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Additional file 1. Appendix Table 1. Intervention streets with selected control streets. Appendix Table 2. List of cycle lane infrastructure improvements and time before and after intervention was implemented Interrupted time series model. Appendix Table 3. Interrupted time series results for streets excluded from main analysis. Appendix Table 4. Interrupted time series and meta-analysis results for individual and city-wide pooled interventions. Appendix Figure 1. Interrupted time series analysis of selected streets in Paris with evidence of an impact due to a public transport strike. Appendix Figure 2. Forest plot of level change from interrupted time series sensitivity analysis results. Appendix Figure 3. Forest plot of trend change from interrupted time series sensitivity analysis results

Funder: Cambridge Commonwealth, European and International Trust; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003343, BACKGROUND: Cities globally have started to make substantial investment in more sustainable forms of transportation. We aimed to evaluate whether the construction of new cycling infrastructure in Paris and Lyon, France, affected population cycling activity along new or improved routes. METHODS: Routinely collected cycle count data from January 2014 to March 2020 were acquired for the cities of Paris and Lyon. Improvements were identified at 15 locations with 6 months of pre- and post-intervention data. Comparison streets were chosen within Paris or Lyon for which pre-intervention trends in cycling were similar to those at intervention sites. Controlled interrupted time series analyses and autocorrelation were performed adjusting for seasonality. Random-effects meta-analysis combined results across streets within each city and overall. RESULTS: On average, cycling counts/day increased on both intervention and control streets in Paris and Lyon. In general, results of the ITS analysis indicated no significant change in the level or trend as a result of the improvements in either city. Meta-analysis suggested that intervention streets in Paris had a larger positive pooled effect size for level change (218 cycle counts, 95% CI -189, 626, I2 = 0%) compared to Lyon (34, 95% CI -65, 133, I2 = 14%); however, confidence intervals for both cities were wide and included no effect. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that improving or constructing new cycle lanes may be necessary but not sufficient to induce significant changes in cycling levels. There is a need to understand how context, intervention design and other complementary interventions can improve the effectiveness of new cycling infrastructure., CX is funded by the Cambridge Commonwealth, European, and International Trust. SS, EvS, DO, and JP are supported by the Medical Research Council (Unit Programme number MC_UU_00006/7, MC_UU_12015/6 and MC_UU_12015/7). No funder had any role in the study design; data collection, analysis, or interpretation; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication.