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The family with sequence similarity 83, member A (FAM83A) gene is associated with the occurrence and development of many malignant tumors. Our aim was to explore the role of FAM83A in cervical cancer. FAM83A was overexpressed or knocked down in cervical cancer cells, and the expressions of FAM83A, key proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and Wnt signaling pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot analysis. Cell proliferative and invasive abilities were also examined using cell proliferation, colony formation, and Matrigel invasion assays. Cells were treated with the Wnt pathway inhibitor XAV-939 to determine whether Wnt signaling was necessary for the effect of FAM83A on cervical cancer cells. FAM83A was highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and was associated with differentiation, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. Knockdown of FAM83A inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, and invasion of cervical cancer cells. The opposite results were observed in FAM83A-overexpressing cells, and FAM83A overexpression also promoted EMT and Wnt signaling. XAV-939 reversed the activation of Wnt signaling and EMT induced by FAM83A. In conclusion, FAM83A expression was increased in cervical cancers and correlated with poor prognosis of patients. FAM83A overexpression can activate the Wnt signaling pathway, facilitate EMT, and promote the proliferative and invasive abilities of cervical cancer cells.

Background: We aimed to evaluate the impact of nephron sparing surgery (NSS) on survival in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients stratified by tumor grade and stage compared to radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) or no surgery. Methods: Overall, 10319 UTUC patients between 2004 and 2015 were extracted from the SEER database. Patients were divided into no surgery group, NSS group and RNU group. Kaplan-Meier plots illustrated survival rates according to surgical method. Multivariable Cox regression analyses assessed the effect of different surgical methods on survival rates. Result: Among the 10319 UTUC patients. Kaplan-Meier plots showed that NSS was associated with a higher overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ and AJCC stage Ⅳ patients (all p 0.05). Moreover, NSS predisposed to a higher OS only in AJCC stage Ⅳ ( p Conclusion: The beneficial effect of NSS was evident in grade Ⅲ or AJCC stage Ⅳ. NSS can be considered in grade Ⅲ or stage Ⅳ, for other grades or stages remains to be seen, both of which will be verified by further prospective research.

Background/Aims: Extensive studies have demonstrated that Bleomycin (BLM) is a glycopeptide antibiotic that has been used as an anticancer chemotherapeutic reagent. It can induce both single- and double-strand DNA damage, inhibit synthesis of DNA, suppress proliferation, and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Smad signaling transducers are considered as important molecules in tumor development and progression, and may closely be related to the biological behaviors of some malignant carcinomas, including gastric cancer. Methods: The effects of different concentrations of BLM on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, and invasion on gastric cancer cell lines MKN45 and AGS were assayed by using CCK-8 assay, Annexin V/PI double staining, PI staining, and transwell assay. Western blot and Immunohistochemistry were applied to analyze the potential mechanism(s). Results: BLM treatment resulted in a low proliferation, high apoptosis, low migration and invasion in MKN45 and AGS cells. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms underlying that Smad3 activity could be changed after binding with BLM, and subsequently the Smad signaling pathway had a cascade response. Conclusion: These results highlight BLM as an exciting theme for gastric cancer treatment, which may represent an effective clinical therapeutic reagent for gastric cancer patients.

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed types of cancer with a high mortality and malignancy rate in women worldwide. The Dickkopf (DKK) protein family, as a canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway antagonist, has been implicated in both physiological and pathological processes. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the prognostic value and elucidate the mechanisms of DKKs in breast cancer and its subtypes. Firstly, DKK mRNA expression and corresponding outcome were analyzed by means of the Gene Expression-Based Outcome for Breast Cancer Online (GOBO) platform based on PAM50 intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. Subsequently, we extracted breast cancer datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) to validate the expression profile and prognostic values from the GOBO platform. Moreover, a protein-protein network was created and functional enrichment was conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of action of the DKKs. In addition, we uncovered the genetic and epigenetic alterations of DKK2 in breast cancer. The main finding of this study was the differential roles of DKKs in the PAM50 subtypes of breast cancer analyzed. The overall trend was that a high level of DKK2 was associated with a good survival in breast cancer, although it played an opposite role in the Normal-like subtype. We also found that DKK2 carried out its functions through multiple signaling pathways, not limited to the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in breast cancer. Finally, we used our own data to validate the bioinformatics analysis data for DKK2 by RT-qPCR. Taken together, our findings suggest that DKK2 may be a potential prognostic biomarker for the Normal-like subtype of breast cancer. However, the prognostic role of DKKs in the subtypes of breast cancer still requires validation by larger sample studies in the future.

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. MAC30/Transmembrane protein 97 (TMEM97) is aberrantly up-regulated in many human carcinoma cells. However, the function of MAC30 in gastric carcinoma cells is not studied. Material and Methods: To investigate the function of MAC30 in gastric carcinoma, we used RNA silencing technology to knock down the expression of MAC30 in gastric cancer cells BGC-823 and AGS. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to analyze the mRNA level and the related protein expression. The localization of MAC30 and lamellipodia was observed by immunofluorescence. The biological phenotypes of gastric cells were examined by cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay, cell migration and invasion assay. Results: We found that down-regulation of MAC30 expression efficiently inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, the mobility of gastric cancer cells was also inhibited by down-regulation of MAC30. Moreover, we found that MAC30 knockdown inhibited AKT phosphorylation and reduced the expression of cyclinB1 and WAVE2. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the effect of MAC30 on growth, cell cycle, migration, and invasion in gastric carcinoma cells via suppressing AKT signaling pathway. MAC30 may be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of gastric carcinoma.

Flow cytometry method (FCM) is a generally accepted tool to analyze apoptosis. Although apoptosis assay kit was applied by many companies, the manufacturers were not consistent with whether using Trypsin with EDTA to collect the adherent cells. In another words, the influence of EDTA on apoptotic ratio is not clear. In this work, we compared the proportion of apoptotic cells with EDTA or EDTA-free Trypsin treatment by FCM. We concluded that Trypsin with or without EDTA has little influence on the proportion of apoptotic cells. In addition, we found that the ratio of necrosis and apoptosis was different in cells collected by scraping. WAVE2 protein was analyzed as a typical example for movement related protein. WAVE2 expression is elevated in the EDTA Trypsin treated group, compared with EDTA-free Trypsin treatment and scrapping group.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, Chromosome 8 open reading frame 4 (C8orf4) is an activator of Wnt signaling pathway, and participates in the tumorigenesis and progression of many tumors. The expression levels of C8orf4 and β-catenin were assessed via immunohistochemical staining in 100 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) tissues, 50 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), 50 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), and 50 normal cervical tissues. Bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to examine the methylation status of the C8orf4 locus in CSCC and normal cervical tissues. The expression rates of C8orf4 and β-catenin were significantly higher in CSCCs or HSILs than in LSILs or normal cervical tissues (P

Black tea is a commonly consumed beverage in the world, comprising approximately 80% of all tea consumed. We sought to examine the association between black tea consumption and risk of breast cancer, using all available epidemiologic evidence to date. PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, and China Biological Medicine Database were used to search for citations using the MeSH terms as "breast neoplasm" AND "black tea." Then we performed a meta-analysis of studies of breast cancer risk published between 1985 and 2013 by using RevMan 5.0 software. The results showed that no association between black tea consumption and breast cancer risk in overall [odds ratio (OR) = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.89-1.05]. We further performed a stratified analysis according to region (United States/Europe). Black tea consumption did not decrease breast cancer risk in the United States (OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.78-1.07) and in Europe (OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.93-1.06). In addition, the summary OR from all cohort studies (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.91-1.18) or all case-control studies (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.88-1.02) showed black tea intake has no effects on breast cancer risk. However, the association between black tea consumption and breast cancer incidence remains unclear based on the current evidence. Further well-designed large studies are needed to confirm our result.

REIC is downregulated in immortalized cell lines compared with the parental normal counterparts. It may inhibit colony formation, tumor growth and induce apoptosis. Here, gastric carcinoma or epithelial cells transfected with REIC-expressing plasmid, its siRNA or treated with recombinant REIC were subjected to the phenotypes' measurement or related molecules' detection. REIC expression was examined in gastric carcinomas by RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. REIC overexpression or treatment resulted in a low karyoplasmic ratio and proliferation, G₁ arrest, high apoptosis, low migration, invasion or lamellipodia formation in AGS cells. REIC knockdown caused the opposite in GES-1 cells. Anti-REIC antibody blocked the effects of REIC overexpression on proliferation, G₁/S progression and apoptosis. Ectopic REIC expression downregulated the expression of β-catenin, phosphorylated S6K (Thr389), phosphorylated Akt1/2/3 (Ser473), cyclin D2 and E, WAVE2 and upregulated phosphorylated mTOR (Ser2448) expression and the mRNA level of Akt1, Akt2, mTOR, Raptor and Rictor in AGS cells. REIC expression was negatively associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, dedifferentiation or poor prognosis of carcinoma. The serum REIC level was significantly higher in healthy individuals than the carcinoma patients and inversely linked to tumor size by ELISA. The possible mechanisms underlying the forced REIC overexpression or recombinant REIC mediated the reversal of the aggressive phenotypes of gastric carcinoma cells are to downregulate β-catenin and WAVE2 expression and to alter other related target proteins. Downregulated REIC expression was closely linked to aggressive behaviors and poor prognosis of gastric carcinoma.

The chemokine ligand CXC chemokine ligand 16 and its receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 are up-regulated in many types of cancer and give rise to more aggressive behavior by regulating proliferation and angiogenesis. To clarify the role and clinicopathologic significance of CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 expression in gastric carcinoma, their expression was examined by immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays containing gastric carcinoma and nonneoplastic mucosa, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the CXC chemokine ligand 16 concentration in serum. Expression was compared with the clinicopathologic features of the carcinomas. All carcinoma and epithelial cells showed CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 messenger RNA expression to various degrees. Among 28 pairs of gastric carcinoma and normal tissues, there was higher CXC chemokine ligand 16 expression in carcinoma than in adjacent mucosa (P < .05), whereas the converse was true for chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 (P < .05). Nuclear CXC chemokine ligand 16 expression correlated inversely with the depth of invasion, lymphatic invasion, Union Internationale Contre le Cancer stage, and favorable prognosis. The serum CXC chemokine ligand 16 concentration was lower in male patients or patients 55 years or older than in female or younger patients, respectively (P < .05). Patients with lymphatic invasion or mixed-type carcinoma showed lower CXC chemokine ligand 16 concentrations than those with no lymphatic invasion or with diffuse-type carcinoma (P < .05). Aberrant expression of CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 might be involved in gastric carcinogenesis. The expression and serum concentration of CXC chemokine ligand 16 could indicate the aggressiveness and prognosis of gastric carcinomas.

Parafibromin is a protein encoded by hyperparathyroidism 2, and its down-regulated expression is involved in the pathogenesis of parathyroid, breast, and gastric carcinomas. This study aimed to clarify the roles of parafibromin expression in tumorigenesis, progression, and prognosis of colorectal carcinomas. Parafibromin-expressing plasmid was transfected into DLD-1 cells with the phenotypes, and related molecules were examined. Parafibromin expression was examined in colorectal samples by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, Western blot, or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. It was found that parafibromin overexpression could cause G1 arrest and enhance differentiation of DLD-1 cells. There was a high expression of p21, p27, and cyclin E, but low expression of cyclin D1 messenger RNA, phospho-cdc2, and phospho-cdc25c proteins. Parafibromin could inhibit c-myc messenger RNA expression by binding to c-myc promoter. Expression levels of nuclear parafibromin and parafibromin messenger RNA were decreased from colorectal nonneoplastic mucosa and adenomas to carcinomas (P < .05). Immunohistochemically, parafibromin expression was inversely correlated with tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, clinicopathologic staging, and poor prognosis of carcinomas (P < .05). It was suggested that parafibromin overexpression might suppress cell cycle progression and promote differentiation of DLD-1 cells. Aberrant parafibromin expression possibly contributes to the pathogenesis, growth, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal carcinomas and could be regarded as an independent factor to indicate a favorable prognosis for patients with colorectal carcinomas.