pathways and signal transduction pathways of the differential metabolites of the three dairy products were obtained. This study provides theoretical support for improving the nutritional quality and probiotic function of camel milk and fermented camel milk products and provides a basis for the development of relevant processing technologies and products for camel milk and fermented camel milk.

Abstract. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T-cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Measurable/minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring plays a significant role in the prognostication and management of patients undergoing CAR-T-cell therapy. Common MRD detection methods include flow cytometry (FCM), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS), and each method has advantages and limitations. It has been well documented that MRD positivity predicts a poor prognosis and even disease relapse. Thus, how to perform prognostic evaluations, stratify risk based on MRD status, and apply MRD monitoring to guide individual therapeutic decisions have important implications in clinical practice. This review assesses the common and novel MRD assessment methods. In addition, we emphasize the critical role of MRD as a prognostic biomarker and summarize the latest studies regarding MRD-directed combination therapy with CAR-T-cell therapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), as well as other therapeutic strategies to improve treatment effect. Furthermore, this review discusses current challenges and strategies for MRD detection in the setting of disease relapse after targeted therapy.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant public health issue characterized by progressive and irreversible airflow limitation. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the association between changes in serum galectin-3 levels and COPD and to assess the relationship between serum galectin-3 levels and acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). Relevant observational studies were retrieved from electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). A random-effects model was used to combine the data, incorporating the influence of between-study heterogeneity. Twelve case-control studies were included. The pooled results showed a significantly higher serum level of galectin-3 in patients with COPD compared to controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40 - 0.80; P < 0.001; I2 = 68%). Further meta-analysis suggested higher levels of serum galectin-3 in patients with AECOPD compared to those with stable COPD (SMD 0.33; 95% CI 0.20 - 0.46; P < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Subgroup analyses according to the mean age of the participants, the proportion of males, and study quality scores did not significantly change the results (P for subgroup differences all > 0.05). In conclusion, patients with COPD were found to have higher serum levels of galectin-3, with levels further elevated in patients with AECOPD compared to those with stable COPD.

The precise fault localization holds significant importance in reducing power outage duration and frequency in power systems. The widespread application of synchrophasor measurement technology (PMU) has laid the foundation for achieving accurate fault localization in distribution networks. However, fault localization methods based on PMU often suffer from a significant decrease in accuracy due to topological reconstruction and inaccurate parameters. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a fault location method for distribution networks based on Multi-head Graph Attention Networks (GATs). The proposed method begins by modeling the distribution network as a graph, where nodes represent network components and edges represent the connections between these components. GATs have been employed to learn the underlying relationships between topological structure and electrical characteristics of the distribution network. The results demonstrate that our approach outperforms traditional fault location methods in terms of accuracy and speed. The proposed method achieves high precision which reducing the time required for fault location and enabling faster response times for network maintenance personnel.

Abstract Multi‐foci lenses are essential components for optical communications, virtual reality display and microscopy, yet the bulkiness of conventional counterparts has significantly hindered their widespread applications. Benefiting from the unprecedented capability of metasurfaces in light modulation, metalenses are able to provide multi‐foci functionality with a more compact footprint. However, achieving imaging quality comparable to that of corresponding single‐foci metalenses at each focal point poses a challenge for existing multi‐foci metalenses. Here, a polarization‐independent all‐dielectric multi‐foci metalens is proposed and experimentally demonstrated by spatially integrating single‐foci optical sparse‐aperture sub‐metalenses. Such design enables the metalens to generate multiple focal points, while maintaining the ability to capture target information comparable to that of a single‐foci metalens. The proposed multi‐foci metalens is composed of square‐nanohole units array fabricated by two‐photon polymerization. The focusing characteristic and imaging capability are demonstrated upon the illumination of an unpolarized light beam. This work finds a novel route toward multi‐foci metalenses and may open a new avenue for dealing with the trade‐off between multi‐foci functionality and high‐quality imaging performance.

Objective: Titanium implants are widely used in surgeries for their biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, excessive titanium particle release can cause implant failure. This study explores Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) to coat commercially pure titanium (Cp-Ti) with TiO2, aiming to improve its frictional and corrosion resistance while reducing particle release. By comparing TiO2 films with varying ALD cycle numbers, we assess surface properties, particle release, friction, and corrosion performance, providing insights into mitigating particle release from implants.Methods: Cp-Ti surfaces were prepared and coated with TiO2 films of 100, 300, and 500 ALD cycles. Surface characterization involved SEM, EDX, and XRD. Friction was tested using SEM, nanoindentation, and ICP-MS. Corrosion resistance was evaluated through immersion tests and electrochemical analysis. Cytotoxicity was assessed using BMSCs.Results: Surface characterization revealed smoother surfaces with increased ALD cycles, confirming successful TiO2 deposition. Friction testing showed reduced friction coefficients with higher ALD cycles, supported by nanoindentation results. Corrosion resistance improved with increasing ALD cycles, as evidenced by electrochemical tests and reduced titanium release. Cytotoxicity studies showed no significant cytotoxic effects.Conclusion: ALD-coated TiO2 films significantly enhance frictional and corrosion resistance of titanium implants while reducing particle release. The study underscores the importance of ALD cycle numbers in optimizing film performance, offering insights for designing implants with improved properties.

It is common knowledge that immunoglobulin (Ig) is produced by B lymphocytes and mainly functions as an antibody. However, it has been shown recently that myeloblasts from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) could also express Ig and that AML-Ig played a role in leukemogenesis and AML progression. The difference between Ig from myeloblasts and B cells has not been explored. Studying the characteristics of the Ig repertoire in myeloblasts and B cells will be helpful to understand the function and significance of AML-Ig. We performed 5′ RACE-related PCR coupled with PacBio sequencing to analyze the Ig repertoire in myeloblasts and B cells from Chinese AML patients. Myeloblasts expressed all five classes of IgH, especially Igγ, with a high expression frequency. Compared with B-Ig in the same patient, AML-Ig showed different biased V(D)J usages and mutation patterns. In addition, the CDR3 length distribution of AML-Ig was significantly different from those of B-Ig. More importantly, mutations of AML-IgH, especially Igμ, Igα, and Igδ, were different from that of B-IgH in each AML patient, and the mutations frequently occurred at the sites of post-translational modification. AML-Ig has distinct characteristics of variable regions and mutations, which may have implications for disease monitoring and personalized therapy.

MCF7 cells have been used as an experimental model for breast cancer for decades. Typically, a culture medium is designed to supply cells with the nutrients essential for their continuous proliferation. Each medium has a specific nutritional composition. Therefore, cells cultured in different media may exhibit differences in their metabolism. However, only a few studies have investigated the effects of media on cells. In this study, we compared the effects of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and minimum essential medium alpha modification (αMEM) on MCF7 cells. The two media differentially affected the morphology, cell cycle, and proliferation of MCF7 cells, but had no effect on cell death. Replacement of DMEM with αMEM led to a decrease in ATP production and an increase in reactive oxygen species production, but did not affect the cell viability. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatic analyses revealed 721 significantly upregulated and 1247 downregulated genes in cells cultured in αMEM for 48 h compared with that in cells cultured in DMEM. The enriched gene ontology terms were related to mitosis and cell proliferation. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis revealed cell cycle and DNA replication as the top two significant pathways. MCF7 cells were hypoxic when cultured in αMEM. These results show that the culture medium considerably affects cultured cells. Thus, the stability of the culture system in a study is very important to obtain reliable results.

The use of multielectron Mn2+/MnO2 cathode reaction achieves high‐energy aqueous acid–base asymmetric hybrid batteries. However, the ion crossover through the membrane and the accumulation of unreacted MnO2 lead to serve potential and capacity decay of the cathode during cycling. Herein, the catholyte modulation using the KCl additive and the design of a Prussian blue/Berlin green (PB/BG) redox mediator on the cathode current collector are developed to promote high‐potential Mn2+/MnO2 reaction. The addition of saturated KCl greatly suppresses the ion crossover to maintain the catholyte acidity, thus enabling high‐potential Mn2+/MnO2 reaction and stable high‐voltage discharge plateau of ≈2.2 V for the hybrid battery at a prolonged cycling. The reversible MnO2 deposition is effectively improved by the PB/BG redox mediator, which contributes to significant enhancements in the reversible capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability of the cathode. Importantly, the as‐assembled hybrid battery exhibits the highest energy density of ≈260 Wh kg−1 (based on the mass of the aqueous MnCl2 catholyte and a hydrogen storage anode material) among the previously reported Mn‐based acid–base asymmetric batteries.

Abstract Innovative modes of response can greatly push forward chemical sensing processes and subsequently improve sensing performance. Classical chemical sensing modes seldom involve the transition of a delicate molecular assembly during the response. Here, we display a sensing mode for polyamine detection based on an order–order transition of iron–sulfur complexes upon their assembly. Strong validation proves that the unique order–order transition of the assemblies is the driving force of the response, in which the polyamine captures the metal ion of the iron–sulfur complex, leading it to decompose into a metal–polyamine product, accompanied by an order–order transition of the assemblies. This mechanism makes the detection process more intuitive and selective, and remarkably improves the detection efficiency, achieving excellent polyamines specificity, second-level response, convenient visual detection, and good recyclability of the sensing system. Furthermore, this paper also provides opportunities for the further application of the iron–sulfur platform in environment-related fields.

The agro-pastoral transitional zone (APTZ) in northern China is a typical ecologically vulnerable zone and a comprehensive geographical transitional zone. Its land use pattern has significant type diversity and spatial interlocking, which is always related to the play of ecological barrier functions and the sustainability of social-ecological systems. Accurately grasping the spatial competition relationship and comprehensive geographical effects of land types of APTZ in northern China is a key proposition for achieving coordinated and sustainable development between humans and land. To explore the spatial competition mechanism and comprehensive geographical effects of land use in the research area, this study focuses on revealing the evolutionary characteristics of land use patterns based on the center of gravity migration model. Based on the process of land use center of gravity migration, the spatial competition relationship of land types is explored to reveal the evolutionary trend and basic characteristics of land use in the APTZ. The results show the following: (1) Cultivated land and meadow are the main land types of the APTZ in northern China, accounting for up to 70% of the total regional area. The spatial competition between the two land types is the main contradiction in regional land use competition. (2) Drifting of the center of gravity of cultivated land towards the northwest direction is an important land use migration feature of the APTZ in northern China. Between 1980 and 2020, the center of gravity of cultivated land shifted by about 2 km to the northwest, and the center of gravity of grassland shifted by 8–10 km to the southwest. (3) The center of gravity of arable land and grassland in the entire region is constantly approaching, which has decreased from 70.95 km in 1980 to 61.38 km in 2020. The intensification of their interweaving has led to more intense land use competition. Grasping the basic characteristics and driving mechanisms of land type competition is an important means to achieve sustainable spatial governance. (4) The scale differentiation and regional differentiation characteristics of gradient effects are significant, and it is essential to prevent the risk of mismatch between land use and natural endowments in the northeast and north China sections. The research has surpassed the traditional method of analyzing land use competition, and by introducing a centroid model to analyze the spatial mechanism of land use competition, it has expanded the methodology for expanding research in the field of land science and provided basic references for regional sustainable development.

Abstract The emergence of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses significant challenges to global public health. Despite the extensive efforts of researchers worldwide, there remains considerable opportunities for improvement in timely diagnosis, specific treatment, and effective vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. This is due, in part, to the large number of asymptomatic carriers, rapid virus mutations, inconsistent confinement policies, untimely diagnosis and limited clear treatment plans. The emerging of nanozymes offers a promising approach for combating SARS-CoV-2 due to their stable physicochemical properties and high surface areas, which enable easier and multiple nano-bio interactions in vivo. Nanozymes inspire the development of sensitive and economic nanosensors for rapid detection, facilitate the development of specific medicines with minimal side effects for targeted therapy, trigger defensive mechanisms in the form of vaccines, and eliminate SARS-CoV-2 in the environment for prevention. In this review, we briefly present the limitations of existing countermeasures against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We then reviewed the applications of nanozyme-based platforms in the fields of diagnostics, therapeutics and the prevention in COVID-19. Finally, we propose opportunities and challenges for the further development of nanozyme-based platforms for COVID-19. We expect that our review will provide valuable insights into the new emerging and re-emerging infectious pandemic from the perspective of nanozymes. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background The cytotoxicity of NK cells is largely dependent on IgG Fc receptor CD16a, which mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The high-affinity and non-cleavable CD16 (hnCD16) is developed and demonstrated a multi-tumor killing potential. However, the hnCD16 receptor activates a single CD16 signal and provides limited tumor suppression. How to exploit the properties of hnCD16 and incorporate NK cell-specific activation domains is a promising development direction to further improve the anti-tumor activity of NK cells. Methods To expand the applications of hnCD16-mediated ADCC for NK cell-based immunotherapy in cancer, we designed the hnCD16 Fusion Receptor (FR) constructs with the ectodomain of hnCD16 fused with NK cell-specific activating domains in the cytoplasm. FR constructs were transduced into CD16-negative NK cell line and human iPSC-derived NK (iNK) cells and effective FR constructs were screened. The up-regulation of immune activation- and cytokine-releasing-related pathways in FR-transduced NK cells was screened and validated by RNA sequencing and multiplex cytokines release assay, respectively. The tumor-killing efficiency was tested in vitro and in vivo via co-culture with tumor cell lines and xenograft mice-bearing human B-cell lymphoma, respectively. Results We screened the most effective combination to kill B cell lymphoma, which was fused with the ectodomain of hnCD16a, NK-specific co-stimulators (2B4 and DAP10) and CD3ζ in cytoplasmic domains. The screened construct showed excellent cytotoxicity effects and sharp multiple cytokines releasing both in the NK cell line and iNK cells. The transcriptomic analysis and validation assays of hnCD16- and hnCD16FR-transduced NK cells showed that hnCD16FR transduction remodeled immune-related transcriptome in NK cells, where significant upregulation of genes related to cytotoxicity, high cytokines releasing, induced tumor cell apoptosis, and ADCC in comparison with hnCD16 transduction were highlighted. In vivo xenograft studies demonstrated that a single low-dose regimen of engineered hnCD16FR iPSC-derived NK cells co-administered with anti-CD20 mAb treatment mediated potent activity and significantly improved survival. Conclusion We developed a novel hnCD16FR construct that exhibits more potent cytotoxicity than reported hnCD16, which is a promising approach to treat malignancies with improved ADCC properties. We also offer a rationale for NK activation domains that remodel immune response to enhance CD16 signaling in NK cells.

Abstract Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) renders cancer cells vulnerable to unrepaired double-strand breaks and is an important therapeutic target as exemplified by the clinical efficacy of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors as well as the platinum chemotherapy drugs applied to HRD patients. However, it remains a challenge to predict HRD status precisely and economically. Copy number alteration (CNA), as a pervasive trait of human cancers, can be extracted from a variety of data sources, including whole genome sequencing (WGS), SNP array, and panel sequencing, and thus can be easily applied clinically. Here we systematically evaluate the predictive performance of various CNA features and signatures in HRD prediction and build a gradient boosting machine model (HRDCNA) for pan-cancer HRD prediction based on these CNA features. CNA features BP10MB[1] (The number of breakpoints per 10MB of DNA is 1) and SS[ > 7 &

The purpose of this study was to identify the physiological mechanism underlying the effects of high temperature and waterlogging on summer maize. The stem development and yield of the maize hybrid Denghai 605 in response to high-temperature stress, waterlogging stress, and their combination applied for six days at the third-leaf, sixth-leaf, and tasseling stages were recorded. The combined stresses reduced lignin biosynthetic enzyme activity and lignin accumulation, leading to abnormal stem development. Reduction of the area and number of vascular bundles in stems led to reduced dry matter accumulation and allocation. Decreased grain dry weight at all three stages reduced grain yield relative to a control. In summary, high temperature, waterlogging, and their combined stress impaired stem development and grain yield of summer maize. The combined stresses were more damaging than either stress alone.

Background: Hemolysis and its complications are major concerns during the clinical application of blood pumps. In-vitro circulatory testing loops have been employed as the key procedure to evaluate the hemolytic and thrombogenic performance of blood pumps during the development phase and before preclinical in-vivo animal studies. Except for the blood damage induced by the pump under test, blood damage induced by loop components such as the resistance valve may affect the accuracy, reproducibility, and intercomparability of test results.Methods: This study quantitatively investigated the impact of the resistance valve on in vitro evaluation of blood damage caused by blood pumps under different operating points. A series of idealized tubing models under the resistance valve with different openings were created. Three pumps - the FDA benchmark pump, the HeartMate 3 LVAD, and the CH-VAD - were involved in hypothetical tests. Eight operating points were chosen to cover a relatively wide spectrum of testing scenarios. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the tubing and pump models were conducted at the same operating points.Results and Conclusion: Overall, hemolysis and platelet activation induced by a typical resistance valve are equivalent to 17%–45% and 14%–60%, respectively, of those induced by the pump itself. Both ratios varied greatly with flow rate, valve opening and pump models. Differences in blood damage levels between different blood pumps or working conditions can be attenuated by up to 45%. Thus, hemolysis and platelet activation induced by the resistance valve significantly affect the accuracy of in-vitro hemocompatibility evaluations of blood pumps. A more accurate and credible method for hemocompatibility evaluations of blood pumps will benefit from these findings.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is recently studied for realizing fast and adaptive power system dispatch under the increasing penetration of renewable energy. RL has the limitation of relying on samples for agent training, and the application in power systems often faces the difficulty of insufficient scenario samples. So, scenario generation is of great importance for the application of RL. However, most of the existing scenario generation methods cannot handle time-series correlation, especially the correlation over long time scales, when generating the scenario. To address this issue, this paper proposes an RL-based dispatch method which can generate power system operational scenarios with time-series correlation for the agent’s training. First, a time-generative adversarial network (GAN)-based scenario generation model is constructed, which generates system operational scenarios with long- and short-time scale time-series correlations. Next, the “N-1” security is ensured by simulating “N-1” branch contingencies in the agent’s training. Finally, the model is trained in parallel in an actual power system environment, and its effectiveness is verified by comparisons against benchmark methods.

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has emerged as a novel modality for treating relapsed and/or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). With increasing approval of CAR T-cell products and advances in CAR T cell therapy, CAR T cells are expected to be used in a growing number of cases. However, CAR T-cell-associated toxicities can be severe or even fatal, thus compromising the survival benefit from this therapy. Standardizing and studying the clinical management of these toxicities are imperative. In contrast to other hematological malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple myeloma, anti-CD19 CAR T-cell-associated toxicities in B-NHL have several distinctive features, most notably local cytokine-release syndrome (CRS). However, previously published guidelines have provided few specific recommendations for the grading and management of toxicities associated with CAR T-cell treatment for B-NHL. Consequently, we developed this consensus for the prevention, recognition, and management of these toxicities, on the basis of published literature regarding the management of anti-CD19 CAR T-cell-associated toxicities and the clinical experience of multiple Chinese institutions. This consensus refines a grading system and classification of CRS in B-NHL and corresponding measures for CRS management, and delineates comprehensive principles and exploratory recommendations for managing anti-CD19 CAR T-cell-associated toxicities in addition to CRS.

Abstract Brain network analysis based on structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered as an effective method for consciousness evaluation of hydrocephalus patients, which can also be applied to facilitate the ameliorative effect of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage (LCFD). Automatic brain parcellation is a prerequisite for brain network construction. However, hydrocephalus images usually have large deformations and lesion erosions, which becomes challenging for ensuring effective brain parcellation works. In this paper, we develop a novel and robust method for segmenting brain regions of hydrocephalus images. Our main contribution is to design an innovative inpainting method that can amend the large deformations and lesion erosions in hydrocephalus images, and synthesize the normal brain version without injury. The synthesized images can effectively support brain parcellation tasks and lay the foundation for the subsequent brain network construction work. Specifically, the novelty of the inpainting method is that it can utilize the symmetric properties of the brain structure to ensure the quality of the synthesized results. Experiments show that the proposed brain abnormality inpainting method can effectively aid the brain network construction, and improve the CRS-R score estimation which represents the patient’s consciousness states. Furthermore, the brain network analysis based on our enhanced brain parcellation method has demonstrated potential imaging biomarkers for better interpreting and understanding the recovery of consciousness in patients with secondary hydrocephalus.

The magnetization mechanism of Co-doped BaTiO3 ultrathin films is a subject of debate, which results in difficulties with the design of new multiferroics based on BaTiO3 matrixes. With the aid of a first-principles approach, it was observed that when the interstitial site and Ti vacancy were filled with Co, the configuration behaved in a nonmagnetic manner, indicating the significance of the Co content. Moreover, in the case of Co substituting two neighboring Ti atoms, when a direct current field was applied in the [100] direction, the magnetic domains excluding those in the [100], [010], and [001] directions were directed away. Further, the magnetoelectric constant was evaluated at ~449.3 mV/cmOe, showing strong magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature. Clearly, our study indicates that strict control of Ba, Ti, O, and Co stoichiometry can induce an electric and magnetic field conversion in two-dimensional BaTiO3 and may provide a new candidate for single-phase multiferroics for application in next-generation multifunctional devices.

Atrial fibrillation, one of the most common persistent cardiac arrhythmias globally, is known for its rapid and irregular atrial rhythms. This study integrates the temporal convolutional network (TCN) and residual network (ResNet) frameworks to effectively classify atrial fibrillation in single-lead ECGs, thereby enhancing the application of neural networks in this field. Our model demonstrated significant success in detecting atrial fibrillation, with experimental results showing an accuracy rate of 97% and an F1 score of 87%. These figures indicate the model’s exceptional performance in identifying both majority and minority classes, reflecting its balanced and accurate classification capability. This research offers new perspectives and tools for diagnosis and treatment in cardiology, grounded in advanced neural network technology.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate nursing college students’ mentally-passive and mentally-active sedentary time (M-PAST) in China.MethodsAn initial M-PAST questionnaire with mentally-passive and mentally-active sedentary behaviors was developed with content validity undertaken through a consensus panel and pilot test where a convenience sample of six nursing students was recruited to assess the relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility of the refined questionnaire after expert panelists’ responses. A cross-sectional online survey using a self-reported questionnaire was distributed to nursing students by email and then conducted using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the construct validity of the M-PAST questionnaire and factor structures. Finally, the criterion validity was examined by exploring the associations between the M-PAST and the IPAQ sitting time, psychological distress, and insomnia.ResultsEight items regarding learning and leisure were included in the final version of the M-PAST questionnaire. A group of 650 nursing college students in China completed the study. Principal component analysis revealed two factors (i.e., mentally-passive and mentally-active sedentary behaviors), which explained 41.98% of the variance contributing to the questionnaire. The CFA reached the adaptive standard. Cronbach’s α ranged from 0.730 to 0.742. The correlations between M-PAST and IPAQ total sitting time were significant (p

A microgrid is a promising small-scale power generation and distribution system. The selling prices of wind turbine equipment (WT), photovoltaic generation equipment (PV), and battery energy storage equipment (BES) have a significant impact on microgrid profits, which, in turn, affects the planning capacity of renewable energy. However, existing research has not yet conducted in-depth modeling and analysis for different kinds of energy generation electricity prices. This paper proposes an optimal capacity planning method for wind-photovoltaic-storage equipment, considering different energy selling incomes in microgrids. Stochastic characteristics of renewable energy (WT and PV), selling prices of different types of energy, and timing coupling characteristic are considered in the proposed model. In addition, the configuration capacities of WT, PV, and BES are modeled as discrete decision variables, according to the type of specific equipment. The comprehensive life cycle cost (LCC) is considered an objective function. It can be found that the proposed collaborative capacity planning model is a mathematical programming problem with complex nonlinear constraints and integer variables. To solve this problem, a cultural gray wolf optimization algorithm (CGWO) is applied in this paper. The proposed method’s efficiency, convergence, superiority, and effectiveness are verified through a case study. Moreover, the impact of different new energy sales prices on capacity planning results is also revealed in the article.

This paper describes a deep transfer model which consists of multiple sub-networks which are independently optimized by a supervised task-oriented loss and an unsupervised consistency loss. The former loss function utilizes annotations to accomplish the designed goal. The latter loss prompts the network to learn the target domain data distribution and encourages multiple sub-networks to share learned knowledge. We utilize the proposed model to work with a global local climate zone classification. For the dataset, the source domain includes 352,366 training samples from 42 cities, and the target domain has 48,307 samples from 10 other cities. According to our experiments, the proposed model improves 3.46% overall accuracy and 2.97% average accuracy when compared with other state-of-the-art domain adaptation methodologies. Besides, the classification maps also visualize the outstanding performance of the proposed deep transfer network.

Salt stress impacts growth and physiological processes in plants, and some plants exposed to salt stress will produce physiological mechanisms to adapt to the new environment. However, the effects of combined NaCl and NaHCO3 stress on the seedlings of Acer species are understudied. In this study, we designed an experiment to measure physiological characteristics by establishing a range of NaCl and NaHCO3 concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mmol L-1) to estimate the compound salt tolerance of Acer ginnala and Acer palmatum. When the concentrations of NaCl and NaHCO3 were 25 mmol L-1, the leaf water content, relative conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, soluble sugar content, and chlorophyll did not change (p > 0.05) in two maple seedlings. At concentrations greater than 50 mmol L-1, the relative conductivity and MDA content increased, proline and soluble sugars accumulated, and the potential activity of PS II (Fv/Fo), potential photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), PS II actual photochemical efficiency (Yield), and photosynthetic electron transfer efficiency (ETR) decreased (p < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities showed the same trend of first increasing and then decreasing (p < 0.05). The peroxidase (POD) activity increased only when concentrations of NaCl and NaHCO3 were 100 mmol L-1, while there was no statistical difference between the other treatments and the control. Therefore, the two maple seedlings adjusted their osmotic balance and alleviated oxidative stress by accumulating proline, soluble sugars and increasing CAT and SOD activities. Further analysis showed that both species are salt tolerant and the salt tolerance of Acer ginnala is better than that of Acer palmatum.

Background:. Recombinant human thrombopoietin (rh-TPO) and eltrombopag are two distinct TPO receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) with different mechanisms. During the pandemic, when immunosuppressive medications are controversial, switching to another TPO-RA may be worth exploring in patients who do not benefit from their first TPO-RA. We investigated the outcomes of switching from rh-TPO to eltrombopag or vice versa in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients. Methods:. This prospective, open-label, observational investigation included 96 adult ITP patients who needed to switch between rh-TPO and eltrombopag between January 2020 and January 2021 at Peking University People's Hospital in China. The study evaluated response rates and platelet counts at different time points after the switch, bleeding events, time to response, duration of response, and adverse events. Results:. At 6 weeks after switching, response was observed in 21/49 patients (43%) who switched for inefficacy and 34/47 patients (72%) who switched for non-efficacy-related issues. In the inefficacy group, 9/27 patients (33%) responded to eltrombopag, and 12/22 patients (55%) responded to rh-TPO. In the non-efficacy-related group, 21/26 (81%) and 13/21 (62%) patients in the eltrombopag and rh-TPO groups maintained their response rates at 6 weeks after switching, respectively. Response at 6 months was achieved in 24/49 patients (49%) switching for inefficacy and 37/47 patients (79%) switching for non-efficacy issues. In the inefficacy group, 13/27 patients (48%) responded to eltrombopag, and 11/22 patients (50%) responded to rh-TPO. In the non-efficacy-related group, 22/26 patients (85%) and 15/21 patients (71%) in the eltrombopag and rh-TPO groups maintained their response rates at 6 months after switching, respectively. Both eltrombopag and rh-TPO were well tolerated. Conclusions:. Our study confirmed the safety and effectiveness of switching between rh-TPO and eltrombopag for ITP patients who had no response to or experienced adverse events with their first TPO-RA. When the switch was motivated by other reasons, including patient preference and platelet count fluctuations, the probability of response was high. Registration:. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04214951.

Here, the authors fabricate large area and highly aligned polymer semiconductor sub-microwires arrays via coaxial focused electrohydrodynamic jet printing technology, achieving high on/off ratio and average mobility that is 5x higher than that of thin film based organic field effect transistors.

Abstract Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) are two potential targets for cancer immunotherapy, early clinical studies showed the combination therapy of anti-PD-L1 and anti-TIGIT had synergistic efficacy both in the terms of overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). It is rational to construct bispecific antibodies targeting PD-L1 and TIGIT, besides retaining the efficacy of the combination therapy, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) can provide a new mechanism of action, such as bridging between tumor cells and T/NK cells. Here, we developed an IgG1-type bispecific antibody with optimal cytotoxicity. In this study, we thoroughly investigated 16 IgG-VHH formats with variable orientations and linker lengths, the results demonstrated that (G4S)2 linker not only properly separated two binding domains but also had the highest protein yield. Moreover, VHH-HC orientation perfectly maintained the binding and cytotoxicity activity of the variable domain of the heavy chain of heavy‐chain‐only antibody (VHH) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Following treatment with BiPT-23, tumor growth was significantly suppressed in vivo, with more cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells infiltration, and selective depletion of Regulatory T cells (Tregs). BiPT-23 represents novel immunotherapy engineered to prevent hyperprogression of cancer with PD-1 blockade, and preferentially killed PD-L1+ tumor cells, and TIGIT+ Tregs but maintained CD11b+F4/80+ immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Abstract Fibrosis is a pathological feature of a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases that can affect almost all organs, which can cause severe consequences and even lead to death. Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) due to disruption of the balance between ECM production and degradation. Although overabundance of ECM proteins has long been the focus of studies on fibrosis, another facet of the problem—impaired degradation of the ECM—is gaining increasing attention. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) system is the main molecular system contributing to ECM degradation, and macrophages are the major regulators of ECM. However, the relationship among macrophages, the MMP/TIMP system and the ECM is not fully understood in the context of fibrosis. Here, we discuss in detail the role played by the ECM in the development of fibrosis and highlight the macrophage-MMP-ECM interaction that is involved in fibrogenesis and may be a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis.

Photoperiod regulates the functions and development of gonadal organs of seasonally breeding animals, resulting in breeding peaks in specific seasons. miRNA plays an important role in the regulation of testicular physiological functions. However, the relationship between photoperiods and miRNA levels in testes has yet to be conclusively determined. We investigated testicular miRNA of striped dwarf hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) responses to different photoperiods (long daylength [LD], moderate daylength [MD], and short daylength [SD]) and the potential pathways involved in photoperiod regulated reproduction. Testicular weights and reproductive hormone levels were measured in each of photoperiod treatments after 30 days. The concentrations of testosterone (T) and dihydrogen testosterone (DHT) in testes and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum were higher in MD than in the other two groups. Testicular weights were heaviest in MD. Small RNA-seq was performed for the testes of hamsters in three groups. A total of 769 miRNAs were identified, of which 83 were differentially expressed between LD, MD, and SD. GO and KEGG analysis of target genes revealed that some miRNAs influence testicular activities by regulating the pathways related to cell apoptosis and metabolism. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that the MAPK signaling pathway may be the core pathway for photoperiodic regulation of reproduction. These results suggest that moderate daylength is more suitable for hamster reproduction while long daylength and short daylength may regulate reproduction through different molecular pathways.

Recently, due to more excavation projects near existing tunnels, the research on tunnel deformation control has become very important and urgent. However, the systematic study of the control effectiveness of partition piles, one of the commonly used methods for controlling tunnel deformation, was not mature yet. In response to this situation, a series of centrifuge modelling studies were performed to explore how nearby existing tunnels respond to excavations with partition piles in a dry sand foundation. The tests provided insights into the variations of the horizontal displacement of retaining walls, surface settlement, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the tunnel, and the circular induced strain of the tunnel. The test results showed that the horizontal displacement of retaining walls exhibited a cantilever-type displacement pattern. The most significant surface settlement occurred near the retaining wall and decreased as the distance from the retaining wall increased. The overall deformation of the tunnel roughly showed an ellipsoidal deformation pattern in the horizontal direction. The maximum horizontal displacement was observed at the right shoulder of the tunnel, while the maximum vertical displacement occurred at the right arch of the tunnel. Increasing the length of the partition piles led to a deterioration in their deformation control effectiveness. The top burial depth of the pile could further improve the control effectiveness of the partition piles. However, when the top burial depth of the pile was excessive and exceeded its critical value, the improvement effect of the burial depth on the partition piles diminished.

Microscale gas chromatography (μGC) systems are miniaturized instruments that typically incorporate one or several microfabricated fluidic elements; such systems are generally well suited for the automated sampling and analysis of gas-phase chemicals. Advanced μGC systems may incorporate more than 15 elements and operate these elements in different coordinated sequences to execute complex operations. In particular, the control software must manage the sampling and analysis operations of the μGC system in a time-sensitive manner; while operating multiple control loops, it must also manage error conditions, data acquisition, and user interactions when necessary. To address these challenges, this work describes the investigation of multithreaded control software and its evaluation with a representative μGC system. The μGC system is based on a progressive cellular architecture that uses multiple μGC cells to efficiently broaden the range of chemical analytes, with each cell incorporating multiple detectors. Implemented in Python language version 3.7.3 and executed by an embedded single-board computer, the control software enables the concurrent control of heaters, pumps, and valves while also gathering data from thermistors, pressure sensors, capacitive detectors, and photoionization detectors. A graphical user interface (UI) that operates on a laptop provides visualization of control parameters in real time. In experimental evaluations, the control software provided successful operation and readout for all the components, including eight sets of thermistors and heaters that form temperature feedback loops, two sets of pressure sensors and tunable gas pumps that form pressure head feedback loops, six capacitive detectors, three photoionization detectors, six valves, and an additional fixed-flow gas pump. A typical run analyzing 18 chemicals is presented. Although the operating system does not guarantee real-time operation, the relative standard deviations of the control loop timings were 1000 μGC runs that analyzed various chemical mixtures.

In power systems with high penetration of renewable energy, traditional physical model-based optimal dispatch methods suffer from modeling difficulties and poor adaptability, while data-driven dispatch methods, represented by reinforcement learning, have the advantage of fast decision making and reflecting long-term benefits. However, the performances of data-driven methods are much limited by the problem of distribution shift under insufficient power system scenario samples in the training. To address this issue, this paper proposes an improved scenario division method by integrating the power system’s key physical features and the data-driven variational autoencoder (VAE)-generated features. Next, based on the scenario division results, a multi-scenario data-driven dispatch model is established. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a simulation conducted on a real power system model in a province of China.

Chloride-ion batteries (CIBs) are one of the promising candidates for energy storage due to their low cost, high theoretical energy density and high safety. However, the limited types of cathode materials in CIBs have hindered their development. In this work, a NiTi-LDH@CNT composite is prepared using a reverse microemulsion method and applied in CIBs for the first time. The specific surface area and the pore volume of the obtained NiTi-LDH@CNT composites can reach 266 m2 g−1 and 0.42 cm3 g−1, respectively. Electrochemical tests indicate that the composite electrode delivers a reversible specific capacity of 69 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 in 0.5 M PP14Cl/PC electrolyte. Ni2+/Ni3+ and Ti3+/Ti4+ valence changes during electrochemical cycling are demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while reversible migration of Cl− is revealed by ex-situ EDS and ex-situ XRD. The stable layered structure and abundant valence changes of the NiTi-LDH@CNT composite make it an exceptional candidate as a cathode material for CIBs.

Abstract Magnetic petrological investigations were conducted on the pumice fall deposits of the 1783 eruption of Asama volcano to examine relationships between bulk magnetic properties and petrological features related to the magmatic and volcanic processes of the eruption. The magnetic properties of the deposits agree with the mineralogical investigation, indicating the existence of titanomagnetite and pyrrhotite as magnetic minerals in the deposits. Although most magnetic properties are common over depositional units, mass-specific magnetic susceptibility decreases as the eruption progressed, implying a change in titanomagnetite abundance. This is consistent with a previously proposed binary magma mixing model and is because of the increasing mafic endmember component without titanomagnetite. Our results demonstrate that magnetic petrology can be a useful tool for investigating volcanic and magmatic processes. Graphical Abstract

The study aims to clarify the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of landscape ecological risk in Hailar River basin in recent 30 years, and to serve for scientific formulation of ecological management strategies. In the study, ecosystem services were used to improve the traditional landscape ecological risk assessment method, and the theoretical basis of landscape ecological risk was clarified using the human-nature system method. The results show that, on the spatial scale, the overall landscape ecological risk of Hailar River basin is characterized by high in the middle and low around. The high-risk areas are mainly located in the transition zone of “urban-grassland” and “urban-forest” in the middle of the basin and the main mining areas, which are distributed in strips along the main roads and rivers. Low risk areas are mainly distributed in the Great Khingan Mountains forest area in the east and north of the basin. In terms of time scale, the landscape ecological risk in the edge of the watershed has always maintained a high proportion of low-risk areas (75.35 %), while the area of high-risk areas in the middle of the watershed has experienced a process of first increasing and then decreasing. In terms of ecological governance, high-risk areas should achieve orderly urban construction and orderly development of mineral resources, and establish a classified management system of natural resources. Low risk areas should continue to promote measures to prohibit logging and limit grazing, and establish a supporting ecological compensation mechanism. The conclusion shows that urbanization, mineral development and management, and the implementation of forest and grass policies are the main driving factors for the change of landscape ecological risks in Hailar River basin. The basic principles of zoning control and human land coordination should be adhered to, and the size of cities and towns should be adjusted reasonably to promote the orderly development of mineral resources and the orderly construction of projects.

Variety testing is an indispensable and essential step in the process of creating new improved varieties from breeding to adoption. The performance of the varieties can be compared and evaluated based on multi-trait data from multi-location variety tests in multiple years. Although high-throughput phenotypic platforms have been used for observing some specific traits, manual phenotyping is still widely used. The efficient management of large amounts of data is still a significant problem for crop variety testing. This study reports a variety test platform (VTP) that was created to manage the whole workflow for the standardization and data quality improvement of crop variety testing. Through the VTP, the phenotype data of varieties can be integrated and reused based on standardized data elements and datasets. Moreover, the information support and automated functions for the whole testing workflow help users conduct tests efficiently through a series of functions such as test design, data acquisition and processing, and statistical analyses. The VTP has been applied to regional variety tests covering more than seven thousand locations across the whole country, and then a standardized and authoritative phenotypic database covering five crops has been generated. In addition, the VTP can be deployed on either privately or publicly available high-performance computing nodes so that test management and data analysis can be conveniently done using a web-based interface or mobile application. In this way, the system can provide variety test management services to more small and medium-sized breeding organizations, and ensures the mutual independence and security of test data. The application of VTP shows that the platform can make variety testing more efficient and can be used to generate a reliable database suitable for meta-analysis in multi-omics breeding and variety development projects.

Abstract Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a type of circular and tumor specific genetic element. EcDNA has been reported to display open chromatin structure, facilitate oncogene amplification and genetic material unequal segregation, and is associated with poor cancer patients’ prognosis. The ability of immune evasion is a typical feature for cancer progression, however the tumor intrinsic factors that determine immune evasion remain poorly understood. Here we show that the presence of ecDNA is associated with markers of tumor immune evasion, and obtaining ecDNA could be one of the mechanisms employed by tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Tumors with ecDNA usually have comparable TMB and neoantigen load, however they have lower immune cell infiltration and lower cytotoxic T cell activity. The microenvironment of tumors with ecDNA shows increased immune-depleted, decreased immune-enriched fibrotic types. Both MHC class I and class II antigen presentation genes’ expression are decreased in tumors with ecDNA, and this could be the underlying mechanism for ecDNA associated immune evasion. This study provides evidence that ecDNA formation is an immune escape mechanism for cancer cells.

Abstract Coaxial electrohydrodynamic jet (CE-Jet) printing is an encouraging method for fabrication of high-resolution micro and nanostructures in MEMS systems. This paper presents a novel simulation work based on phase field method which is considered as a precise technique in fluid dynamics. The study explores influence of various parameters such as applied voltage, needle-substrate distance, dynamic viscosity, relative permittivity, needle size and flow rate on stability and resolution of CE-Jet morphologies. The morphology of CE-Jet exhibits that width of cone-jet profile and printed structures on substrate were directly proportional to relative permittivity and flow rate. In addition, it was inversely proportional to dynamic viscosity and applied voltage. The study examine that CE-Jet length of inner liquid is inversely proportional to needle-substrate distance in same time. It was later verified in experimental study by producing stable CE-Jet morphology with 300 μm diameter using optimized parameters (i.e., DC voltage 7.0 kV and inner liquid flow rate 400 nl/min) as compared to other validation studies such as 400 μm and 500 μm. The CE-Jet printing technique investigates significant changes in consistency and stability of CE-Jet morphologies and makes Jet unique and comparable when adjustment accuracy reaches 0.01 mm. PZT sol line structures with a diameter of 1 µm were printed directly on substrate using inner needle (diameter of 120 µm). Therefore, it is considered as a powerful tool for nano constructs production in M/NEMS devices.

The unique natural geographical conditions and land use patterns in semiarid sandy areas have resulted in a distinct cultivated landscape. Identifying and classifying the morphological characteristics of cultivated land are key to improving land utilization efficiency. This study focuses on the semiarid sandy areas of China. We obtained information on cropland morphology by judging high-precision remote sensing images and landscape pattern analysis, and then determined the spatial clustering characteristics of different plot morphologies through local spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results are as follows: cultivated land can be classified into five main types: simple large plots, complex large plots, simple small plots, complex small plots, and scattered plots, and there are significant differences in morphology between eastern and western plots. In addition, different morphology types of plots formed a variety of aggregation patterns; clustered plots are surrounded by scattered plots, showing a staggered distribution pattern. Farmers and land managers can make more informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, and crop selection, and this knowledge can provide a basis for further optimizing the layout of cultivated land, identifying fragmented cultivated land, and scientifically recovering farmland to ensure more scientific and refined classification management and zoning protection of cultivated land.

Background: Psychological distress is an important mental health problem in college students. Insomnia may be a major factor contributing to psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the indirect relationship between insomnia and psychological distress through the five PERMA wellbeing variables (i.e., positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning in life, and achievement) among nursing college students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in China using an online survey design. Mediation analyses were examined using the PROCESS macro version 4.1 for SPSS 27.0. A total of 1741 nursing college students completed the online survey. Results: Insomnia was positively associated with psychological distress (p < 0.01, r = 0.673), while negative associations were detected between PERMA wellbeing variables and insomnia (p < 0.01, r range = −0.176 and −0.272), as well as psychological distress (p < 0.01, r range = −0.196 and −0.386). The association between insomnia and psychological distress was partially mediated by the participants’ positive emotions (indirect effect = 0.137, SE = 0.024, 95% CI boot = [0.094, 0.188]), engagement (indirect effect = −0.033, SE = 0.010, 95% CI boot = [−0.054, −0.017]), and meaning in life (indirect effect = 0.027, SE = 0.014, 95% CI boot = [0.001, 0.055]) but not their relationships or achievement of the PERMA wellbeing variables. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the PERMA wellbeing variables, especially positive emotions, engagement, and meaning in life, could be potential mechanisms by which insomnia is associated with psychological distress. The mediating roles of PERMA wellbeing variables between insomnia and psychological distress could be incorporated into the health management of university administrations to promote the health and wellbeing of nursing college students.

To increase the printing stability of low-viscosity solutions, an auxiliary method was proposed using a coaxial electrohydrodynamic jet. A high-viscosity solution was employed as the outer layer in the printing process, and it could be removed (dissolved away) after printing the structures. A combination of mechanical and electrical forces was proposed to enhance the consistency, durability, and alignment of the printed versatile structures. The instability of the jet trajectory (which arose from the repulsion between the jet and the base with a residual charge, in addition to the winding effect of the solution) was also reduced using the drag force along the direction of movement. Moreover, the jet velocity, the surface charge, and the influence of various working voltages on the jet speed were simulated. An array of IDT-BT nanostructures measuring about 100 nm was prepared on silicon dioxide (using an inner needle with a diameter of 130 µm) by equating the moving speed (350 mm/s) of the substrate to the speed of the jet. Moreover, the moving speed (350 mm/s) of the substrate was compared exclusively to the speed of the jet. The method proposed throughout this study can provide a reference for enhancing the stability of low-viscosity solutions on substrates for high-efficiency fabrication devices (NEMS/MEMS).

Scars are pathological marks left after an injury heals that inflict physical and psychological harm, especially the great threat to development and aesthetics posed by oral and maxillofacial scars. The differential expression of genes such as transforming growth factor-β, local adherent plaque kinase, and yes-related transcriptional regulators at infancy or the oral mucosa is thought to be the reason of scarless regenerative capacity after tissue defects. Currently, tissue engineering products for defect repair frequently overlook the management of postoperative scars, and inhibitors of important genes alone have negative consequences for the organism. Natural flavonoids have hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, which promote wound healing and have anti-scar properties by interfering with the transmission of key signaling pathways involved in scar formation. The combination of flavonoid-rich drug dressings provides a platform for clinical translation of compounds that aid in drug disintegration, prolonged release, and targeted delivery. Therefore, we present a review of the mechanisms and effects of flavonoids in promoting scar-free regeneration and the application of flavonoid-laden dressings.