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Objective: To compare the difference in the clinical therapeutic effect on dysmenorrhea in the patients with adenomyosis between acupuncture and ibuprofen sustained release capsules. Methods: A total of 40 patients were randomized into an acupuncture group and an ibuprofen group, 20 cases in each one. The treatment was given consecutively for 3 menstrual cycles and the follow-up lasted for 2 menstrual cycles. The score of visual analogue scale (VAS) at the most painful time during menstruation, menstrual flow, the score of COX menstrual symptom scale (CMSS) and the score of endometriosis health profile-5 (EHP-5), as well as the patients’ satisfaction and acceptance were compared between the two groups. Results: Three menstrual cycles after treatment, the VAS score at the most painful time, menstrual flow, CMSS score and EHP-5 score were all lower than those before treatment in either group, with statistical significance (all P 0.05), the menstrual flow was lower (P > 0.05), CMSS score was higher (P 0.05). The score of the patients’ satisfaction and acceptance in the acupuncture group were all higher than the ibuprofen group (both P Conclusion: Acupuncture is effective for analgesia and symptom-relief and the long-term effect is superior to the oral administration of ibuprofen.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of prescription of Chinese medical retention enema, Chinese herbal decoction and acupncture at acupoints of thoroughfare vessel and conception vessel in treating tubal obstructive infertility. Methods One hundred and five patients with tubal obstructive infertility were randomly divided into 3 groups according to random number table (A, B and C) with 35 cases in each group). The patients in group A were treated by retention enema with concentrated decoction of Taoren ( Semen Persicae ), Honghuā ( Flos Carthami ), Lizhī He ( Semen Litchi ), Juhe ( Semen Citri Reticulotae ) and other Chinese medicine; the patients in group B were given Chinese herbal decoction of Hongteng ( Caulis Sargentodoxae ), Baijiangcao ( Herba Patriniae ), Chishao ( Radix Paeoniae Rubra ), Xiakūcao ( Spica Prunellae ) 20 g, Zaojiaoci ( Spina Gleditsiae ) and so on orally; the patients in group C were given acupuncture treatment by needling in Zhōngji ( CV 3), Guānyuan ( CV 4), Qihai ( CV 6) and other acupoints with uniform reinforcing-reducing method and then combined with moxibustion for 15 min. The therapeutic effect of three groups was recorded after treatment of three menstrual cycles. Results The total effective rate of group A was 45.71%; the total effective rate of group B was 77.14%; the total effective rate of group B was 85.71%. The difference in statistics of group A and group B, Group A and group C had obvious statistical significance (both P P >0.05). Conclusion Different kinds of traditional Chinese medicine treatments all have an effect in treating tubal obstructive infertility, Chinese herbal decoction and acupncture in thoroughfare vessel and conception vessel have better effects than retention enema.

Nonlinear optical properties of CdSe 0.3 S 0.7 /ZnS quantum dots(QDs) were investigated by Z-scan technique using the Nd:YAG laser second harmonic radiation ( λ =532 nm, t =35 ps). The Z-scan results show that the CdSe 0.3 S 0.7 QDs have strong reverse saturable absorption(RSA). Based on the linear absorption spectrum and one-photon resonant fluorescence spectrum, it is reasonable for us to infer that the nonlinear absorption arises from free carrier absorption(FCA). Based on standard Z-scan theory, we obtain the FCA cross section and nonlinear refractive index of CdSe 0.3 S 0.7 /ZnS QDs. These QDs have average absorption cross section of 2.8×10 −16 cm 2 and nonlinear refractive index on order of 10 −7 esu. The strong nonlinear absorption and large nonlinear refractive index perhaps allow them to be applicable in the optoelectronic field.

Pentacene-based metal-base organic transistors (MBOTs) are fabricated. The influence of the charge carrier injection efficiency at the emitter electrode/emitter interface on the device performance is investigated. It is found that the current modulation and the on/off ratio increase with the injection efficiency. By inserting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT): PSS/m-MTDATA layers at the emitter electrode/emitter interface, the current modulation and the on/off ratio reach 6.7 mAcm−2 and 23, respectively. Meanwhile, the current gain is 95–96 in our experiment, which is almost independent on the injection efficiency.

Pentacene-based organic field effect transistors (OFETs) are fabricated using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyimide (PI) as gate dielectrics, respectively. The fabricated OFETs exhibit reasonable device characteristics. The field-effect mobility, threshold voltage, and on/off current radio are determined to be 3.214 × 10−2 cm2/Vs, −28 V, and 1 ×103 respectively for OFETs with PMMA as gate dielectrics, and 7.306×10−3cm2/Vs, −21 V, and 2 ×102 for OFETs with PI. Furthermore, the dielectric properties of gate insulator layer are tested and the dipole effect at the semiconductor/dielectrics interface is also analyzed by a model of energy level diagram.

We have fabricated an organic photocoupler with organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with 520 nm emissive wavelength as the input light source and a photodiode (PD) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)-C61 (PCBM) as the detector. The influences of buffer layer (PEDOT:PSS) on output current (Iout), current transfer ratio (CTR) and time response characteristics of the photocoupler device were studied. Through our experiments, It is found that the output current linearly increases with the input current, the max output current and CTR of the devices with PEDOT:PSS buffer layer are 2 times and 7 times than that of the devices without buffer layer respectively, which show that the existence of buffer layer can enhance the output photocurrent efficiently. Moreover, the existence of PEDOT:PSS eliminates the time delay of the devices.

The nonlinear optical properties of tert-butyl phthalocyanine copper Langmuir-Blodgett (CuttbPc LB) films and vacuum-evaporated phthalocyanine copper (CuPc) films deposited on a metal surface were investigated by second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy. At the organic/metal interface, a space charge field is formed due to the presence of excess charge injected from a metal electrode to the organic layer. Since the Pc molecule has D4h symmetry, an inversion center is present and the optical SH process is not allowed under the electric-dipole approximation. However, the space charge field at the interface directly influences the symmetric structure of the electrons in the Pc molecule. We investigated the contributions of the surface potential to the SHG using Pc LB and vacuum-evaporated films deposited on aluminum (Al) and gold (Au) metal electrodes, where a distinctive difference in the spectrum for the Pc films on the Al and Au surfaces was observed. The contribution of the surface potential was revealed based on the resonant conditions of the SH process, taking into account the electric-quadrupole transition and dc-field-induced electric-dipole transition.

The second harmonic generation (SHG) from the copper-tetra-tert-butyl-phthalocyanine (CuttbPc) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film deposited on a glass substrate coated with evaporated metal electrode is investigated. Besides the electric quadrupole transition, the space charge induced electric field at the LB film/metal electrode interface breaks the centrosymmetry of the CuttbPc molecule and contributes to the generation of SH radiation. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis, the nonlinear susceptibilities of these two effects are calculated. It is found that at the incident fundamental light wavelength of 1100 nm, the electric quadrupole effect makes a main contribution to the SHG, while at the wavelength of around 1200 nm, it is attributed to the electric field induced SHG (EFISHG).

It has been found that a high electric field is created at the interface between copper-tetratert-butyl-phthalocyanine (CuttbPc) Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film/metal due to the exchanged charges. The symmetry of the CuttbPc molecule is broken by this space charge induced electric field (SCIEF), and optical second harmonic (SH) signal is generated from the CuttbPc LB film/metal interface. A theoretical expression of the reflected SH signal intensity is derived using a four-layer model with the SCIEF being treated as a mean field. The origins of the SHG are considered as the quadrupole effect and the electric field induced SHG (EFISHG) due to the SCIEF. On the basis of experimental results and the theoretical analysis, the nonlinear susceptibilities of these two effects are calculated. It is found that at the wavelength of incident fundamental light around 1100 nm the electric quadrupole effect makes a main contribution to the SHG from the interface, while at the wavelength around 1200 nm it is attributed to t...

Top-contact organic field effect transistors (OFETs) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with different concentrations in chloroform (CHCl3) are fabricated. The output characteristics indicate that the P3HT concentration has significant influence on the OFET devices. The performance of the devices firstly is enhanced with increasing the P3HT concentration, and then decreases. The optimized devices with the P3HT concentration of 2 mg/mL show the best performance. The field0effect mobility is up to 1.4×10−2 cm2/Vs, the threshold voltage (Vt) is as low as −20 V, and the current on/off ratio (Ion/off) is close to the order of 104. The results suggest that the P3HT aggregation patterns induced by different concentrations can improve the performance of the OFETs.

Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) from the interface of the copper tetra-tert-butyl phthalocyanine (CuttbPc) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film/metals has been investigated. In spite of the existence of the inversion center, the enhancement of the signal intesity for CuttbPc/Al sample was also observed. In order to clarify the enhancement mechanism, a four-layer physical model is used to explain the nonlinear optical process. It is considered that the symmetry of the CuttbPc molecule is broken by the space cahrge induced electric field. The model calculations give a good agreement with experimental results. It was shown that electrostatic phenomena at the interace is correlated closely wiht SHG signal.

We fabricate N, N'-ditridecylperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide and pentacene heterostructure organic field effect transistors with a MoO3 ultrathin layer between Al source-drain electrode and active layer. By inserting the MoO3 layer, the injection barrier of hole carriers is lowered and the contact resistance is reduced. Thus, the performance of the device is improved. The device shows typical ambipolar transport characteristics with effective hole mobility of 4.838 × 10−3 cm2/Vs and effective electron mobility of 1.909 × 10−3 cm2/Vs, respectively. This result indicates that using a MoO3 ultrathin layer is an effective way to improve the performance of ambipolar organic field effect transistors.

We fabricate pentacene-based organic field effect transistors (OFETs), inserting a transition metal oxide (V2O5) layer between the pentacene and Al source-drain (S/D) electrodes. The performance of the devices with V2O5/Al S/D electrodes is considerably improved compared to the pentacene-based OFET with only Al S/D electrodes. After the 10-nm V2O5 layer modification, the effective field-effect mobility of the devices increases from 2.7 × 10−3 cm2 /Vs to 8.93× 10−1 cm2/Vs. Owing to the change of the injection property, the effective threshold voltage (Vth) is changed from −7.5 V to −5 V and the on/off ratio shifts from 102 to 104. Moreover, the dispersion of sub-threshold current in the devices disappears. These performance improvements are ascribed to the low carrier injection barrier and the reduction of contact resistance. It is indicated that V2O5 layer modification is an effective approach to improve pentacene-based OFET performance.

The performance of polymer field-effect transistors is improved by thermal crosslinking ofpoly(3-hexylthiophene), using ditert butyl peroxide as the crosslinker. The device performance depends on the crosslinker concentration significantly. We obtain an optimal on/off ratio of 105 and the saturate field-effect mobility of 0.34cm2V−1s−1, by using a suitable ratios of ditert butyl peroxide, 0.5 wt% ofpoly(3-hexylthiophene). The microstructure images show that the crosslinked poly(3-hexylthiophene) active layers simultaneously possess appropriate crystallinity and smooth morphology. Moreover, crosslinking of poly(3-hexylthiophene) prevents the transistors from large threshold voltage shifts under ambient bias-stressing, showing an advantage in encouraging device environmental and operating stability.

In this article we have fabricated an organic photocoupler with different wavelengths of organic light-emitting diodes as light source (input unit) and photodiode based on poly(3-hexylthiophene):1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)-C61 as detector (output unit). The relationship between the current transfer ratio (CTR) and input light wavelengths was studied. The output current and CTR are increasing with the input light wavelengths decreasing from 624 to 470 nm, and the CTR value with 470 nm input wavelength is 3–12 times higher than that with other longer input wavelengths, indicating that the short wavelength input light generates photocurrent and CTR efficiently.

The distributions of carriers in white organic light-emitting devices can be tuned effectively by incorporating a mixed interface layer, consisting of 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline doped in N,N′-dicarbazolyl-4-4′-biphenyl. By adjusting the thickness and the BPhen concentration of the mixed interface, the optimal devices exhibit maximum current and power efficiencies of 20.9 cd/A and 19.9 lm/W, respectively, and slightly modified Commission Internationale De L’Eclairage coordinates, from (0.3174 0.3276) to (0.3141 0.3218). This is attributed to the good distributions of carriers between two emissive layers by inserting the mixed interface, thereby improving both the exciton formation probability and the charge transport balance.

Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) from the copper tetra-tert-butyl phthalocyanine (CuttbPc) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film deposited on a metal-coated glass slide substrate has been investigated. It is considered that the symmetry of the CuttbPc molecule may be broken by the space charge-induced electric field (SCIEF) due to the exchanged charges at the CuttbPc LB film/metal interface. A four-layer model is used to explain the nonlinear optical process in the CuttbPc LB film. The thickness dependence, polarized and incident angle dependence of SHG signal from CuttbPc LB films are calculated. The results of calculation show a good agreement with the experimental data. It is shown that electrostatic phenomena at the interface is correlated closely with SHG signal, and the SHG measurement is also a helpful tool for the detection of the space charge field at the interface.