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Enzymatic activity is a limiting factor for conducting the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste materials to generate renewable biofuels and biochemicals. A novel β-glucosidase (BGL) gene from Hypocrea sp. W63 was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The specific activity of the purified recombinant epB-BGL was 194.25 IU/mg using p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucoside (pNPG) as a substrate. The optimum pH and temperature for epB-BGL were 5.0 and 70 °C, respectively. The activity of recombinant epB-BGL could be stimulated by 210% with the addition of 10% (v/v) ethanol. Furthermore, other organic solvents were also able to stimulate the activity of the enzyme at concentrations of 1% or 10% (v/v). Due to this distinctive performance, epB-BGL was used to release fermentable sugars from a sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate for ethanol and succinic acid co-production. In the experimental range, succinic acid was reached to 13.3 g/L with a higher yield of 0.91 g/g glucose and the ethanol was at a concentration of approximately 1.41 g/L, respectively. In addition, the by-product acetate, which could potentially be converted to other chemicals, was also produced at 9.745 g/L. This work demonstrates that recombinant epB-BGL can take advantage of incomplete hydrolysis to convert fermentable sugars, suggesting its potential application in lignocellulose bioconversion. Lignocellulose of sugarcane bagassese was hydrolysed to release fermentable sugars which with addition of epB-BGL for the co-production of ethanol and succinic acid.

This paper presents a linear rolling predictive con- trol method applied to eliminate the potential overshoots in superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) applications. A bridge-type chopper is introduced to form a four-quadrant coil operation condition. The linear extrapolation method is adopted to predict the upcoming data of the controlled variable after an inevitable system time delay in a practical digital control system based on the current sampled data and previous sampled data. When the predicted data reaches or exceeds the reference range, the digital control system will output the corresponding state switching signals immediately. Two- and three-point linear rolling predictive control methods are discussed in two cases of constant- speed energy charge and constant-voltage energy discharge processes, and compared with the conventional digital control methods without prediction. The results show that the proposed method saves signal processing and computing time effectively, and also provides a very high control accuracy.

—This paper presents the designs of kiloampere-classreactors with high temperature superconducting (HTS) BSCCOtapes. The HTS solenoidal windings of the 100 A-class andkiloampere-class reactors consist of 34 coil layers and 136 coilturns in total. The structural design and performance evaluations,including critical current and ac loss calculations are discussedfor a single-phase grounding fault case and compared with a con-ventional copper reactor. The method to apply the HTS tapes andthe principal features of the HTS reactors have been theoreticallyidentified. Index Terms — AC loss, BSCCO, current limiting reactor, neu-tral grounding reactor, superconducting reactor. I. I NTRODUCTION R EACTORS ARE widely used in modern power systems,which provide functions such as limiting currents, com-pensation of power, and inductive connection to ground. Powerquality and reliability problems are normally caused by theabnormal operations of large-scale equipments and the short-circuit faults caused by the power system itself. High tempera-ture superconductors (HTSs) have been successfully applied inthe advanced reactor developments. As an example, a numberofreactor-basedsuperconductingfaultcurrentlimiters(SFCLs)including the saturated iron-core type [1], [2], transformer type[3], [4] reactor type [5], [6], and non-inductive type [7] aremadeavailabletoreducethefaultcurrentlevelsontransmissionand distribution networks.The power system faults mainly include three-phase shortcircuit, two-phase short circuit, two-phase grounding short cir-cuit and single-phase grounding short circuit. The single-phasegrounding faults, for example, account for about 91.23% of thetotal number of power system faults in the 6434 power trans-mission lines of 220 kV Chinese power grid in 2008. It meansthat single-phase grounding faults need to be solved urgently toimprove the whole power system quality and reliability [8].In the neutral indirectly grounded power systems, the single-phase grounding fault occurs most frequently. The three-phaseline voltages still keep symmetrical states and have negligibleimpact to the local power equipments. Therefore, the powersystem is allowed to continue running up to few hours before

This paper presents an energy exchange system for superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) study. The controllable power source and equivalent dc load network are with fully user-customizable circuit parameters to imitate various power fluctuations from the equivalent pseudo external system. A new bridge-type chopper is introduced to handle the bi-directional energy exchanges between the high temperature superconducting (HTS) coil and dc load network. A small-scale prototype is developed to experimentally study the buffering effects of SMES for solving different voltage and power fluctuations. The ohmic loss caused by the flux flow in the HTS coil is discussed by integrating a new coil-current-dependent power-law formula and experimental results. The concept of the energy exchange system has the potential to be used in the design, optimization and evaluation of a SMES device prior to its practical applications.

This paper investigates a step-shaped solenoidal coil for current-enhanced superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) applications. Three performance evaluation factors re- lated to the coil inductance, critical current and energy storage capacity are extracted to analyze and evaluate the energy storage characteristics of the step-shaped solenoidal coil. As compared to a conventional solenoidal coil with rectangular cross-sectional shape, the step-shaped one could obtain the same energy stor- age capacity with reduced tape usage amount; it also improves the critical current significantly. To suit various high-current application conditions such as low-voltage direct-current power transmission, four feasible application schemes of sole step-shaped coil, semi-step-shaped coil, sub-step-shaped coil, and sub-semi- step-shaped coil are explored and discussed.

This paper presents an analytical approach of eddy-current loss in a high temperature superconducting magnetic energy storage coil based on finite-element algorithm and numerical circuit analyses. A solenoidal coil with step-shaped cross-sectional shape is introduced to reduce the total eddy-current loss of the whole coil by diminishing the eddy-current losses located at two coil ends. Two coil-current-dependent formulas are derived to estimate the eddy-current loss, e.g., 294 J for a 1.2 H/880 A Bi-2223 solenoidal coil in a 1000 V/500 kW constant-power energy discharge process and then the uncontrolled energy discharge process.

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology has been progressed actively for use in modern power system. Principal application schemes of a sole SMES system, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of small-scale SMES and other commercial energy storage systems (ESSs), a distributed SMES (DSMES) system, and a distributed HESS (DHESS) are presented and compared. The concept of the SMES-based HESS provides an economical way to apply medium-scale SMES systems in daily load leveling and to apply small-scale SMES systems in power quality improvement. A dc power distribution network case with superconducting dc cables and SMES devices is conceptually designed to evaluate the performance of the proposed four SMES application schemes. The results show that the novel concept of the SMES-based DHESS can be particularly expected to achieve efficient and economical power management. Finally, the application prospects and possible schemes implanting SMES devices for power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization are explored for use in future smart grid.

This paper presents a computer-controlled test platform for superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) control and measurement based on the Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW). The purpose is to achieve the fast control and friendly measurement simultaneously by integrating the LabVIEW and commercial digital control chips. The test platform mainly consists of three modules, i.e., power conditioning system (PCS) module, control module and measurement module. The PCS module imitates the operational conditions and characteristics of a practical SEMS device by using the combination of a programmable power source and an equivalent load network. A LabVIEW-based program is also designed to output various imitated charge-discharge current waveforms to directly supply the SMES magnet so as to avoid the use of the complicated and costly practical PCS. The measurement module has multi-functions of current-voltage (I-V), temperature and magnetic field measurements. In cooperation with the control module, the measured data are applied to adjust the real-time operational state of the PCS module and to protect the SMES magnet when the quench is detected. The test platform has been experimentally verified for the use in a small-scale SMES prototype.

To date the diode-based bridge type superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) developed can only limit the tran- sient fault current, meanwhile the SCR-based bridge type SFCLs need up to ten milliseconds acting time to limit the steady fault current due to the inherent switching character of SCRs. To limit the fault current effectively and shorten the acting time to suit various power applications, this paper proposes a fully controlled hybrid bridge type SFCL using fast-response power electronic switches like MOSFETs and IGBTs. The circuit topology, con- trol strategy and theoretical modeling of the proposed SFCL are presented in details. A 220 V/1 kA SFCL case is conceptually designed to study the operational characteristics of the proposed SFCL, and to compare with the conventional diode-based and SCR-based SFCLs. The results show that the proposed SFCL has the advantages of fast response to suit both fault occurrence and power system recovery, and has favorable ability to limit both the transient and steady fault currents. Index Terms—Bridge type superconducting fault current lim- iter (SFCL), MOSFET, power electronics, superconducting coil, superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL), superconducting power system.

A unified energy exchange system with an equivalent dc circuit topology is presented for superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) study. The principle and experimental prototype design have been carried out to study the dynamic energy exchange characteristics of SMES for both voltage sag and swell compensations, with a new bridge-type I/V chopper and relevant digital control method introduced and compared with the conventional chopper. The bridge-type I/V chopper has been demonstrated to be more suitable for low-voltage power applications because of its high energy storage and exchange efficiencies. The integrated SMES application solutions and characteristics in the modern power systems have also been discussed using two sample cases of daily load leveling and voltage fluctuation compensation presented.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of nasal nCPAP in patients after stroke with concomitant SDB.

P450c17, a key steroidogenic enzyme, plays important roles in the production of sex steroid and cortisol. In teleost, there are two types of P450c17, P450c17-I possessing 17α-hydroxylase and 17, 20-lyase activities, and P450c17-II only possessing 17α-hydroxylase activity. This work describes the molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding the barfin flounder (Verasper moseri) P450c17-I and P450c17-II by means of RT-PCR and 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses and mRNA expression profiles analyzing by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Respectively, P450c17-I and P450c17-II mRNA levels in the testes correlated with serum testosterone (T) level, as well as gonadosomatic index (GSI) of males during specific stages of spermatogenesis. P450c17-I and P450c17-II mRNA were expressed in the testis and ovary, suggesting that both of them participate in the production of sex steroid in barfin flounder gonads. P450c17-I mRNA was undetectable; in contrast, P450c17-II mRNA was detected at the highest level in the head kidney, meaning that only P450c17-II is involved in the production of cortisol in barfin flounder. The results demonstrated that both of P450c17-I and P450c17-II participate in the production of sex steroid in male barfin flounder gonads.

In general, biomaterials induce a non-specific host response when implanted in the body. This reaction has the potential to interfere with the function of the implanted materials. One method for controlling the host response is through local, controlled release of anti-inflammatory agents. Herein, we investigate the spatial and temporal effects of an anti-inflammatory drug on the cellular dynamics of the innate immune response to subcutaneously implanted poly(lactic-co-glycolic) microparticles. Noninvasive fluorescence imaging was used to investigate the influence of dexamethasone drug loading and release kinetics on the local and systemic inhibition of inflammatory cellular activities. Temporal monitoring of host response showed that inhibition of inflammatory proteases in the early phase was correlated with decreased cellular infiltration in the later phase of the foreign body response. We believe that using controlled-release anti-inflammatory platforms to modulate early cellular dynamics will be useful in reducing the foreign body response to implanted biomaterials and medical devices.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to measure the apparent and complex viscosities of the zinc‐rich coatings derived from sodium silicate solution modified with aluminium chloride (AlCl3), and then theoretically analyse the relation between viscosity behaviour and physiochemical mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachAccording to the different dosages of AlCl3, five coatings were prepared. The apparent viscosities as functions of shear rate, time and temperature, complex viscosity with variations of temperature and heating rate of these coatings were measured using an AR500 rheometer.FindingsResults showed that the zinc‐rich coatings possessed the typical shear thinning behaviour and the apparent viscosity increased with time until solidification. Complex results showed that the complex viscosity depended strongly on heating rate. Both apparent and complex viscosities initially decreased to minimum and then started to increase, while temperature was ramped from 0 to 70°C.Originality/valueIt is believed that there is no published literature about the apparent and complex viscosities of the zinc‐rich coatings from sodium silicate solution modified with AlCl3. This paper presents the first attempt to obtain the rheological data of these zinc‐rich coatings.

Background Perioperative hypertension requires careful management. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) have shown efficacy in treating hypertension associated with surgery. However, there is lack of consensus about whether they can prevent mortality and morbidity. Objectives To systematically assess the benefits and harms of administration of ACEIs or ARBs perioperatively for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in adults (aged 18 years and above) undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia. Search methods We searched the current issue of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2014, Issue 12), Ovid MEDLINE (1966 to 8 December 2014), EMBASE (1980 to 8 December 2014), and references of the retrieved randomized trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. We reran the search on February 3, 2017. Three potential new studies of interest were added to a list of 'Studies awaiting Classification' and will be incorporated into the formal review findings during the review update. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing perioperative administration of ACEIs or ARBs with placebo in adults (aged 18 years and above) undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia. We excluded studies in which participants underwent procedures that required local anaesthesia only, or participants who had already been on ACEIs or ARBs. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently performed study selection, assessed the risk of bias, and extracted data. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Main results We included seven RCTs with a total of 571 participants in the review. Two of the seven trials involved 36 participants undergoing non-cardiac vascular surgery (infrarenal aortic surgery), and five involved 535 participants undergoing cardiac surgery, including valvular surgery, coronary artery bypass surgery, and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The intervention was started from 11 days to 25 minutes before surgery in six trials and during surgery in one trial. We considered all seven RCTs to carry a high risk of bias. The effects of ACEIs or ARBs on perioperative mortality and acute myocardial infarction were uncertain because the quality of the evidence was very low. The risk of death was 2.7% in the ACEIs or ARBs group and 1.6% in the placebo group (risk ratio (RR) 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 5.85). The risk of acute myocardial infarction was 1.7% in the ACEIs or ARBs group and 3.0% in the placebo group (RR 0.55; 95% CI 0.14 to 2.26). ACEIs or ARBs may improve congestive heart failure (cardiac index) perioperatively (mean difference (MD) -0.60; 95% CI -0.70 to -0.50, very low-quality evidence). In terms of rate of complications, there was no difference in perioperative cerebrovascular complications (RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.18 to 1.28, very low-quality evidence) and hypotension (RR 1.95; 95% CI 0.86 to 4.41, very low-quality evidence). Cardiac surgery-related renal failure was not reported. ACEIs or ARBs were associated with shortened length of hospital stay (MD -0.54; 95% CI -0.93 to -0.16, P value = 0.005, very low-quality evidence). These findings should be interpreted cautiously due to likely confounding by the clinical backgrounds of the participants. ACEIs or ARBs may shorten the length of hospital stay, (MD -0.54; 95% CI -0.93 to -0.16, very low-quality evidence) Two studies reported adverse events, and there was no evidence of a difference between the ACEIs or ARBs and control groups. Authors' conclusions Overall, this review did not find evidence to support that perioperative ACEIs or ARBs can prevent mortality, morbidity, and complications (hypotension, perioperative cerebrovascular complications, and cardiac surgery-related renal failure). We found no evidence showing that the use of these drugs may reduce the rate of acute myocardial infarction. However, ACEIs or ARBs may increase cardiac output perioperatively. Due to the low and very low methodology quality, high risk of bias, and lack of power of the included studies, the true effect may be substantially different from the observed estimates. Perioperative (mainly elective cardiac surgery, according to included studies) initiation of ACEIs or ARBs therapy should be individualized.

Background Nasopharyngeal cancer is endemic in a few well-defined populations. The prognosis for advanced nasopharyngeal cancer is poor, but early-stage disease is curable and a high survival rate can be achieved. Screening for early-stage disease could lead to improved outcomes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serology and nasopharyngoscopy are most commonly used for screening. The efficacy and true benefit of screening remain uncertain due to potential selection, lead-time and length-time biases. Objectives To determine the effectiveness of screening of asymptomatic individuals by EBV serology and/or nasopharyngoscopy in reducing the mortality of nasopharyngeal cancer compared to no screening. To assess the impact of screening for nasopharyngeal cancer on incidence, survival, adverse effects, cost-effectiveness and quality of life. Search methods The Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group (CENTDG) Trials Search Co-ordinator searched the CENTDG Trials Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2015, Issue 6); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; Clinicaltrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 6 July 2015. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCT) and controlled clinical trials (CCT) evaluating screening for nasopharyngeal cancer versus no screening. Randomisation either by clusters or individuals was acceptable. Data collection and analysis We used the standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. Our primary outcome measure was nasopharyngeal cancer-specific mortality. Secondary outcomes were incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer by stage and histopathological classification at diagnosis, survival (two-year, three-year, five-year and 10-year), harms of screening (physical and psychosocial), quality of life (via validated tools such as the SF-36 and patient satisfaction), cost-effectiveness and all-cause mortality. Main results We identified no trials that met the review inclusion criteria. We retrieved 31 full-text studies for further investigation following the search. However, none met the eligibility criteria for a RCT or CCT investigation on the efficacy of screening for nasopharyngeal cancer. Authors' conclusions No data from RCTs or CCTs are available to allow us to determine the efficacy of screening for nasopharyngeal cancer, or the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of a screening strategy. High-quality studies with long-term follow-up of mortality and cost-effectiveness are needed.

BACKGROUND: Adults in intensive care units (ICUs) often suffer from a lack of sleep or frequent sleep disruptions. Non‐pharmacological interventions can improve the duration and quality of sleep and decrease the risk of sleep disturbance, delirium, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the length of stay in the ICU. However, there is no clear evidence of the effectiveness and harms of different non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in adults admitted to the ICU. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in critically ill adults in the ICU. To establish whether non‐pharmacological interventions are safe and clinically effective in improving sleep quality and reducing length of ICU stay in critically ill adults. To establish whether non‐pharmacological interventions are cost effective. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2014, Issue 6), MEDLINE (OVID, 1950 to June 2014), EMBASE (1966 to June 2014), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1982 to June 2014), Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science (1956 to June 2014), CAM on PubMed (1966 to June 2014), Alt HealthWatch (1997 to June 2014), PsycINFO (1967 to June 2014), the China Biological Medicine Database (CBM‐disc, 1979 to June 2014), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI Database, 1999 to June 2014). We also searched the following repositories and registries to June 2014: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, the US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register (www.clinicaltrials.gov), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (ISRCTN Register) (www.controlled‐trials.com), the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn), the Clinical Trials Registry‐India (www.ctri.nic.in), the Grey Literature Report from the New York Academy of Medicine Library (www.greylit.org), OpenGrey (www.opengrey.eu), and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry platform (www.who.int/trialsearch). We handsearched critical care journals and reference lists and contacted relevant experts to identify relevant unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomized controlled trials (RCT) and quasi‐RCTs that evaluated the effects of non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in critically ill adults (aged 18 years and older) during admission to critical care units or ICUs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened the search results and assessed the risk of bias in selected trials. One author extracted the data and a second checked the data for accuracy and completeness. Where possible, we combined results in meta‐analyses using mean differences and standardized mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios for dichotomous outcomes. We used post‐test scores in this review. MAIN RESULTS: We included 30 trials, with a total of 1569 participants, in this review. We included trials of ventilator mode or type, earplugs or eye masks or both, massage, relaxation interventions, foot baths, music interventions, nursing interventions, valerian acupressure, aromatherapy, and sound masking. Outcomes included objective sleep outcomes, subjective sleep quality and quantity, risk of delirium, participant satisfaction, length of ICU stay, and adverse events. Clinical heterogeneity (e.g., participant population, outcomes measured) and research design limited quantitative synthesis, and only a small number of studies were available for most interventions. The quality of the evidence for an effect of non‐pharmacological interventions on any of the outcomes examined was generally low or very low. Only three trials, all of earplugs or eye masks or both, provided data suitable for two separate meta‐analyses. These meta‐analyses, each of two studies, showed a lower incidence of delirium during ICU stay (risk ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 0.80, P value = 0.002, two studies, 177 participants) and a positive effect of earplugs or eye masks or both on total sleep time (mean difference 2.19 hours, 95% CI 0.41 to 3.96, P value = 0.02, two studies, 116 participants); we rated the quality of the evidence for both of these results as low. There was also some low quality evidence that music (350 participants; four studies) may improve subjective sleep quality and quantity, but we could not pool the data. Similarly, there was some evidence that relaxation techniques, foot massage, acupressure, nursing or social intervention, and sound masking can provide small improvements in various subjective measures of sleep quality and quantity, but the quality of the evidence was low. The effects of non‐pharmacological interventions on objective sleep outcomes were inconsistent across 16 studies (we rated the quality of the evidence as very low): the majority of studies relating to the use of earplugs and eye masks found no benefit; results from six trials of ventilator modes suggested that certain ventilator settings might offer benefits over others, although the results of the individual trials did not always agree with each other. Only one study measured length of stay in the ICU and found no significant effect of earplugs plus eye masks. No studies examined the effect of any non‐pharmacological intervention on mortality, risk of post‐traumatic stress disorder, or cost‐effectiveness; the included studies did not clearly report adverse effects, although there was very low quality evidence that ventilator mode influenced the incidence of central apnoeas and patient‐ventilator asynchronies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The quality of existing evidence relating to the use of non‐pharmacological interventions for promoting sleep in adults in the ICU was low or very low. We found some evidence that the use of earplugs or eye masks or both may have beneficial effects on sleep and the incidence of delirium in this population, although the quality of the evidence was low. Further high‐quality research is needed to strengthen the evidence base.

Influenza is an acute respiratory communicable disease which, during epidemics, can cause high morbidity and mortality. Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, often administered following a particular theory, may be a potential medicine of choice.To assess the effect of Chinese medicinal herbs in preventing and treating influenza, and to estimate the frequency of adverse effects.We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2007), which includes the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Review Group specialised register; MEDLINE (January 1966 to January 2007); EMBASE (January 1988 to January 2007); CBM (Chinese Biomedical Database) (January 1980 to January 2007); and the Chinese Cochrane Center's Controlled Trials Register (up to January 2007). We also searched Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled-trials.com) and the National Research Register (http://www.update-software.com/National/) for ongoing trials and reference lists of articles. For more information we telephoned and wrote to researchers in the field, as well as trial authors of studies evaluated in the reviewRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing traditional Chinese medicinal herbs with placebo, no treatment, or chemical drugs normally used in preventing and treating uncomplicated influenza patients.Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality.Two studies involving 1012 participants were reviewed. The methodological quality of both studies was 'poor'. Included RCTs separately compared two medicinal herbs with two different antiviral drugs, precluding any pooling of results. 'Ganmao' capsules were found to be more effective than amantadine in decreasing influenza symptoms and speeding recovery in one study, (in which adverse reactions were mentioned in the amantadine group although no data were reported). There were no significant differences between 'E Shu You' and ribavirin in treating influenza, nor in the occurrence of adverse reaction.The present evidence is too weak to support or reject the use of Chinese medicinal herbs for preventing and treating influenza. More RCTs with good methodological quality, larger numbers of participants and clear reporting are needed in the future. We recommend that all the clinical trials registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register and Chinese journals join in the Joint Statement of Establishing Chinese Clinical Trial Registration and Publishing System.

Background Oesophageal cancer is a global heath problem. The prognosis for advanced oesophageal cancer is generally unfavourable, but earlystage asymptomatic oesophageal cancer is basically curable and could achieve better survival rates. The two most commonly used tests are cytologic examination and endoscopy with mucosal iodine staining. The efficacy of the screening tests is controversial, and the true benefit and efficacy of screening remains uncertain because of the potential lead-time and length-time biases. This review was conducted to examine the evidence for the efficacy of screening for oesophageal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma). Objectives To determine the efficacy of early screening, using endoscopy with iodine staining or cytologic examination, in reducing mortality from oesophageal cancer in asymptomatic individuals from high-risk and general populations. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2012, Issue 8), The Cochrane Library (2012, Issue 8), MEDLINE (1950 to August 2012), EMBASE (1980 to August 2012), Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED) (1985 to August 2012), Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) (January 1975 to August 2012), VIP Database (January 1989 to August 2012), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (January 1979 to August 2012), and the Internet. We also searched reference lists, conference proceedings, and databases of ongoing trials. There was no restriction on language or publication status in the search for trials. Selection criteria We included only randomised controlled trials (RCT) of screening versus no screening for oesophageal cancer. Randomisation of groups or clusters of individuals was acceptable. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently scanned the titles and abstracts from the initial search for potential trials for inclusion. We did not find any trials that met the inclusion criteria. Main results The electronic search identified 3482 studies. Two authors independently reviewed the references. The reports of 18 studies were retrieved for further investigation. Nonemet the eligibility criteria for a RCT investigation of the effects of screening versus no screening for oesophageal cancer. Authors conclusions There were no RCTs that determined the efficacy of screening for oesophageal cancer. Non-RCTs showed a high incidence and the reported better survival after screening could be caused by selection bias, lead-time and length-time biases. RCTs are needed to determine the efficacy of screening for oesophageal cancer.

Background Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that arise from individual smooth muscle cells of the uterus. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are ER ligands that act as estrogens in some tissues, while blocking estrogen action in others. There have been many clinical studies of various SERMs for uterine fibroid. However, their effectiveness is controversial. Objectives To evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness and safety of selective estrogen receptor modulators in women with uterine fibroids. Search strategy We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, the Register of Chinese trials developed by the Chinese Cochrane Centre, and the Chinese Med Database, Chinese Biomedical Disc (CBMDisc 1978 to July 2004); VIP (1989 to October 2005)); China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI 1994 to 2003) in October 2005. We hand searched a number of journals, and searched reference lists, databases of ongoing trials and the Internet. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled studies of selective estrogen receptor modulators versus other forms of medical therapy or placebo in women in the reproductive age (18 to 45 years old) with confirmed uterine fibroid. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. As the studies identified were not sufficiently similar and not of sufficient quality, we did not do a meta-analysis but summarized the data in a narrative format. Main results Three studies involving 215 participants were included, trial size varied from 25 to 100. Comparison interventions included no treatment, Poly vitamins, and leuprolide acetate depot plus raloxifene versus leuprolide plus placebo tablet. There was a tendency towards fibroid reduction with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), although this was not significant in all studies. All three studies mentioned adverse reactions but no detailed data were acquired in the included studies. Authors' conclusions There is no evidence from the limited number of studies that SERMs reduce the size of fibroids or improve clinical outcomes. Further studies are required to establish evidence of benefit of SERMs in treating women with uterine fibroids.

Elemene, isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Rhizoma Zedoariae and be used to treat patients with lung cancer in China. Until now, the effects have not been systematically reviewed.The purpose of this review was to determine the effectiveness and safety of elemene in the treatment of patients with lung cancer.We searched according to the strategy suggested by Lung Cancer group: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 2); MEDLINE (1966 to June 2006); EMBASE (1974 to June 2006); OVID (1950 to June, 2006); CBMdisc on Chinese Biomedical Literature (Issue 1 2004 Chinese Language) and CNKI (Chinese Knowledge Internet 1994 to June 2006).Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared elemene with chemotherapy agents, radiotherapy, surgery, physical therapy or other effective Chinese herb therapy, either alone or in combination, had been sought in this review, regardless of language or publication status.Two authors telephoned the original trial authors of claimed randomised controlled trials and made a decision about trial inclusion and exclusion.We identified 20 trials which claimed to use random allocation. Sixteen study authors were contacted by telephone and we discovered that they misunderstood the randomisation procedure and the trials were identified as non-RCTs. We were unable to contact the authors of the remaining four studies and these have been allocated to the 'Studies awaiting assessment' section.There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials to confirm or refute the effectiveness of elemene as a treatment for lung cancer. Randomised clinical trials, on elemene for the treatment of lung cancer are needed in order to define the efficacy and acceptability of elemene for lung cancer.

BACKGROUND Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diagnoses made by primary-care physicians. It is traditionally treated with antibiotics, (although the evidence for their effectiveness is weak and modest at best), and other even less effective treatments. Chinese medicinal herbs have been also used as treatment. OBJECTIVES This review aims to summarise the existing evidence on the comparative effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicinal herbs for treating uncomplicated acute bronchitis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2005), which includes the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group's specialised register; The Chinese Cochrane Centre's Controlled Trials Register (up to December 2004); MEDLINE (1966 to March Week 1, 2005); EMBASE (1988 to December 2004); and the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) (1980 to December 2004). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing Chinese medicinal herbs with placebo, antibiotics or other Western medicines for the treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two authors extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS Four trials reported the time to improvement of cough, fever, and rales associated with bronchitis and showed that patients treated with Chinese herbs had a shorter duration of signs and symptoms. Two trials reported the proportion of patients with improved signs and symptoms at follow up and showed that Chinese herbs were beneficial in terms of relief of signs and symptoms. Thirteen trials analysed the data on physician global assessment of improvement at follow up. Nine of thirteen trials showed that Chinese herbs were superior to routine treatment and the other four trials showed a similar effect to routine treatment. In general, Chinese herbs appeared beneficial. Only one trial reported on adverse effects during treatment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient quality data to recommend the routine use of Chinese herbs for acute bronchitis. The benefit found in this systematic review could be due to publication bias and study-design limitations of the individual studies. In addition, the safety of Chinese herbs is unknown due to the lack of toxicological evidence on these Chinese herbs, though adverse events are rarely reported. Chinese herbs should be used carefully.

This paper revealed the expression pattern of ERα in the ovoviviparous teleost, Sebastes schlegeli. In this paper, we isolated the cDNA encoding for estrogen receptor alpha of black rockfish (S. schlegeli) from its ovary, named as black rockfish ERα (brfERα). The cDNA sequence of brfERα consists of 2972bp with an open reading frame encoding a 624 amino acid putative protein which exhibits high identities with other teleosts'. The tissue distribution of brfERα mRNA was examined using RT-PCR. BrfERα showed generally expressions in most tissues of female black rockfish, besides, the higher degree of expressions were seen in ovary, liver, duodenum and fat, whereas it had a more restricted distribution in male fish. In ovary, the expression level of brfERα was as similar as the serum levels of E2 and P in female. However, it was a different situation in male, where the serum concentration of E2 showed higher levels after spermiation and Serum concentration of P did not show any significant changes during a year. Based on the present study, it is supposed that brfERα plays an important role in ovary and other target organs during the reproductive cycle, Further studies will focus on the transcriptional regulation and localization of brfERα in gonad in order to get a better understand of the physiological function of brfERα in ovoviviparous teleost. This study indicates that the black rockfish may be a good candidate for understanding the mechanism of estrogen in ovoviviparous fish.

Cell encapsulation has been broadly investigated as a technology to provide immunoprotection for transplanted endocrine cells. Here we develop a new fabrication method that allows for rapid, homogenous microencapsulation of insulin-secreting cells with varying microscale geometries and asymmetrically modified surfaces. Micromolding systems were developed using polypropylene mesh, and the material/surface properties associated with efficient encapsulation were identified. Cells encapsulated using these methods maintain desirable viability and preserve their ability to proliferate and secrete insulin in a glucose-responsive manner. This new cell encapsulation approach enables a practical route to an inexpensive and convenient process for the generation of cell-laden microcapsules without requiring any specialized equipment or microfabrication process.

Cytochrome P450c17 (CYP17, 17a-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) is a critical enzyme in the production of androgens and estrogens in vertebrates. A 2,469 bp full length cDNA of P450c17-I (CYP17A1) has been isolated from the ovary of half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis which encodes 509 amino acids. Additionally, a relatively shorter cDNA (1,742 bp), a likely result of polyadenylation, was also found. The putative P450c17-I enzyme shares high sequence identity with that of the fathead minnow (73%), zebrafish (71%), the Japanese eel (70%), catfish (70%), tilapia (79%), three-spined stickleback (81%), medaka (79%), dogfish (60%), chicken (65%), rat (47%), and human (49%). Semi-quantitative RT–PCR analysis of spatial expression showed the enzyme was predominantly expressed in the ovaries and the brain. P450c17-I was also detected in the stomach, intestine, gill, spleen, kidney, and head kidney, albeit weakly. Further examination of temporal expression pattern of P450c17-I in ovary and brain revealed developmental stage-dependency. In addition to this our data on T and E2 levels further endorse the critical role of P450c17-I during shift in steroidogenesis. Based on the present study we indicate an important role for P450c17-I during ovarian development. However, further studies are needed at transcriptional regulation level for deeper insights into the physiological functions of P450c17-I.

Cell encapsulation has been broadly investigated as a technology to provide immunoprotection for transplanted endocrine cells. Here we develop a new fabrication method that allows for rapid, homogenous microencapsulation of insulin-secreting cells with varying microscale geometries and asymmetrically modified surfaces. Micromolding systems were developed using polypropylene mesh, and the mesh material/surface properties associated with efficient encapsulation were identified. Cells encapsulated using these methods maintain desirable viability and preserve their ability to proliferate and secrete insulin in a glucose-responsive manner. This new cell encapsulation approach enables a practical route to an inexpensive and convenient process for the generation of cell-laden microcapsules without requiring any specialized equipment or microfabrication process.

Background Suxiao jiuxin wan is widely used in China for angina pectoris. Objectives The objective of this review is to determine the effects (benefits and harms) of suxiao jiuxin wan in the treatment of angina pectoris. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials on The Cochrane Library (issue 4 2005), Medline (1995 to 2005), EMBASE (1995 to 2005), the Register of Chinese trials developed by the Chinese Cochrane Centre (to 2006), and the Chinese Biomedical Database (1995 to 2005), and handsearched 83 Chinese journals. We also searched reference lists, databases of ongoing trials and the Internet. Date of last search: November 2005. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials of suxiao jiuxin wan compared to standard treatment in people with angina. Studies with a treatment duration > 4 weeks were included. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently applied the inclusion criteria, assessed trial quality and extracted the data. Main results Fifteen trials involving 1776 people were included. There was weak evidence that suxiao jiuxin wan compared with nitroglyerin (xiaoxintong) improved ECG measurements (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.27), reduced symptoms (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13), reduced the frequency of acute attacks of angina (difference in means -0.70, 95% CI -0.90 to -0.50), reduced diastolic pressure (difference in means -3mmHg, 95% CI -5.73 to -0.27) and reduced the need for supplementary nitroglycerin (difference in means of -0.60, 95% CI -0.94 to -0.26). There was also weak evidence that suxiao jiuxin wan compared with Salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen) reduced symptoms (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.31) and improved ECG measurements (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.84). There was no significant difference when comparing suxiao jiuxin wan with isosorbide dinitrate (xiaosuanyishanlizhi) both for ECG improvement (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.98) and for symptom improvement (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.43). Authors' conclusions Suxiao jiuxin wan appears to be effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and no serious side effects were identified. However, the evidence remains weak due to poor methodological quality of including studies.

Background Tongxinluo capsule is a medicine consisting of traditional Chinese herbs and insects used for cardiovascular diseases in China and some other Asian countries. To date the evidence of its effect has not previously been subject to systematic review, making it difficult to derive robust conclusions about its actual benefits, and indeed, possible harms. Objectives To assess systematically the effects of tongxinluo capsule in people with unstable angina pectoris. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library, Issue 4 2004, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Database , China National Knowledge Infrastructure , Japana Centra Revuo Medicina (all 1995 to 2005). We also handsearched the relevant Chinese journals, checked with manufacturers and registers of ongoing studies. Selection criteria Randomised trials comparing either tongxinluo capsule only or standard treatment plus tongxinluo capsule with standard treatment or other anti-angina pectoris drugs, placebo or no intervention. Data collection and analysis Two authors identified relevant studies for the review independently and went on to abstract data, and assess trial quality. Authors of included studies were contacted to obtain further information as required. Main results 18 short term follow-up trials involving 1413 people were included. The studies did not provide strong support of a benefit of tongxinluo for reducing the combined outcome of acute myocardial infarction, angioplasty (PTCA) coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and sudden death or all-cause mortality (RR 0.42, 95%CI 0.07 to 2.59, P=0.35; RR 0.33, 95%CI 0.01to 7.78, P=0.49, respectively). Tongxinluo reduced the frequency of acute angina attacks (WMD -1.20, 95%CI -1.38 to -1.02, P

Puerarin is extracted from the Chinese herb puerariae lobata. Many users of Chinese herbal medicine believe that puerarin has positive effects in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). In recent years puerarin injection has been widely used to treat CHD and angina pectoris.To assess the benefits and harms of puerarin injection for unstable angina.The following electronic databases were searched: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register on The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2004), MEDLINE (1995 to 2004), EMBASE (1995 to 2004), CBM (1995 to 2004), Chinese Cochrane Centre Controlled Trials Register (to 2004), Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled-trials.com) and The National Research Register. We also hand searched 60 Chinese traditional medicine journals.Randomised controlled trials undertaken on adults with unstable angina evaluating the following types of interventions: Puerarin injection compared to western drugs or placebo, or puerarin injection used with western drugs compared to western drugs alone.Data were extracted and analysed independently by two reviewers. Differences in data extraction and analysis were resolved by consensus, referring back to the original article. Study authors were contacted for additional information. Adverse effects information was collected from the trials.20 trials involving 1240 people were included. All trials identified were classified as having a high risk of bias because of poor reported methodology. The duration of treatment was 7-20 days and no information supplied suggested longer follow-ups were conducted for any trials. This limited the observation to participants who were not undertaking normal activities of daily living. The primary outcome (death) was not report in any trial. For all the secondary outcome measures, frequency of acute angina attacks, improvements in ECG, doses and incidence of nitroglycerine needed and levels of plasma endothelin, there was no evidence that puerarin had better or worse effects to other conventional treatments. There was strong evidence to suggest that puerarin injection plus western drugs was a better treatment option than western drugs alone.Puerarin injection may be effective in unstable angina when used in addition to conventional treatments. However, these finding should be interpreted with care because of the very low methodological quality of studies and potential publication bias. In the light of the findings, a more rigorously designed, randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial is needed.

Background Puerarin is extracted from the Chinese herb puerariae lobata. Many users of Chinese herbal medicine believe that puerarin has positive effects in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). In recent years puerarin injection has been widely used to treat CHD and angina pectoris. Objectives To assess the benefits and harms of puerarin injection for unstable angina. Search methods The following electronic databases were searched: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register on The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2004), MEDLINE (1995 to 2004), EMBASE (1995 to 2004), CBM (1995 to 2004), Chinese Cochrane Centre Controlled Trials Register (to 2004), Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled-trials.com) and The National Research Register. We also hand searched 60 Chinese traditional medicine journals. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials undertaken on adults with unstable angina evaluating the following types of interventions: Puerarin injection compared to western drugs or placebo, or puerarin injection used with western drugs compared to western drugs alone. Data collection and analysis Data were extracted and analysed independently by two reviewers. Differences in data extraction and analysis were resolved by consensus, referring back to the original article. Study authors were contacted for additional information. Adverse effects information was collected from the trials. Main results 20 trials involving 1240 people were included. All trials identified were classified as having a high risk of bias because of poor reported methodology. The duration of treatment was 7-20 days and no information supplied suggested longer follow-ups were conducted for any trials. This limited the observation to participants who were not undertaking normal activities of daily living. The primary outcome (death) was not report in any trial. For all the secondary outcome measures, frequency of acute angina attacks, improvements in ECG, doses and incidence of nitroglycerine needed and levels of plasma endothelin, there was no evidence that puerarin had better or worse effects to other conventional treatments. There was strong evidence to suggest that puerarin injection plus western drugs was a better treatment option than western drugs alone. Authors' conclusions Puerarin injection may be effective in unstable angina when used in addition to conventional treatments. However, these finding should be interpreted with care because of the very low methodological quality of studies and potential publication bias. In the light of the findings, a more rigorously designed, randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial is needed.

Objective: To i nvestigate the anticancer effects of desacetyluvaricin (DES) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro, and to study its mechanism. Materials and Methods: Using DES and cisplatin (DDP) to intervene the cell lines of hepatocarcinoma G2.2.15 (HepG2.2.15) and HepG2, by detecting the expression of HBxAg by immunofluorescence method, the cell cycle and apoptosis by flow cytometry method (FCM), and expression of NF-κB protein by ELISA. Results: DES and DDP showed to suppress proliferation of HepG2.2.15 and HepG2; they increase the S-phase cells and decrease G2/M phase cells. DES and DDP both could promote the apoptosis and reduce the expression of NF-κB on the cell line. DES and DDP both can suppress the expression of HbxAg in HepG2.2.15. There were no statistical differences of the above results between these two drugs (P > 0.05). Conclusions: DES possesses anticancer effect on hepatocarcinoma. The possible mechanism might be due to promotion the apoptosis of the cancer cells, and downregulate the expression of HBx andNF-κB protein. DES is a kind of natural products, Because of the lighter clinical side effects; our observations suggest that DES has the potential to be explored as an effective anticancer agent for HCC.