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BackgroundAnlotinib is a novel oral small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), which can inhibit angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib combined with chemotherapy in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).MethodsThis phase II clinical trial included 40 patients with metastatic TNBC who had previously received anthracycline and/or taxane treatment. All patients received anlotinib combined with chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), disease control rate (DCR) and safety.ResultsDuring May 1, 2019 and April 30, 2022, there were 40 patients enrolled in this study. The median PFS and median OS were 8.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.5-11.1 months) and 19.0 months (95% CI, 12.1–25.9 months), respectively. The ORR, CBR and DCR were 40.0% (16/40), 85.0% (34/40) and 95.0% (38/40), respectively. Cox univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that having more than 3 metastatic sites (p = 0.001; p = 0.020) was an independent and meaningful unfavorable prognostic factor for PFS. 37.5% of patients had grade 3 to 4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). The grade 3 to 4 TRAEs included neutropenia (22.5%), leukopenia (20.0%), secondary hypertension (10.0%), hand-foot syndrome (5.0%), vomiting (5.0%), proteinuria (5.0%) and thrombocytopenia (2.5%). None of the patients withdrew from the study or died due to TRAEs.ConclusionIn this single-arm study, the treatment of metastatic TNBC with anlotinib combined with chemotherapy showed certain efficacy, and its toxicity was acceptable.

AIM:To observe the changes of the vessel density of choriocapillaris in lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs, and to explore choroidal endothelin-1(ET-1), endothelin receptor A(ETAR)and receptor B(ETBR)expression changes and the effect of electroacupuncture. METHODS: Fifty-four guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal control(NC), lens-induced myopia(LIM)and LIM+electroacupuncture(LIM+EA). The NC group was fed normally without intervention and the right eye in LIM group and LIM+EA group was coverd with a -6.00D lens to establish a myopia model. At 2 and 4wk, the refraction, axial length and the vessel density of choriocapillaris in groups were measured. The expression and protein content of ET-1, ETAR and ETBR mRNA in groups were detected by the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(quantitative polymerase chain reaction, q-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: At 2 and 4wk, compared with the the NC group, refraction and axial length in LIM group and LIM+EA group had significantly increased(all P

Purpose A substantial need for effective and safe treatment options is still unmet for patients with heavily pre-treated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Herein, we assessed the efficacy and safety of pyrotinib plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy in patients with heavily treated HER2-positive MBC. Methods In this single-arm exploratory phase II trial, patients with HER2-positive MBC previously treated with trastuzumab plus lapatinib or pertuzumab, received pyrotinib plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) in the total population (TP). Secondary end points included PFS in the subgroup with brain metastases (Sub-BrM), confirmed objective response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), disease control rate (DCR), exploration of predictive factors of PFS, and safety. Results Between November 1, 2018, and March 31, 2021, 40 patients were eligible for this study. The median PFS reached 7.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.7 to 9.9 months) and 9.4 months (95% CI 6.6 to 12.1 months) in the TP and Sub-BrM, respectively. ORR was 50.5% (20/40). CBR was 75.5% (30/40) and DCR reached 97.5% (39/40). Cox univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that liver or/and lung metastases was the significant adverse prognostic factor for PFS (p = 0.018; p = 0.026; respectively). The most frequent grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events were diarrhea, neutropenia and leukopenia. No new safety signals were observed. Conclusion Pyrotinib plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy offered a promising option with manageable safety profile for heavily pre-treated HER2-positive MBC, especially for those without liver or/and lung metastases.

In modern society, children and adolescents are experiencing an increasing incidence of myopia, resulting from the combined influence of genetic factor and environmental factor. Despite the influence of genetic factor, a great number of researches indicate that environmental factor has been playing a crucial role. Outdoor activity proves to be a major protective factor to reduce the incidence of children's myopia. Sunlight is one of the important ones among various factors of outdoor activity. The intensity, wavelength and rhythm of sunlight may all affect eyeball's refraction development. Varied sunlight environment may have different influences on eyeball's refraction development. The paper has summarized clinical and trial and animal experiment research results on how sunlight affects eyeball's refraction development, and it has offered references to further study on refractive error development mechanism and prevention strategy.

Background: The prevention and control of nursing risks play a critically important role in ensuring safety and maintaining the health of the elderly in long-term care facilities. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted on participants in 16 long-term care facilities using a semi-structured interview. The transcribed interviews and field notes written during the visits were analyzed inductively following a constant comparative method as described in Grounded Theory. Data were analyzed using framework analysis and domains, and the NVivo 10 software was used to refine themes and build relationships among themes. The authors followed the COREQ guidelines to ensure rigour in the study.Results: A total of 28 participants (18 managers, 5 head nurses, 2 qualified nurses, and 3 healthcare assistants) were interviewed. In the risk warning model, nursing risks (factors that affect risks, consequences), risk early warning intervention measures (risk assessment, training, and education, comprehensive preventive measures), challenges and solutions as potential and observation variables affecting nursing risks, were aimed to reduce nursing risks in long-term care facilities.Conclusions: There are many nursing risk factors in long-term care facilities, among which nursing risk assessment plays an important intermediate role in risk prevention. Comprehensive measures can be formulated and implemented according to relevant nursing risk factors, referred to as the early warning model, to reduce the incidence of nursing risks and promote the safety of the elderly in long-term care facilities.

A new prenylated flavanonol, (2R,3R)-8-isopentenyl-5-methoxy-7,2′,4′-trihydroxyflavanonol (1) was isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. The structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compound 1 exhibited moderate inhibition towards HeLa, HepG2, and HL-60 tumor cell lines at 14.3, 19.2, 31.5 μg/mL, respectively.

The endothelium is the critical barrier that controls transendothelial communications. Blood vessels in cancer tissue are poorly developed and highly permeable. However, it is poorly understood how circulating cancer cells released through these "leaky" vessels break the intact vasculature of remote organs to metastasize. We investigated the roles of cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (CEVs) in regulating cancer metastasis by analyzing samples from gastric cancer patients, performing in vitro experiments, and studying mouse models. We made several novel observations. First, the rate of metastasis was closely associated with plasma levels of CEVs in patients with gastric cancer. Second, cultured endothelial cells endocytosed CEVs, resulting in cytoskeletal rearrangement, low expression of the junction proteins cadherin and CD31, and forming large intercellular gaps to allow the transendothelial migration of cancer cells. The dynamin inhibitor Dynasore prevented these CEV-induced changes of endothelial cells by blocking CEVs endocytosis. Third, CEVs disrupted the endothelial barrier of cancer-bearing mice to promote cancer metastasis. Finally, lactadherin promoted the clearance of circulating CEVs to reduce metastasis. These results demonstrate the essential role of CEVs in promoting the metastasis of gastric cancer.

ObjectivesThe objective was to examine care willingness and demand of residents under 60 years of age after retirement.SettingThe staged cluster sampling method was used between August and October 2018 in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province, China.Participants2282 participants under 60 years of age were surveyed in 2018 by the staged cluster sampling method in China.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe results of care willingness and demand were assessed by multiple comparisons of χ2 test and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsThe respondents who preferred institution-based care, home-based care and community-based care accounted for 39.5%, 38.3% and 20.2% respectively, whereas only 2.1% preferred home-based self-care. The main reasons for the respondents to choose institution-based care included better medical care (31.9%), better daily care (27.0%), burden reduction for children (26.3%), better accommodation (22.8%), satisfied living environment (21.6%) and low consumption (12.3%). The factors that affected care willingness and demand included age, ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, occupation and the current type of residence.ConclusionsThe results revealed the care willingness and demand of residents under 60 years of age after retirement and relevant decision factors. This study provides a certain theoretical and practical significance for the development of the care willingness mode and promotes the cognition of policy-makers and researchers, and also provides the basis for decision-making.

Background: Drug resistance is a major obstacle in chemotherapy for ovarian cancer, wherein the up regulation of drug-resistant genes plays an important role. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4 (CPEB4) is an RNA binding protein that controls mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation.Methods: The expression of CPEB4 in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines and recurrent ovarian tumors relative to counterparts was determined by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The response to paclitaxel treatment was evaluated by cellular viability test and colony formation assay. RNA immunoprecipitation and poly(A) tail test were applied to examine the levels of RNA binding and cytoplasmic polyadenylation.Results: CPEB4 is elevated in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells and recurrent ovarian tumors treated with paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. In addition, CPEB4 overexpression promotes paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells in vitro, and vice versa, CPEB4 knockdown restores paclitaxel sensitivity, indicating that CPEB4 confers paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Mechanistically, CPEB4 binds with the taxol (paclitaxel)-resistance-associated gene-3 (TRAG-3/CSAG2) mRNAs and induces its expression at a translational level. Moreover, CSAG2 expression is upregulated in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian carcinoma and cancer cell lines, and more importantly, siRNA-mediated CSAG2 knockdown overtly attenuates CPEB4-mediated paclitaxel resistance.Conclusion: This study suggests that the drug-resistant protein CSAG2 is translationally induced by CPEB4, which underlies CPEB4-promoted paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer in vitro. Thus, interfering CPEB4/CSAG2 axis might be of benefit to overcome paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer.

We present a combined traffic control and route choice optimization (CTCRCO) system to quickly find new traffic equilibrium solutions in urban road networks with significant changes. The system ite...

In this paper, we present a Smart In-Vehicle Decision Support System (SIV-DSS) to help making better stop/go decisions in the indecision zone as a vehicle is approaching a signalized intersection. Supported by the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications, the system integrates and utilizes the information from both vehicle and intersection. The effective decision support models of SIV-DSS are realized with the probabilistic sequential decision making process with the capability of combining a variety of advantages gained from a set of decision rules, where each decision rule is responsible to specific situations for making right decisions even without complete information. The decision rules are either extracted from the existing parametric models of the indecision zone problem, or designed as novel ones based on physical models utilizing the integrated information containing the key inputs from vehicle motion, vehicle-driver characteristics, intersection geometry and topology, signal phase and timings, and the definitions of red-light running (RLR). In SIV-DSS, the generality is reached through physical models utilizing a large number of accurate physical parameters, and the heterogeneity is treated by including a few behavioral parameters in driver characteristics. The performance of SIV-DSS is evaluated with systematic simulation experiments. The results show that the system can not only ensure traffic safety by greatly reducing the RLR probability, but also improve mobility by significantly reducing unnecessary stops at the intersection. Finally, we briefly discuss some relevant aspects and implications for SIV-DSS in practical implementations.

Many studies have investigated the efficacy of Endostar combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) versus TACE alone for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Endostar. PubMed, Embase, and other databases were searched, and meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Nine studies, all of which were clinical randomized controlled trials, involving 411 participants were included. The overall response rate, disease control rate and α-fetoprotein negative conversion ratio, and the 6- and 12-month survival rate of HCC patients treated with combined Endostar and TACE were higher than those treated with TACE alone ( P < .01). Furthermore, the incidence of tumor progression was low after Endostar treatment ( P = .005). The incidence of adverse effects (leukocytopenia, liver function damage, and vomiting) was similar in Endostar with TACE and in TACE alone ( P > .05). However, large studies and more randomized trials are necessary to determine the effects of Endostar on HCC.

Breast cancer is a prevalent of tumoregenesis in women and reports for the maximum mortality and morbidity in the global. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is the mainly widespread spice and herbal remedies used in the world. Since antique periods, ginger has been used in Greece, India and China for the curing of upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, colds, and headaches. The current work was planned to explore the anticancer properties of zingerone (ZO) toward 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-treated mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and MCF-7 mammary cancer cells. The mammary carcinogenesis was produced through a single dosage of DMBA (20 mg/kg bwt) mixed in soya oil (1 mL) administrated intragastrically with a gavage. We found improved concentrations of lipid peroxidation (LOOH and TBARS), carcinoembryonic antigen, lowered levels of enzymatic (CAT, GPx, and SOD), and nonenzymatic (vitamin E, GSH, and vitamin C) antioxidant in mammary tissues and plasma of DMBA-induced cancer bearing animals. Moreover, augmented concentrations of phase I (Cyt-b5 and CYP450 ) and reduced levels of phase II (GR and GST) detoxification microsomal proteins in mammary tissues were noticed. ZO administrations significantly reverted back to all these parameters in this way, showing efficient of anticancer effect. Furthermore, our in vitro study also supported the anticancer effect of the treatment of ZO were noticed loss of cell viability, improved reactive oxygen species formation, and reduced MMP. Furthermore, the status of apoptosis proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax, and Bid expressions was determined by using Western blot analysis techniques. Overall, these results proposed the anticancer effect of ZO toward DMBA-induced mammary cancer in SD animals and Michigan cancer foundation-7 mammary cancer cells.

Bikesharing has gradually become one adopted sustainable transportation mode recent years to bring us many social, environmental, economic, and health-related benefits and rewards. There is increased research toward better understanding of bikesharing systems (BSS) in urban environments. However, our comprehension remains incomplete on the patterns and characteristics of BSS. In this paper, aiming to help improving sustainability in multimodal transportation through BSS, we perform a systematic data analysis to examine underlying patterns and characteristics of the system dynamics in a bikeshare network and to acquire implications of the patterns and characteristics for decision making. As a case study, we use trip history data from the Capital Bikeshare system in the Washington DC area and some additional data sources. The study covers seven important aspects of bikeshare transportation systems, which are respectively trip demand and flow, operating activities, use and idle times, trip purpose, origin-destination flows, mobility, and safety. For these aspects, by using appropriate statistical methods and geographic techniques, we investigate travel patterns and characteristics of BSS from data to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative impacts of the inputs from key stakeholders on main measures of effectiveness such as trip costs, mobility, safety, quality of service, and operational efficiency, where key stakeholders include road users, system operators, and city. We also disclose some new patterns and characteristics of BSS to advance the knowledge on travel behaviors. Finally, we briefly summarize our findings and discuss the implications of the patterns and characteristics for data-driven decision supports from the relations between BSS and key stakeholders for promoting bikeshare utilization and transforming urban transportation to be more sustainable., Comment: 33 pages, 14 figures

Tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24), a member of the transcription intermediary factor 1 family, is defined as a co-regulator with several nuclear receptors, such as RARα. TRIM24 has been reported to be involved in many cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern and prognostic significance of TRIM24 and its relationship with RARα in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). Both mRNA and protein expression levels of TRIM24 were found to be significantly decreased in ESCC, as judged by qRT-PCR and western blot. Immunohistochemistry staining shows that the reduced TRIM24 protein is associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.024), advance pathological TNM (pTNM) stage (P=0.046) and recurrence/metastasis (P=0.001). Upregulated TRIM24 protein predicts longer overall survival and disease-free survival (both P

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsWe presented CGO-AS, a generalized ant system implemented in the framework of cooperative group optimization.In CGO-AS, a novel search strategy is designed to use both individual and social cues in a controlled proportion.With CGO-AS, we expose how to leverage optimization using mixed individual and social learning.The optimization performance is tested with instances of the traveling salesman problem.CGO-AS shows a better performance than the systems which solely use either individual or social learning. We present CGO-AS, a generalized ant system (AS) implemented in the framework of cooperative group optimization (CGO), to show the leveraged optimization with a mixed individual and social learning. Ant colony is a simple yet efficient natural system for understanding the effects of primary intelligence on optimization. However, existing AS algorithms are mostly focusing on their capability of using social heuristic cues while ignoring their individual learning. CGO can integrate the advantages of a cooperative group and a low-level algorithm portfolio design, and the agents of CGO can explore both individual and social search. In CGO-AS, each ant (agent) is added with an individual memory, and is implemented with a novel search strategy to use individual and social cues in a controlled proportion. The presented CGO-AS is therefore especially useful in exposing the power of the mixed individual and social learning for improving optimization. The optimization performance is tested with instances of the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The results prove that a cooperative ant group using both individual and social learning obtains a better performance than the systems solely using either individual or social learning. The best performance is achieved under the condition when agents use individual memory as their primary information source, and simultaneously use social memory as their searching guidance. In comparison with existing AS systems, CGO-AS retains a faster learning speed toward those higher-quality solutions, especially in the later learning cycles. The leverage in optimization by CGO-AS is highly possible due to its inherent feature of adaptively maintaining the population diversity in the individual memory of agents, and of accelerating the learning process with accumulated knowledge in the social memory.

The molecular mechanisms underlying colorectal cancer (CRC) development remain elusive. In this study, we examined the miRNA and mRNA expressions in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence (ACS), a critical neoplastic progression in CRC development. We found that miR-137 was down-regulated in all adenoma and carcinoma tissues. Low miR-137 levels were correlated negatively with tumor progression and metastasis. Then we identified the inhibition effect of the miR-137 in CRC development, both in CRC cell lines and mouse models. MiR-137 was shown to control CRC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion and to control tumor growth and metastasis. We further confirmed the negative association between miR-137 and c-Met expression and thus validated this important oncogene as the target of miR-137 in CRC. In addition, we found a DNA methyl-CpG-binding protein, Mecp2, was up-regulated in ACS tissues via mRNA sequencing. Further experiment showed that miR-137 expression in CRC was subjected to epigenetic regulation mediated by Mecp2. We also confirmed c-Met expression can be up-regulated by silencing of miR-137 and suppressed by coexpression of Mecp2 and miR-137. These findings highlight the critical role of miR-137-c-Met nexus in CRC development and reveal Mecp2-regulated epigenetic silence causes the downregulation of miR-137 in colorectal adenoma and carcinoma.

For the abandoned quarry complex rock slope project, the slope stability calculation is always the key technical problem, but due to the complex geological conditions and other factors, it makes the calculation of 3D modeling and the stability of the slope geological body and structure of the division, rock unit has always been the difficult problems in the field. This paper proposes a new method based on the rock mass structure combined with the degree of rock mass element, and then FLAC 3D, Midas GTS three-dimensional numerical calculation software are used, structure and surface topography in the slope, the slope surface fault, soft interlayer, complex geological 3D modeling, overcomes the problem of modeling of complex geological body, and the factors of rainfall, earthquake effect of the slope are consider for stability calculation, the calculation result is consistent with the reality, it has certain directive significance to the abandoned quarry re-greening slope stability analysis.

Due to the high steep rock slope stability analysis its complex geological conditions and other factors, its stability calculation has been a technical problems the field of slope engineering, in this paper, 3D finite element calculation software Midas GTS for side slope surface topography and slope internal faults, weak structural plane of complex three-dimensional geological modeling, it overcomes the complex slope geological modeling problem and simulates rainfall, earthquakes and other factors affecting the stability on the slope, calculated results more in line with reality, and the software calculates is in accordance with fact, it provides a useful reference for slope engineering.

Air bubble size distribution in a laboratory flotation cell was investigated by using of image analysis technology in this paper. Results showed that it was feasible to determine the air bubble size according to image analysis software. For a porous media-aerated flotation cell, bubble size was dependent on poles size of porous media. Furthermore, operating parameters of the cell could affect the size. Mean bubble diameters increased with increasing of air flow rate. In contrast, it decreased when adding deinking agent. Its decreasing with increasing pulp flow rate under given conditions illustrated the fact that proper turbulence strength at the inlet of air bubbles was favorable for reducing bubble size. Gas holdup increased with increasing air flow rate to some extent, but it had a peak value. Gas holdup would rise obviously when deinking agent existed. An efficient approach to enhancing bubble surface area flux was to increase air flow rate and keep small bubble size at the same time.

The route choice system and the traffic control system (TCS) constitute two major approaches to mitigating congestion in urban road networks. The interaction between signal control and route choice is considered from a narrower route choice system perspective, with the focus on route choice models for operational purposes. The goal is to analyze the relative performance of alternative route choice models as different assumptions are made about the type of TCS in use. To this end, an agent-based framework for formulating different route choice models is defined, and this framework is integrated with a microscopic traffic simulation environment. Within the framework, each agent's memory is updated repeatedly (daily) to reflect available prior individual and social experience, and then a route is chosen by a probabilistic sequential decisionmaking process. Several previously developed route choice models from the literature are implemented with the framework, and their performance, along with some additional...

Many access devices have been developed for laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) during recent years. However, investigations are needed to determine which port is most suitable for this relatively new technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate commonly used ports using mechanical approaches in a training simulator. Any port that required less force and shorter surgery times had superior maneuverability.The following three commercially available access devices were evaluated: Multi-ports, TriPort, and single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) Port. A LESS mechanical evaluation platform was developed to investigate the forces that acted on the instruments in the ports while moving along horizontal and vertical axes. In addition, a strain-force measurement system was used to compare the average load on the ports when performing standard maneuvers. Additionally, the task completion time was recorded when the maneuvers in these ports were completed.During the horizontal displacement of the instrument, the traction forces of the Multi-ports were lower than those of the SILS Port, which were lower than those of the TriPort. The average traction forces were significantly different in pairwise multiple comparisons (P0.05). When the instrument was inserted into the ports, the vertical friction forces of the Multi-ports were the lowest and those of the TriPort were the highest. On extraction of the instrument, the friction forces of the Multi-ports remained the lowest, followed by those of the TriPort and SILS Port. There were statistically significant results among all the devices (P0.05). The average load required to perform the task was less for the SILS Port than that for the TriPort (P0.05). Similarly, the average load for the Multi-ports was significantly less than that for the TriPort (P0.001). The participants who used the Multi-ports had significantly faster task times than those who used the SILS Port or TriPort (P0.005).Compared with the TriPort and SILS Port, the Multi-ports was associated with the least average load and the shortest task performance times in a training simulator. This study demonstrates that the Multi-ports may offer superior maneuverability for LESS.

Radix Angelica Sinensis (RAS) has beneficial effects in patients suffering from cognitive impairment associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. It has previously been demonstrated that RAS prevents the neurotoxic effects of β-amyloid (Aβ) in vitro, protects from injuries due to oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis and ameliorates scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Here, we studied the effects of RAS on cognitive improvement and neurogenic enhancement and examined the possible underlying mechanisms in a rat model with permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, which serves as a model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-related neurodegenerative diseases. RAS enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and improves the cognitive decline associated with hypoperfusion. Long-term ablation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis through cranial irradiation abolishes the protective effects of RAS on cognition. Furthermore, administration of RAS restores the decrease of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) staining intensity in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. The present study supports the hypothesis that adult neurogenesis is required for RAS to facilitate recovery from the cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, while neurogenic enhancement secondary to RAS treatment may be due to increased BDNF and phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (p-CREB) levels and increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) expression. Based on the possible mechanisms suggested by the present study, this well-known traditional medicine may represent a candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of dementia associated with vascular injury.