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Background: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) is mainly caused by germline RET codon C634 mutation and is characterized by Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma (PHEO), and hyperparathyroidism (HPTH). The early diagnosis and initial normative treatment are helpful for the long-term outcome of MEN2A. Methods: Three index cases and their 29 relatives from three families with MEN2A were included in this study. Genetic screening was performed on all participants. Demographic, clinical profiles, tumor histopathologic features, and follow-up records were systematically analyzed. Results: In total, RET C634Y mutation was identified in 10 individuals (10/32, 31.3%). Among them, 5 presented with MTC symptoms, whereas the other 5 did not show apparent clinical manifestation, and all were subjected to thyroidectomy with varying neck dissection. Compared to individuals in the former, the latter benefited greatly from RET screening with significantly younger age at diagnosis of MTC and surgery (18.1 ± 13.8 years vs. 39.0 ± 14.1 years, P =0.045), and lessaggressive MTC behavior (size: 0.74 vs. 2.82 cm, P =0.026; LN+/resected: 20.0% vs. 100.0%, P =0.048) and also lower recurrence rate of MTC (20.0% vs. 100.0%, P =0.048). The PHEO was identified in 6 of the 10 carriers (60.0%), and all had undergone adrenal-sparing surgery. During the 10 years of follow-up, one (16.7%) developed recurrence of PHEO. Conclusion: Integrated RET screening, serum calcitonin, and plasma metanephrine/ normetanephrine levels can facilitate the early diagnosis and standardized MTC/PHEO surgery to improve the prognosis of MEN2A. Laparoscopic adrenal-sparing surgery prior to the bilateral total thyroidectomy is a preferred surgical approach for PHEO.

Background: Mixed medullary and follicular thyroid carcinoma (MMFC) displays heterogeneous morphological components and immunophenotypical features intermingled within the same lesion, which is rare and most described in the sporadic form. We report herein a Chinese patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN2B) harboring germline RET M918T and associated MMFC. Methods: A case of a 39-year-old male patient with MEN2B presented palpable neck masses in both thyroid lobes (maximum sizes: left, 3.9 cm; right, 5.4 cm) and a definitive phenotype. Serum levels of calcitonin (Ctn; >2000pg/mL), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; 719.27ng/mL), and thyroglobulin (Tg; 98.54ng/mL) were high. Fine-needle aspiration cytology showed features positive for malignancy, suggesting the possibility of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Total thyroidectomy, along with extending bilateral neck lymph nodes dissection, and subsequently, genetics family screening were performed. Results: The histopathological examination yielded a diagnosis of MMFC that showed immunohistochemical characteristic patterns of the component of MTC positive for Ctn and CEA, chromogranin A, and the follicular carcinoma components were positive for Tg. Lymph node metastasis was observed showing medullary tumoral cells positive for Ctn and follicular-like structures lacking tumor cells positive for Tg staining (T4bN1bM0). Genetics screening confirmed RET M918T (c.2753T>C) mutation manifested in the patient but was not detected in other family members. Follow up showed that the serum Ctn, CEA and Tg levels respectively dropped to 54.38pg/ml, 4.16ng/mL and 0.04ng/mL 16 months after the surgery. Conclusion: Particular and diverse patterns of MMFC should be recognized with immunostaining features. MMFC occurring in a patient with MEN2B harboring RET M918T may be unique biological behavior and the treatment is mostly radical surgery.

Background: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is mainly caused by M918T RET germline mutation, and characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and non-endocrine features. However, the diagnosis and treatment are usually delayed. Methods: This study reports 5 Chinese pedigrees with 5 individuals harboring germline RETM918T, and systematically reviewed previous Chinese literature reported. Results: All 5 patients initially presented MTC, but none had biochemically cured postoperatively. 2 also presented bilateral PHEO after adrenal-sparing surgery, 1 needed steroid replacement. Further, a total of 32 MEN 2B patients from literature were clustered with 28 available for analysis. 26 (92.8%) were diagnosed by endocrine-related symptoms; the remaining 2 (7.2%) due to RET testing and oral symptoms, respectively. 25 patients underwent thyroidectomy with/without neck lymph node dissection at the mean age of (23.3 ± 10.4) years. Histopathological examination revealed MTC (100%). Of them, 17 had definite TNM stage, with 1 in stage III and others in IV. Other information of MEN 2B-related symptoms included penetrance of PHEO (60.7%), constipation (32.1%), Hirschsprung disease (25%), alacrima (17.8%), mucosal ganglioneuroma (96.4%) and marfanoid habitus (71.4%). 19 patients were verified harboring RET-M918T (c.2753T>C), of whom 15 (78.9%) were de novo mutation. The other 9 were clinically diagnosed as MEN 2B. Discussion & Conclusion : The initial diagnosis of MEN 2B is relatively later, and diagnosed by non-endocrine components is extremely lower. Recognition of MEN 2B and its non-endocrine-related components is still the utmost requirement for a Chinese physician. Combined RET screening and serum calcitonin detection can facilitate early diagnosis.

Contains fulltext : 245825.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) BACKGROUND: Phaeochromocytoma or paraganglioma (collectively known as PPGL) in pregnant women can lead to severe complications and death due to associated catecholamine excess. We aimed to identify factors associated with maternal and fetal outcomes in women with PPGL during pregnancy. METHODS: We did a multicentre, retrospective study of patients with PPGL and pregnancy between Jan 1, 1980, and Dec 31, 2019, in the International Pheochromocytoma and Pregnancy Registry and a systematic review of studies published between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 27, 2019 reporting on at least five cases. The inclusion criteria were pregnancy after 1980 and PPGL before or during pregnancy or within 12 months post partum. Eligible patients from the retrospective study and systematic review were included in the analysis. Outcomes of interest were maternal or fetal death and maternal severe cardiovascular complications of catecholamine excess. Potential variables associated with these outcomes were evaluated by logistic regression. FINDINGS: The systematic review identified seven studies (reporting on 63 pregnancies in 55 patients) that met the eligibility criteria and were of adequate quality. A further 197 pregnancies in 186 patients were identified in the International Pheochromocytoma and Pregnancy Registry. After excluding 11 pregnancies due to potential overlap, the final cohort included 249 pregnancies in 232 patients with PPGL. The diagnosis of PPGL was made before pregnancy in 37 (15%) pregnancies, during pregnancy in 134 (54%), and after delivery in 78 (31%). Of 144 patients evaluated for genetic predisposition for phaeochromocytoma, 95 (66%) were positive. Unrecognised PPGL during pregnancy (odds ratio 27·0; 95% CI 3·5-3473·1), abdominal or pelvic tumour location (11·3; 1·5-1440·5), and catecholamine excess at least ten-times the upper limit of the normal range (4·7; 1·8-13·8) were associated with adverse outcomes. For patients diagnosed during pregnancy, α-adrenergic blockade therapy was associated with fewer adverse outcomes (3·6; 1·1-13·2 for no α-adrenergic blockade vs α-adrenergic blockade), whereas surgery during pregnancy was not associated with better outcomes (0·9; 0·3-3·9 for no surgery vs surgery). INTERPRETATION: Unrecognised and untreated PPGL was associated with a substantially higher risk of either maternal or fetal complications. Appropriate case detection and counselling for premenopausal women at risk for PPGL could prevent adverse pregnancy-related outcomes. FUNDING: US National Institutes of Health.

Using the apparent magnitude-limited Main galaxy sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 10, we examine the K-band luminosity–density relation at fixed parameters or for different galaxy families. It is found that the limiting or fixing galaxy properties, such as galaxy morphology, stellar mass, and color, exert substantial influence on the environmental dependence of the K-band luminosity of galaxies, which suggests that the K-band luminosity–density relation is likely attributable to the relation between these galaxy properties and density.

Background: laparoscopic or open cortical-sparing adrenalectomy (LCSA or OCSA; CSA) for treatment of bilateral pheochromocytomas (bPHEO) in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) offers a postoperative corticosteroid independence and is balanced against the risk of local recurrence. In this study, the optimal surgical approach and the value of the simultaneous bilateral LCSA/OCSA (SB-LCSA/ SB-OCSA) were further assessed.Methods: A total of 31 patients (54.8% women) were diagnosed with bPHEO in MEN2 at a median age at initial presentation of 38 years (range, 23–78). Twenty- seven patients (87.1%) presented with synchronous. With the exception two patients respectively presenting MEN2A died of MTC metastasis or MEN2B declined surgery, each of other 29 underwent initial CSA, and in 23 (79.3%), of whom 18 had SB-LCSA and 5 had SB-OCSA duration of the same anesthesia (synchronous surgery); whereas metachronous CSA was in 6 (20.7%), including 1 had metachronous bilateral LCSA, 2 had metachronous bilateral OCSA (metachronous surgery) and 3 had LCSA/OCSA (hybrid) surgery.Results: All 31 patients associated with RET-C634 mutations, as MEN2A (90.3%) and RET-M918T, as MEN2B (9.7%), respectively. No conversion and intraoperative or postoperative severe complications were necessary. There were less bleeding volume, and shorter hospitalizations between in SB-LCSA compared with those in SB-OCSA, as well as synchronous surgery versus metachronous (hybrid) surgery (all P < 0.05). An initial bilateral postoperative corticosteroid replacement was necessary in 14 patients (45.2%). During a median follow-up period of 7 years (range, 1.8–23), 3 of these patients (10.3%) showed a persistent/recurrent disease and needed reoperation.Conclusions: CSA for bPHEO in MEN2 has a relatively low recurrence and avoids lifelong corticosteroid replacement in well over half the patients. SB-LCSA for treatment of these synchronous bPHEO is safe and feasible, should be recommended as a prioritized surgical approach of choice.

Background: Inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is primarily caused by RET mutations that are commonly localized in exons 5, 8, 10, 11, and 13–16. In this study, we report pedigrees for ind...

Background Germline RET mutations and variants are involved in development of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). The present study investigated a spectrum of RET variants, analyzed genotype-phenotype relationships, and evaluated their effect on the MEN2 phenotype in Han Chinese patients. Methods Targeted sequencing detected germline RET variants in 697 individuals, including 245 MEN2, 120 sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and 15 pheochromocytoma (PHEO) patients and their 493 relatives. In silico analyses and classifications following ACMG-2015 were performed. Demographic, clinical variant types, and endocrine neoplasia molecular diagnosis records were also analyzed. Results Nineteen different RET mutations (18 point and 1 del/ins mutations) in 214 patients with MEN2A (97.7%) or MEN2B (2.3%) were found, of which exon 11/10 mutations accounted for 79% (169/214). Nineteen compound mutations were found in 31 patients with MEN2A. Twenty-three variants (18 single and 5 double base substitution/compound variants) non-classification were also found. Of these, 17 (3 of pathogenic, 10 of uncertain significance, 2 of likely benign and 2 as benign) were found in 31 patients with MTC/PHEO. The remaining 6 variants (4 of uncertain significance and 2 of likely benign) found in 8 carriers had no evidence of MEN2. The entire cohort showed MEN2A-related PHEO, all occurring in exons 11/10, particularly at C634. Kaplan-Meier curves showed age-dependent penetration rates of MTC and PHEO, and occurrence rates of PHEO in patients with exon 11 mutations were all higher than those within exon 10; these bilateral PHEO were always associated with exon 11 mutations (all P RET variants (R114H, T278N, and D489N) appeared with high frequency. Conversely, polymorphism S836S was absent. Conclusions These data are largely consistent with current evidence-based recommendations in the clinical practice guidelines. Diversity of RET variants or carriers may involve a different natural disease course. Further large-scale targeted sequencing studies will serve as an accurate and cost-effective approach to investigating MEN2 genotype-phenotype correlations for discovery of rare or unknown variants of RET.

Background Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) is a rare syndrome caused almost by germline RET mutation, and characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), in combination or not with pheochromocytoma (PHEO), hyperparathyroidism (HPTH), cutaneous lichen amyloidosis (CLA) and Hirschsprung’s disease (HD). The basal serum calcitonin (Ctn)/carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels are significantly correlated with MTC stage. Metachronous surgery of MEN2A-specific tumors is a routine procedure. We aimed to explore the clinical significance of pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (proGRP) in MTC with elevated Ctn, and simultaneous surgery of MEN2A-specific tumors. Methods We retrospectively investigated 8 RET mutation carriers of 2 Chinese pedigrees with MEN2A. Clinical profiles, imaging examinations, preoperative and postoperative biochemical data, surgical procedures and follow-up records were evaluated. Results Three patients showed the levels of elevated Ctn, but normal proGRP. Among them, one patient (FAIII-6) in Family A (one for RET C634R mutation), diagnosed with bilateral MTC, left PHEO, bilateral HPTH and CLA, classified as MEN2A-related CLA subtype, underwent successfully simultaneous adrenal-sparing surgery (ASS), total thyroidectomy (TT) and parathyroidectomy, while TT of the other two patients (FBII-3 and FBIII-7) diagnosed with bilateral MTC in Family B (all for RET C618R mutation) were performed. Unexpectedly, absence of neck lymph node MTC metastasis was indicated by histopathological examination. Postoperatively, all had consistently “undetectable” or normal levels of Ctn/CEA during follow-up. Conclusions Patients with normal proGRP, despite high levels of Ctn, might have noregional lymph node MTC metastasis, and neck dissection should be avoided. Moreover, simultaneous surgery for coexistent PHEO, and either MTC or HPTH is an approach of choice to use as an alternative treatment pattern. Recognition of MEN2A-related CLA and subsequently early screening of RET mutation may be favorable for timely management of MEN2A-specific tumors.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are rare in von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) but cause serious morbidity and mortality. Management guidelines for VHL-PanNETs continue to be based on limited evidence, and survival data to guide surgical management are lacking. We established the European-American-Asian-VHL-PanNET-Registry to assess data for risks for metastases, survival and long-term outcomes to provide best management recommendations. Of 2330 VHL patients, 273 had a total of 484 PanNETs. Median age at diagnosis of PanNET was 35 years (range 10–75). Fifty-five (20%) patients had metastatic PanNETs. Metastatic PanNETs were significantly larger (median size 5 vs 2 cm; P P = 0.001). All metastatic tumors were ≥2.8 cm. Codons 161 and 167 were hotspots for VHL germline mutations with enhanced risk for metastatic PanNETs. Multivariate prediction modeling disclosed maximum tumor diameter and TVDT as significant predictors for metastatic disease (positive and negative predictive values of 51% and 100% for diameter cut-off ≥2.8 cm, 44% and 91% for TVDT cut-off of ≤24 months). In 117 of 273 patients, PanNETs >1.5 cm in diameter were operated. Ten-year survival was significantly longer in operated vs non-operated patients, in particular for PanNETs P = 0.020; 80% vs 50% at 10 years; P = 0.030). This study demonstrates that patients with PanNET approaching the cut-off diameter of 2.8 cm should be operated. Mutations in exon 3, especially of codons 161/167 are at enhanced risk for metastatic PanNETs. Survival is significantly longer in operated non-metastatic VHL-PanNETs.

This study systematically reviewed previous literatures and analyzed the genotype-phenotype relationship between the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A)-cutaneous lichen amyloidosis (CLA) and RET/OSMR/IL31RA mutations. RET/OSMR/IL31RA screening was performed on 8 RET-carriers from 3 independent Chinese MEN 2A families. Besides, 51 MEN 2A-CLA patients in 116 RET carriers from literatures were clustered and analyzed. Our results indicated that almost all MEN 2A-CLA patients exhibited CLA which was located in the scapular region and carried RET mutation at codon 634. Meanwhile, we firstly described MEN 2A-CLA here in Chinese Han patient with RET p.C634F mutation.

The aim of this work is to examine the environmental dependence of K-band luminosity in the Main, Low Redshift (LOWZ), and Constant Mass (CMASS) galaxy samples of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 10 (SDSS DR10). Overall, the environmental dependence of K-band luminosity is very mild. In two volume-limited Main samples with the luminosity −20.5 ≤ Mr ≤ −18.5 and −22.5 ≤ Mr ≤ −20.5, respectively, we find that the environmental dependence of K-band luminosity in the luminous volume-limited Main galaxy sample still can be observed, but this dependence in the faint volume-limited Main galaxy sample is very weak. Considering the disadvantages of the use of volume-limited samples, we apply the apparent magnitude-limited Main galaxy sample, divide the Main galaxy sample of the SDSS DR10 into subsamples with a redshift binning size of Δz=0.01, and then analyze the environmental dependence of K-band luminosity of subsamples in each redshift bin. Such a method also is used in the LOWZ and CMASS galaxy samples. K-band luminosity of the Main galaxies shows substantial correlation with the local environment in many redshift bins. In the LOWZ galaxy sample, K-band luminosity of galaxies shows substantial correlation with the local environment only in the redshift region 0.16 ≤ z ≤ 0.21, while K-band luminosity of CMASS galaxy sample is only weakly correlated with the local environment. Statistical results also show that in the apparent magnitude-limited main galaxy sample and the LOWZ galaxy sample, environmental dependence of K-band luminosity becomes weak with increasing redshift.

From the Main galaxy data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 10 (SDSS DR10), we construct two volume-limited samples with the luminosity −20.5 ≤ M r ≤−18.5 and −22.5 ≤ M r ≤−20.5, respectively, and explore the dependence of the clustering properties of galaxies on galaxy age by cluster analysis. Statistical analyses in two volume-limited Main galaxy samples can reach the same conclusions: young galaxies preferentially form isolated galaxies, close pairs and small groups at all scales, whereas old galaxies preferentially inhabit dense groups and clusters.

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Background: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B is a rare syndrome caused mainly by Met918Thr germline RET mutation, and characterised by medullary thyroid carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, and extra-endocrine features. Data are scarce on the natural history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. We aimed to advance understanding of the phenotype and natural history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B, to increase awareness and improve detection. Methods: This study was a retrospective, multicentre, international study in patients carrying the Met918Thr RET variant with no age restrictions. The study was done with registry data from 48 centres globally. Data from patients followed-up from 1970 to 2016 were retrieved from May 1, 2016, to May 31, 2018. Our primary objectives were to determine overall survival, and medullary thyroid carcinoma-specific survival based on whether the patient had undergone early thyroidectomy before the age of 1 year. We also assessed remission of medullary thyroid carcinoma, incidence and treatment of phaeochromocytoma, and the penetrance of extra-endocrine features. Findings: 345 patients were included, of whom 338 (98%) had a thyroidectomy. 71 patients (21%) of the total cohort died at a median age of 25 years (range

The revised guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma recommend that genetic counseling regarding reproductive options, including preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), be considered for all RET mutation carriers of reproductive age to avoid the transmission of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). However, the high complexity and cost of PGD have hindered its widespread use. Thus, it is necessary to establish a simple and relatively inexpensive method to facilitate the PGD of MEN2.A customized Nimblegen EZ sequence capture array was designed to capture the targeted regions, including the RET gene, and 1 Mb range on each side of the RET gene. Targeted, capture-based next-generation sequencing of three members of one family with MEN2A (the couple and the paternal father) was conducted to identify the informative markers. The diagnosis of the embryos was achieved through haplotype analysis based on informative markers and causative mutation.Based on the sequencing results, 173 informative markers were detected, which were sufficient for the subsequent use for PGD. Seven informative markers and the causative mutation (RETTargeted, capture-based next-generation sequencing for identification of informative markers together with Sanger sequencing is an easy and efficient method for the PGD of monogenic diseases such as MEN2.

Background: Adrenalectomy is standard of care for phaeochromocytomas, but for bilateral phaeochromocytoma, the recommendations are inconsistent. However, large studies systematically investigating long-term outcomes for total adrenalectomies compared to those for patients with adrenal-sparing operations are lacking. Methods: A multi-center consortium-based registry was established to study clinical, genetic and surgical data in 623 patients with bilateral phaeochromocytomas. Findings: Of 623 patients, median age at diagnosis was 30 (range 3-79) years and 48% were female. Synchronous bilateral phaeochromocytomas were diagnosed in 396 patients and metachronousphaeochromocytomas in 227 (36%); interval to second operations were up to 40 (median 6) years. In 96% of tested patients germline mutations were detected in the genes RET (56%), VHL (34%), and others (10%). Of 849 operations, 385 (45%) surgeries in 326 patients were planned as adrenal-sparing which was successful in 251. 372 patients became steroid-dependent. Follow-up was up to 53 (median 11) years. Adrenal crises developed in 67 patients (18%) during follow-up, and 49 (13%) had manifestations of iatrogenic Cushing syndrome. Of the steroid-independent patients, 34 (14%) had developed another phaeochromocytoma within the remnant adrenal after up to 27, median 8 years, all treated with removal of the new phaeochromocytoma. Overall survival was mainly influenced by non-phaeochromocytoma comorbidities, whereas only 1% died of metastatic phaeochromocytoma. Cortical-sparing operations did not affect survival. Interpretation: Cortical-sparing operations avert lifelong steroid-dependency without affecting survival. Preoperative genetic testing is recommended even in unilateral phaeochromocytoma presentations to identify patients at heritable risk, to guide surgical approach, and inform for gene-specific extra-adrenal morbidities. Funding Statement: Supported in part by the grant AZV 16-32665A to Sarka Dvorakova and Petr Vlcek, and the Blank Foundation to Charis Eng. Declaration of Interests: None of the authors have relevant conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The institutional review boards for human subjects’ protection or ethical committees of all participating centers approved this study. Patients provided written informed consent according to the protocols of respective institutional review boards. In The Netherlands data were collected anonymously, and no further Institutional Review Board approval is required.

Approximately 98% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) have an identifiable RET mutation. Prophylactic or early total thyroidectomy or pheochromocytoma/parathyroid removal in patients can be preventative or curative and has become standard management. The general strategy for RET screening on family members at risk is to sequence the most commonly affected exons and, if negative, to extend sequencing to additional exons. However, different families with MEN 2A due to the same RET mutation often have significant variability in the clinical exhibition of disease and aggressiveness of the MTC, which implies additional genetic loci exsit beyond RET coding region. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) greatly expands the breadth of screening from genes associated with a particular disease to the whole genome and, potentially, all the information that the genome contains about diseases or traits. This is presumably due to additive effect of disease modifying factors. In this study, we performed WGS on a typical Chinese MEN 2A proband and identified the pathogenic RET p.C634R mutation. We also identified several neutral variants within RET and pheochromocytoma-related genes. Moreover, we found several interesting structural variants including genetic deletions (RSPO1, OVCH2 and AP3S1, etc.) and fusion transcripts (FSIP1-BAZ2A, etc.).

Using two volume-limited Main galaxy samples of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 (SDSS DR6) above and below the value of M∗r, we have explored the environmental dependence of the AGN fraction. It is found that the fraction of AGNs declines substantially with increasing local density in the luminous volume-limited sample, but in the faint volume-limited sample this change is very weak. We also note that the presence of AGNs is not correlated with the stellar mass (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Using the seawater taken from Liaodong Bay and crude oil taken from Liaohe Oilfield, a laboratory experiment was designed to study the change of reflectance spectrum of artificial offshore oil slick with its thickness and to identify the spectrum ranges suitable for quantifying the thickness of the oil slick. During the experiment, crude oil was continuously dropped into the seawater to generate artificial oil slick with different thicknesses. After every drop of crude oil was added, reflectance spectrum of the oil slick was measured with a high resolution spectroradiometer (ASD FieldSpec Pro FR). The influence of oil slick thickness on its reflectance spectrum was explored through statistical analysis. The results show that the reflectance of oil slick changes marginally with oil slick thickness and higher than that of seawater in infrared band from 1150 to 2500 nm. This spectrum range can be practically used to distinguish oil slick from seawater. In the spectrum range from 400 to 1150 nm, the reflectance of oil slick decreases with its thickness. The negative power function is the best-fit function expressing the relationship between the reflectance and thickness. The spectral characteristics of oil slick are very distinct at 550 and 645 nm. They are the best wavelengths for monitoring the existence of offshore oil slick and estimating its thickness.

In this work, we examine the environmental dependence of the u-, g-, r-, i- and z-band luminosities in the LOWZ sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 10 (SDSS DR10). To decrease the radial selection effect, we divide the LOWZ sample into subsamples with a redshift bin size of Δz = 0.01 and analyze the environmental dependence of luminosities for these subsamples in each redshift bin. It is found that all five band luminosities of the LOWZ galaxy sample in the redshift region z=0.16–0.23 show substantial correlation with the local environment, especially in the redshift bins 0.19–0.20 and 0.20–0.21. The environmental dependence of all five band luminosities in the LOWZ galaxy sample becomes weak with increasing redshift, like the one in the apparent-magnitude limited Main galaxy sample.

Using two volume-limited Main galaxy samples of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 10 (SDSS DR10), we investigate K-band luminosity dependence of galaxy clustering by cluster analysis. It is found that low-luminosity galaxies are preferentially isolated or form close pairs and small groups at all scales, whereas high-luminosity galaxies preferentially inhabit dense groups and clusters.

// Xiao-Ping Qi 1 , Jian-Qiang Zhao 2 , Zhen-Guang Chen 1 , Jin-Lin Cao 1 , Juan Du 3 , Nai-Fang Liu 1 , Feng Li 1 , Mao Sheng 1 , Er Fu 1 , Jian Guo 1, 5 , Hong Jia 4 Yi-Ming Zhang 1 , Ju-Ming Ma 1 1 Department of Oncologic and Urology Surgery, the 117th PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou 310004, Zhejiang Province, China 2 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang Province, China 3 Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China 4 Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China 5 Department of Dermatology, the 117th PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou 310004, Zhejiang Province, China Correspondence to: Xiao-Ping Qi, e-mail: qxplmd@vip.sina.com Keywords: thyroid neoplasia, medullary thyroid carcinoma, cutaneous amyloidosis, RET mutation, OSMR variant Received: March 05, 2015 Accepted: August 14, 2015 Published: August 22, 2015 ABSTRACT There are no reports on the relationship between familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) associated with cutaneous amyloidosis (CA) and RET or OSMR/IL31RA gene mutations. In this study, we investigated a Chinese family with FMTC/CA and found a recurrent RET c.2671T>G (p.S891A) mutation in six of 17 family members. Three of the six p.S891A mutation carriers presented with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Of them, three (two with and one without MTC) were diagnosed as having combined lichen/macular biphasic CA. We also identified a novel RET variant, c.1573C>T (p.R525W) in five members. Of them, three carriers had no evidence of thyroid/skin or basal serum/stimulated calcitonin abnormalities. In vitro cell proliferation assay indicated that oncogenic activity of RET p.S891A was slightly enhanced by p.R525W, whereas p.R525W alone had no effect on cell proliferation. Meanwhile, we identified a novel OSMR variant, c.1538G>A (p.G513D) in seven members. We noticed that three OSMR p.G513D carriers presenting with CA also had the RET p.S891A mutation. Our investigation indicated that the RET p.S891A mutation combined with OSMR p.G513D may underlie a novel phenotype manifesting as FMTC and CA.

Background Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an autosomal dominant inherited endocrine malignancy syndrome. Early and normative surgery is the only curative method for MEN 2-related medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In patients with adrenal pheochromocytoma, cortical-sparing adrenalectomy (CSA) can be utilized to preserve adrenocortical function. Methods We present twenty-six of 33 MEN2 patients underwent prophylactic thyroidectomy with varying neck dissection and eight of 24 MEN2A patients with PHEO underwent adrenal-sparing surgery. Direct sequencing of entire RET exons was performed in all participants. Results The RET mutations (p.C634Y [n = 10], p.C634R [n = 9], p.C634F [n = 2], p.C618Y [n = 8], p.C618R [n = 3], and p.M918T [n = 1]) were confirmed in 20 symptomatic patients and identified in 13 at-risk relatives (RET carriers). Twenty-six of 33 MEN2 patients underwent thyroidectomies with neck dissections; the mean age at the time of the first thyroid surgery and the tumor diameter of the 6 RET carriers was decreased compared with 20 symptomatic patients (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively), while the disease-free survival was increased (80% vs.10%, P = 0.0001). Seven RET carriers who were declined surgery. One of 20 symptomatic patients with MTC bone metastases after surgery received vandetanib therapy for 20 months and responded well. Additionally, 8 of 24 MEN2A patients who initially had unilateral pheochromocytomas underwent CSA, 1 developed contralateral pheochromo cytomas 10 years later, then also accepted and also agreed to a CSA. None of the patients required steroid replacement therapy. Conclusions Based on our results, integrated RET screening and the pre-operative calcitonin level is an excellent strategy to ensure earlier diagnosis and standard thyroidectomy. CSA can be utilized to preserve adrenocortical function in patients with pheochromocytomas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13053-015-0026-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background The prevention of medullary thyroid cancer in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome has demonstrated the ability of molecular diagnosis and prophylactic surgery to improve patient outcomes. However, the other major neoplasia associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, phaeochromocytoma, is not as well characterised in terms of occurrence and treatment outcomes. In this study, we aimed to systematically characterise the outcomes of management of phaeochromocytoma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Methods This multinational observational retrospective population-based study compiled data on patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 from 30 academic medical centres across Europe, the Americas, and Asia. Patients were included if they were carriers of germline pathogenic mutations of the RET gene, or were first-degree relatives with histologically proven medullary thyroid cancer and phaeochromocytoma. We gathered clinical information about patients' RET genotype, type of treatment for phaeochromocytoma (ie, unilateral or bilateral operations as adrenalectomy or adrenal-sparing surgery, and as open or endoscopic operations), and postoperative outcomes (adrenal function, malignancy, and death). The type of surgery was decided by each investigator and the timing of surgery was patient driven. The primary aim of our analysis was to compare disease-free survival after either adrenal-sparing surgery or adrenalectomy. Findings 1210 patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 were included in our database, 563 of whom had phaeochromocytoma. Treatment was adrenalectomy in 438 (79%) of 552 operated patients, and adrenal-sparing surgery in 114 (21%). Phaeochromocytoma recurrence occurred in four (3%) of 153 of the operated glands after adrenal-sparing surgery after 6–13 years, compared with 11 (2%) of 717 glands operated by adrenalectomy (p=0·57). Postoperative adrenal insufficiency or steroid dependency developed in 292 (86%) of 339 patients with bilateral phaeochromocytoma who underwent surgery. However, 47 (57%) of 82 patients with bilateral phaeochromocytoma who underwent adrenal-sparing surgery did not become steroid dependent. Interpretation The treatment of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2-related phaeochromocytoma continues to rely on adrenalectomies with their associated Addisonian-like complications and consequent lifelong dependency on steroids. Adrenal-sparing surgery, a highly successful treatment option in experienced centres, should be the surgical approach of choice to reduce these complications. Funding European Union, German Cancer Foundation, Arthur Blank Foundation, Italian Government, Charles University, Czech Ministry of Health, Nanjing Military Command, National Science Centre Poland, National Research Council for Scientific and Technological Development, and State of São Paulo Research Foundation Fil: Sanso, Elsa Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas; Argentina Fil: Barontini, Marta Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas; Argentina

To explore the clinical patterns and clinical significance for RET screening in adrenal pheochromocytoma (PHEO) associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A).The clinical data of 32 PHEO patients with MEN2A from 13 unrelated MEN2A pedigrees from August 1989 to January 2013 were analyzed. The comprehensive medical data included systemic examinations and germline RET gene screening.Among 68 patients belonging to 13 MEN2A families, 32 (47.1%) presented with PHEO. There were 19 males and 13 females with a mean age of (41 ± 12) years. And the mean maximum diameter of PHEO was (4.6 ± 2.2) cm. The diagnosis of PHEO was made after medullary thyroid carcinoma (n = 12, 37.5%), simultaneously (n = 12, 37.5%), initially (n = 7, 21.9%) and death during appendectomy for PHEO-induced hypertensive crisis (n = 1, 3.1%). The diagnosis of PHEO was made before (n = 22) or after (n = 10) clinical screening. The former had 12 symptomatic cases while the latter only 1 case (12/22 vs 1/10, P = 0.024).Except for 5 asymtomatic fatal cases during non-PHEO operations, bilateral PHEO was found in 17 cases including 3 unilaterally treated cases developing another PHEO in contralateral adrenal with a lag period of 5, 10 and 17 years. There were 7 symptomatic patients in bilateral cases versus 6 in unilateral cases (7/17 vs 6/10, P = 0.440). Twenty-five patients underwent PHEO surgery: laparascopic approach in 14 cases (8 with bilateral simultaneous adrenalectomy) and open approach in 11 (2 with bilateral simultaneous adrenalectomy). And 10 patients undergoing bilateral adrenal-sparing operations or adrenalectomy required hormonal replacement therapy. During a mean observation period of 72 (1-282) months, no local recurrence, distant metastasis or Addisonian crisis were noted in 25 cases (contralateral relapse in 3 cases). Among them, 2 cases developed adrenocortical insufficiency unresponsive to an adjustment of hormonal doses.RET screening showed 4 recurrent missense substitutions in 32 MEN2A-PHEO patients: p. C634Y exon 11 (n = 27, 84.4%), p. C634R exon 11 (n = 3, 9.4%), p. C634F exon 11 (n = 1, 3.1%) and p. C618R exon 10 (n = 1, 3.1%).The mutations of RET proto-oncognene of PHEO in MEN2A are frequently located at codon 634. A combination of pedigree examination and RET gene screening may facilitate an early diagnosis and early treatment of asymptomatic PHEO patients in MEN2A.Laparoscopic cortical-sparing adrenalectomy for preserving adrenocortical function is a preferred surgical approach.

To explore the clinical characteristics, therapeutic and clinical significance for RET proto-oncogene screening in a pedigree with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma.Comprehensive medical history was obtained from 19 members in a 4-generate southern Chinese family. Systemic clinical investigations including biochemical testing, imaging examinations and germline RET screening.RET screening showed heterozygous missense mutations of TGC to TAC at codon 618 on exon 10 in 8 cases (p.C618Y) completely consistent with the clinical manifestations. The clinical data of 7 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and 2 carriers of asymptomatic RET mutation from were analyzed. Single/bilateral multi-centric MTC with lymph node metastases was confirmed in 6 cases by histopathology and 1 case by clinical examination. There were 1 male and 6 females with an initial mean diagnostic age was 49.6 years (range: 24 - 78). All had palpable neck masses. And the mean maximum diameter of MTC was 2.6 cm (range 1.4 - 4.4). Seven patients underwent thyroidectomy except a 78-year-old female patient: right total and left subtotal thyroidectomy (n = 1), right total thyroidectomy (previous left total thyroidectomy for benign mass) (n = 1) and total thyroidectomy (n = 4) were performed. All procedures were accompanied by at least bilateral level VI lymph node dissection and/or with modified single/bilateral neck dissection. After the first operation, 6 patients still presented a high value of calcitonin: 1 patient died of metastasis 64 months postoperatively; 3 patients underwent reoperation at 6 months after initial operation, the calcitonin levels dropped to normal in 2/3 cases and stayed higher in 1 case; another two cases presented bilateral thyroid gland residua, local lymph node enlargement on imaging examination and elevated levels of calcitonin at 214 and 60 months postoperation respectively. However, 1/2 asymptomatic with elevated pre-operative calcitonin subjects underwent total thyroidectomy and histopathological examination showed bilateral C cell hyperplasia. The other carriers, without surgery, with normal neck images, close monitoring and a 10-month follow-up, still presented undetectable calcitonin.Based on family survey, integrated RET screening and serum levels of calcitonin facilitate an early diagnosis and normalize surgery to improve the prognosis. For asymptomatic RET mutation carriers, their levels of calcitonin shall guide the individualized regimen of prophylactic thyroidectomy or strict monitoring and follow-ups.

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome. VHL is characterized by the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system or retina and pheochromocytoma (PCC). RCC and PCC are known to be caused by germline mutations of six and ten genes, respectively. In the present study, 30 individuals from two unrelated pedigrees with type 2A and 2C VHL syndrome were investigated. The patients were clinically examined and treated by radical nephrectomy [or nephron‑sparing surgery (NSS)] and cortical-sparing adrenalectomy (CSA), and all members of the two families underwent genetic screening. Two members from the first family were diagnosed with PCC and RCC, and three individuals from the second family who had only hypertension were diagnosed with PCC. Heterozygous variants of the VHL gene, c.A233G (p.N78S) within exon 1 and c.G482A (p.R161Q) within exon 3, were verified, respectively. Surgery was performed on all the patients, with the exception of an asymptomatic 5-year-old p.N78S male in family 1, in addition to genetic testing and genetic counseling. Further patient follow-up was warranted with regard to blood pressure and health, although normal blood pressure and no local recurrence and distant metastasis of VHL were observed previously. The present study suggests that molecular genetic testing may aid the diagnosis and clinical management of VHL syndrome.

Genetic screening for germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene has been extensively exploited worldwide to optimize the diagnostic and clinical management of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) patients and their relatives. However, a distinct lag period exists not only in the recognition but also in the medical treatment of patients with MEN2. Here we present a comprehensive genetic and clinical analysis of MEN2 among Chinese families followed from 1975 to 2011. Our series comprises 36 index cases and 134 relatives from 11 independent families.Genetic diagnosis was performed in all participants by direct sequencing all relevant RET exons. Thyroidectomy was performed in 50 patients with varying cervical neck dissection procedures. Patients with pheochromocytoma (PHEO) underwent specific surgery. Demographic, clinical profiles, mutation types, tumor histopathologic features, and follow-up records were systematically analyzed.The RET mutations p.C634Y (n=34), p.C634R (n=6), p.C618S (n=13), p.V292M/R67H/R982C (n=7), p.L790F (n=2), and p.C634Y/V292M/R67H/R982C (n=1) were confirmed in 31 index cases and then identified in 32 at-risk relatives (mutation carriers), with MEN2A as the most common clinical subtype. The overall penetrance of PHEO in patients with MEN2A was 46.7%. A total of 50 patients underwent thyroidectomy, and there was a significant lowering of their mean age at thyroidectomy and the tumor diameter of the mutation carriers that were detected and operated on compared with the index cases (age at first surgery: 29.3 vs. 39.3 years, p0.05; maximum size: 1.1 vs. 3.3 cm, p0.001). There was also a decrease in the TNM staging and the proportion of patients who underwent inappropriate initial thyroid surgery (pN1: 31.6% vs. 100%, p0.001; inappropriate surgery: 0% vs. 29%). Meanwhile, disease-free survival (DFS) increased (DFS: 100% vs. 58.1%, p0.05). Both medullary thyroid carcinoma-specific (n=1) and PHEO-specific (n=5) deaths were reported during the study period.Our results further substantiate that gene scanning of all relevant RET exons is a powerful tool in the management of MEN2 patients, especially in asymptomatic carriers, and has led to earlier diagnosis and more complete initial treatment of patients with MEN2 in China.

Mutation-based molecular diagnostics of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is complicated by genetic and allelic heterogeneity, large multi-exon genes, and duplication sequences of PKD1. Recently, targeted resequencing by pooling long-range polymerase chain reaction (LR-PCR) amplicons has been used in the identification of mutations in ADPKD. Despite its high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, LR-PCR is still complicated. We performed whole-exome sequencing on two unrelated typical Chinese ADPKD probands and evaluated the effectiveness of this approach compared with Sanger sequencing. Meanwhile, we performed targeted gene and next-generation sequencing (targeted DNA-HiSeq) on 8 individuals (1 patient from one family, 5 patients and 2 normal individuals from another family). Both whole-exome sequencing and targeted DNA-HiSeq confirmed c.11364delC (p.H3788QfsX37) within the unduplicated region of PKD1 in one proband; in the other family, targeted DNA-HiSeq identified a small insertion, c.401_402insG (p.V134VfsX79), in PKD2. These methods do not overcome the screening complexity of homology. However, the true positives of variants confirmed by targeted gene and next-generation sequencing were 69.4%, 50% and 100% without a false positive in the whole coding region and the duplicated and unduplicated regions, which indicated that the screening accuracy of PKD1 and PKD2 can be largely improved by using a greater sequencing depth and elaborate design of the capture probe.

BackgroundWhole exome sequencing provides a labor-saving and direct means of genetic diagnosis of hereditary disorders in which the pathogenic gene harbors a large cohort of exons. We set out to demonstrate a suitable example of genetic diagnosis of MEN 2A/FMTC (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2/familial medullary thyroid carcinoma) using this approach.Methodology/principal findingsWe sequenced the whole exome of six individuals from a large Chinese MEN2A/FMTC pedigree to identify the variants of the RET (REarranged during Transfection) protooncogene and followed this by validation. Then prophylactic or surgical thyroidectomy with modified or level VI lymph node dissection and adrenalectomy were performed for the carriers. The cases were closely followed up. Massively parallel sequencing revealed four missense mutations of RET. We unexpectedly discovered that the proband's daughter with MEN 2A-related MTC presented a novel p.C634Y/V292M/R67H/R982C compound mutation, due to the involvement of p.C634Y in the proband with MEN 2A and p.V292M/R67H/R982C in the proband's husband with FMTC. In the maternal origin, p.C634Y caused bilateral MTC in all 5 cases and bilateral pheochromocytoma in 2 of the 5; the earliest onset age was 28 years. In the paternal origin, one of the six p.V292M/R67H/R982C carriers presented bilateral MTC (70 years old), one only had bilateral C-cell hyperplasia (44 years), two had bilateral multi-nodules (46 and 48 years) and two showed no abnormality (22 and 19 years).Conclusions/significanceThe results confirmed the successful clinical utility of whole exome sequencing, and our data suggested that the p.C634Y/V292M/R67H/R982C mutation of RET exhibited a more aggressive clinical phenotype than p.C634Y or p.V292M/R67H/R982C, while p.V292M/R67H/R982C presented a relatively milder pathogenicity of MTC and likely predisposed to FMTC.

The method of hyperspectral remote sensing has great potential in the area of offshore oil and gas exploration and marine pollution investigation. Combined with Hyperion hyperspectral satellite images and the surface geochemical data of dissolved hydrocarbons at Liaodong Bay, as well as the concentration data of chlorophyll and suspended material, The distribution of hydrocarbon over Liaodong Bay are presented. This research finds that the band at 579nm, 1184nm and other Hyperion image band reflectance have a good correlation with the content of hydrocarbon. Considered the chlorophyll and suspended material spectrum information influence, the study finds that band at 579nm is the ideal hydrocarbon content estimate band and carry out the distribution chart on the Hyperion image. The model was tested to have good accuracy(the relative error is 0.11). The result shows that the hydrocarbon is mainly distributed in the middle of Liaodong Bay area, and corresponded with Bohai Bay fault zone well. In addition, the concentration of dissolved hydrocarbons and suspended material in Liaodong Bay area has high inverse correlation, indicated that the concentration of suspended material can be used indirectly to verify the presence of offshore hydrocarbon.

Remote sensing technique provides an important way for screening oil seepage distribution areas in the early stage of marine petroleum exploration. This paper focuses on the studying of the evaluation method of natural marine seepage slick credibility by using ERS-1/2 SAR and ENVISAT ASAR data. The research is roughly divided into four main steps. Firstly, potential oil slicks are extracted from all images. Next, all oil slicks detected are further classified into several categories according to seepage slick credibility. The obtained oil slick information was then integrated into GIS database to examine the spatial distribution of oil seepage slick. Finally, the paper discusses the present problem on evaluating method. The result shows the potential capability of natural marine oil seepage detection with remote sensing technique for its advantage of low-cost and regional observation.

Hyperspectral data of thin oil slicks have some spectral response characteristics, and an experiment of offshore thin oil slicks was designed to measure and analyze their reflectance by using ASD hyperspectral instrument. With the oil slick thickness changing, its color varied from rainbow sheen slick to fuchsine sheen slick, kelly sheen slick, aqua sheen slick, silver sheen slick and light sheen slick. The result suggested that different thin oil slicks have different characteristics, some thin oil slicks could change the reflectance at 440 nm which is the spectral absorption peak value of chlorophyll, and the best hyperspectral band to distinguish the different offshore thin oil slicks is located in the range between 350 and 440 nm. The reflectance of thin oil slicks is higher than that of seawater in the hyperspectral data range from 440 to 900 nm, but has no absorption or reflection characteristics compared to seawater's. It could not be detected in the range of near infrared from 900 to 2,500 nm of offshore thin oil slicks because of high noise, low signal and influence of the atmosphere. Finally, the spectral response theory of offshore thin oil slicks was analyzed, and the results indicated that the interference phenomenon of offshore thin oil slicks could add reflected light and change the reflectance of seawater, hence, increase the feasibility of offshore oil slick remote sensing.

To further understand the clinicopathological, ultrastructural and molecular features of penile pseudoangiosarcomatous squamous cell carcinoma (PASCC), and improve its diagnosis and treatment.A 47-year-old male patient with penile PASCC was reported and the relevant literature reviewed. The main clinical manifestations of the patient were a typical surface ulceration with hemorrhage and purulent secretion with a foul smell, a papillary mass about 5.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 4.0 cm for 1 year on the foreskin of the penis, and 3 enlarged bilateral inguinal lymph nodes. CT scanning showed no enlarged lymph nodes in the abdomen and pelvis, and X-ray examination revealed no abnormality in the chest.The diagnosis was established by biopsy. Partial penectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy (T2N2M0) were performed, followed by adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy. Two months later, total penectomy was necessitated by penile flap necrosis and local recurrence. Eleven months after the first surgery, the patient died of extensive metastasis to the pelvis and lungs. Under the light microsope, the tumor was mainly composed of vessel-like lacunar reticularis spindle cells and a few local squamous cancer cells. Careful examination revealed some focal areas with evident transition from squamous nests to the more acantholytic areas extending towards the pseudoangiosarcomatous spaces. Pathogenetically, it appeared to be the variant of acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, most tumor cells were strongly positive for keratin (AE1/AE3) and focally positive for EMA, with the typical squamous cells focally positive for 34betaE12 and vimentin. The vessels that proliferated in the tumor were decorated by CD31, CD34 and factor VIII-related antigens, but the tumor cells were negative for HMB45, SMA, Desmin and CEA. HPV DNA (HPVpan, HPV6B/11, HPV16/18, HPV31/33) was not detected by in situ hybridization in the primary and metastatic tumors.PASCC is a specific and extremely rare subtype of penile SCC with dramatic similarity to angiosarcoma under the microscope, with poor prognosis. Its diagnosis depends on histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Such a presentation underscores the importance of timely consultation, early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

Petroleum pollution is a key indicator to monitor and assess water environment in petroleum fields. Five sessions of field work were made in Liaohe River in Panjin city, Liaoning province of China in 2006 and 2007. Field water spectra and concurrent water samples for laboratory measurements of chlorophyll, petroleum pollution, and suspended material were collected. An important feature of water spectra influenced by petroleum pollution was found to show that there are three peaks and two troughs in spectral curves. The peaks are at 570-590, 680-710, and 810-830nm, while troughs are at 650-680 and 740-760nm. The field spectra were used as to correspond to Landsat TM bands to establish estimate models of petroleum pollution concentration. The models were applied to the Landsat/ TM image on 11th Oct 2006 to obtain the distribution image of petroleum pollution. The accuracy is up to 80% for petroleum pollution estimation with the validation of reserved samples. The result shows that the estimate models from remotely sensing data provide an effective means to obtain rapidly and low-cost the distribution of petroleum pollution concentration in the study area.

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a key role in inflammation, which is involved in the development of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In the present study, we assessed the potential role of NF-kappaB in regulation of cerebral vasospasm. Nuclear factor-kappaB DNA-binding activity was measured in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with hemolysate and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 80 micromol/L), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Forty-two rabbits were divided into three groups: control, SAH, and PDTC groups (n=14 for each group). The caliber of the basilar artery was evaluated. Nuclear factor-kappaB DNA-binding activity and the gene expression levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules in the basilar artery were measured. Immunohistochemical study was performed to assess the expression and localization of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). It was observed that NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was significantly increased by treatment with hemolysate in cultured VSCMs, but this increase was suppressed by pretreatment with PDTC. Severe vasospasm was observed in the SAH group, which was attenuated in the PDTC group. Subarachnoid hemorrhage could induce increases of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity and the gene expression levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, ICAM-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, which were reduced in the PDTC group. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that the expression levels of TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, and MPO were all increased in the SAH group, but these increases were attenuated in the PDTC group. Our results suggest that NF-kappaB is activated in the arterial wall after SAH, which potentially leads to vasospasm development through induction of inflammatory response.

To investigate the effect of preoperative radiotherapy as an adjunctive approach on proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells in rectal cancer.Eighty patients with (p)TNM stage II or III rectal cancer were enrolled from April 2000 to December 2002. The patients were divided into two groups, which were group received surgical treatment alone (40 cases) and group received preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy with a radiological dose of 40 G( y ) (40 cases). The expression of Ki- 67 protein in rectal cancer was detected immunohistochemically and apoptosis was detected by TUNEL technique.In radiotherapy group, the tumor volume shrank markedly in 14 cases, partially in 18,slightly in 8 with an overall efficiency rate of 80% .There was significant positive correlation between spontaneous apoptosis and Ki- 69 marker index in cancer tissues before radiotherapy(gamma =0.563P=0.027). The expression of Ki- 67 in rectal cancer tissues was significantly lower after radiotherapy than that before radiotherapy, as well as in the control group(P=0.017 vs. P=0.011).The expression of Ki- 67 in paratumor tissues 2cm from tumor was significantly lower after radiotherapy than that before radiotherapy. Apoptosis index (AI) in rectal cancer tissues was significantly higher after radiotherapy than that before radiotherapy, and that in the control group (P=0.013 vs. P=0.018).Radiotherapy can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of rectal cancer cells. The expression level of Ki- 67 can be considered as a screening index for preoperative radiotherapy.

To detect K-ras mutations in rectal carcinoma before and after preoperative radiotherapy, and study genetics effect of radiotherapy in rectal cancer.Forty patients with rectal cancer in pTNM stage II or III were enrolled. There were 20 males and 20 females. Sixteen tumours were pTNM II stage, 24 pTNM III. All patients received preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. The treatment time is 4 weeks for 40 Gy in 2.0 Gy fractions and it is usually followed by an interval of 1-2 weeks before the operation. Tumor tissue and normal mucosa 2, 4, 6 cm to tumor were collected from patients before preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and after operation. The K-ras mutations in codon 12 were investigated using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) in tumors and normal mucosa.The frequencies of K-ras mutations before preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in tumor tissue and normal mucosa 2, 4, 6 cm to tumor were 47.5%, 22.5%, 2.5% and 0. The frequencies of K-ras mutations before preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy were higher in tumor tissue than in normal mucosa, and were higher in normal mucosa 2 cm to tumor than 4 cm and 6 cm to tumor. The postoperative frequencies of K-ras mutations in tumor tissue and normal mucosa 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm to tumor were 25.0%, 5.0%, 0 and 0. Compared to same locations of control group, the frequency of K-ras mutations in tumor tissue and normal mucosa 2 cm to tumor significantly decreased after radiotherapy.Frequency of K-ras mutations of rectal cancer issue and normal mucosa 2 cm to tumor were significantly higher than other normal rectal mucosa, and decreased significantly after radiotherapy. So radiotherapy can inhibit early events of carcinogenesis of mucosa nearby tumor. It was the potential reason of increased rates of resection and sphincter-saving after radiotherapy.

To investigate the effect of a tight control of blood glucose by intensive insulin therapy on human sepsis, and to explore the potential mechanism of the intensive insulin therapy.Eligible patients were randomized by a blinded pharmacist to receive tight control of blood glucose by intensive insulin therapy (maintenance of blood glucose at a level between 4.4 and 6.1 mmol/L) or to receive conventional treatment (maintenance of glucose at a level between 10.0 and 11.1 mmol/L). The expression of HLA-DR on peripheral monocytes was measured in 54 patients by flow cytometry on 24 h, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d of intensive care in parallel with serum c-reactive protein (CRP), severity of the disease (APACHE II score, SOFA score) and clinical data collection.Patients receiving intensive insulin therapy were less likely to require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Tight control of blood glucose significantly reduced the number of days during which leukopenia or leukocytosis and the days with hypo- or hyperthermia (P0.05). Hypoglycemia occurred in 3 patients (10.7%) in the tight control of blood glucose group. There were no instance of hemodynamic deterioration or convulsions. Compared with the conventional treatment, tight control of blood glucose also increased the HLA-DR expression of peripheral monocytes, and there were significantly difference on 3 d, 5 d and 7 d (P0.05). Whereas it suppressed the elevated serum CRP concentrations, there was significantly difference on 7 d (P0.05).Tight control of blood glucose by intensive insulin therapy expedited healing of human sepsis, and increased the HLA-DR expression of peripheral and suppressed the elevated serum CRP. So, it is necessary to use insulin to strict control the glucose levels in human sepsis.

To investigate the expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in primary prostate cancer and its clinical significance.The expression of ILK was analysed in 50 prostate cancer and 16 benign prostatic hyperplasia samples by immunohistochemical staining.The positive percentage of ILK was 46.0% (23/50) in primary prostate cancer. The higher the grade and the clinical stage of the tumor, the lower the expression of ILK. The positive percentages of ILK were 9.1% (1/11) in the well differentiated type, 56.4% (22/39) in the moderately and poorly differentiated type (chi2 = 12.28, P0.01), 24.0% (6/25) in the well and moderately differentiated type, 68.0% (17/25) in the poorly differentiated type (chi2 = 9.74, P0.01), 22.6% (7/31) at the A + B stage and 84.0% (16/19) at the C + D stage (chi2 = 11.8, P0.01). But in benign prostatic hyperplasia, it was only 6.2% (1/16), significantly lower than in primary prostate cancer (46.0%) (chi2 = 8.27, P0.01).The abnormal expression of ILK plays an important role in the development of primary prostate cancer, and the detection of ILK may be useful for the judgement of tumor development and prognosis.

To investigate the expression and significance of survivin, ki-67 and apoptosis index in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.Immunohistochemical SP method for survivin expression as well as cell proliferative index (ki-67) and apoptosis index (TUNEL) was conducted on 120 gastric adenocarcinomas.The survivin was detected in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells in 59 (49.17%) of the 120 gastric adenocarcinomas, in 32 (64.00%) of the lymph node metastasis, and in 21 (17.50%) of the 120 basal layer in normal gastric mucosa, respectively. The mean proliferative index (ki-67) in primary tumors was 7.55%, which was significantly lower than the mean proliferative index of 8.34% observed in lymph node metastasis. The mean apoptosis index in primary tumors was 1.16%, which was significantly higher than the mean apoptosis index of 0.89% observed in lymph node metastasis. The frequency of survivin expression was significantly higher in lymph node metastasis than in primary gastric adenocarcinoma. Expression of survivin was significantly correlated with histological subtypes, the depth of invasion, or lymph node metastasis (P0.05). There was negative correlation between weighted survivin score and apoptosis index (P0.05), but no correlation with proliferative index.The high level expression of survivin might be a referenced indicator in evaluating differentiation of tumor and in predicting lymph nodes metastasis and estimating apoptosis index.