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Background The acute changes in brain function in newborn infants undergoing ET remain unclear. This study aimed to determine whether fully automated simultaneous peripheral arteriovenous ET would influence the brain function. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 39 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia who received ET. Seventeen patients were in the encephalopathy group, and the other 22 patients were in the non-encephalopathy group. Changes in amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) during ETs were analyzed, including background activities, sleep-wake cycling (SWC), and seizures. Before and after the ET, routine blood test parameters, electrolytes, blood glucose, and blood gas parameters were measured. Results After ETs, there were no significant changes in the levels of pH, PaO2, PaCO2, lactate, and red blood cells, while the levels of total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, blood potassium, blood sodium, serum calcium, while blood cells, and platelets were significantly lower and the level of blood glucose was significantly higher compared to those before therapy. There was no significant difference in the changes of electroencephalographic activities during ETs, including background activities, SWC, and seizures. However, there were significant differences in suppressions on background activities, while there were no significant statistical differences in SWC or seizures between the 2 groups. Conclusion Fully automated simultaneous peripheral arteriovenous ET is safe and efficient without significant influence on the disorder of the internal environment and electroencephalographic activities after ET in neonates. However, background activities are more significantly depressed in infants of bilirubin encephalopathy than infants of non-encephalopathy during ET.

Background: Text messaging is effective in management of public health problems such as obesity, HIV, and childhood cataract, but no evidence is available for its effect on controlling myopia in children. Increasing time spent outdoors during school hours has been shown to retard myopia development in children but increasing time outdoors easily and effectively remains an important issue. The aims of this study were to investigate whether a mobile phone text message/short message service (SMS) for parents could increase light exposure and time outdoors in school-aged children, and what its long-term effect on controlling myopia. Methods: Of 3113 primary school students from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study, 268 grade 2 schoolchildren (mean age 8.4 years, 45% girls), recruited from October 2013 to May 2014, were randomly assigned (1:1) to a SMS group (n=135) where the parents received twice-daily text message reminders to take children outdoors, or a control group (n=133) for which the parents did not receive text messages. All children were instructed to wear portable light meters (HOBO, Pendant temp/light Part # UA-002-64) to record light exposure. A lower limit of 1000 lux in light intensity was defined for calculate time outdoors. Ocular examinations were performed annually by investigators masked to group allocation during the one-year intervention, and with three years of follow-up. The primary outcomes were changes in axial length and cycloplegic autorefraction. Findings: 261 children (97·4%) completed the Intervention period. At 1 year, the SMS group showed significantly greater light exposure than the control group at weekends (46 lux/day vs. 28 lux/day, P=0·02). Time outdoors was higher in the intervention group than in the control group at weekends (0·34 hours/day vs. 0·18 hours/day, P=0·03). Axial elongation was significantly smaller in the intervention group than in the control group during the trial (0·27 mm/y vs. 0·31 mm/y, P=0·03). Axial elongation and myopic shift remained smaller in the intervention group at the end of the 2nd year (0·39 mm vs. 0·46 mm, P

Chloride ion penetration, which leads to corrosion of steel reinforcement, is the leading cause of offshore reinforced concrete bridge deterioration. Global warming would accelerate the process of chloride ion penetration and then structural degradation. In China, durability design code for concrete structures has been issued in 2008, and some thresholds of design parameters have been specified to mitigate corrosion in concrete bridge. However, influence of global warming on structure durability was not considered in the issued code. This would overestimate the durability of concrete structures. In this paper, a reliability based method was adopted to evaluate the influence of climate change on the durability of offshore RC bridges considering the acceleration of chloride ion penetration caused by temperature rise. Two climate change scenarios according to IPCC report were considered to define the global warming. A baseline scenario, in which the mean average temperature equals to that of the year 2000, were defined. It is found that the amount of chloride ion on the surface of reinforcing steel bar in the global warming scenarios are 6%-15% higher than that of structure in the baseline scenario. Meanwhile, the probability of corrosion initiation and corrosion damage increased also. In 2100, structures in environmental categories III-C and III-F, designed according to Chinese codes, can no longer adapt the impact of climate change on structure. Comparison of reliability of improved and pre-improved structure was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed improvement measures.

Background Herbochip® technology is a high throughput drug screening platform in a reverse screening manner, in which potential chemical leads in herbal extracts are immobilized and drug target proteins can be used as probes for screening process [BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:146]. While herbal medicines represent an ideal reservoir for drug screenings, here a molecular chaperone GRP78 is demonstrated to serve as a potential target for antiviral drug discovery. Methods We cloned and expressed a truncated but fully functional form of human GRP78 (hGRP781-508) and used it as a probe for anti-HBV drug screening on herbochips. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro anti-HBV activity of the herbal extracts were evaluated by MTT and ELISA assays, respectively. Finally, anti-HBV activity was confirmed by in vivo assay using DHBV DNA levels in DHBV-infected ducklings as a model. Results Primary screenings using GRP78 on 40 herbochips revealed 11 positives. Four of the positives, namely Dioscorea bulbifera, Lasiosphaera fenzlii, Paeonia suffruticosa and Polygonum cuspidatum were subjected to subsequent assays. None of the above extracts was cytotoxic to AML12 cells, but P. cuspidatum extract (PCE) was found to be cytotoxic to HepG2 2.2.15 cells. Both PCE and P. suffruticosa extract (PSE) suppressed secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2 2.2.15 cells. The anti-HBV activity of PSE was further confirmed in vivo. Conclusion We have demonstrated that GRP78 is a valid probe for anti-HBV drug screening on herbochips. We have also shown that PSE, while being non-cytotoxic, possesses in vitro and in vivo anti-HBV activities. Taken together, our data suggest that PSE may be a potential anti-HBV agent for therapeutic use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13020-017-0132-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Toward the goal of high security and efficiency for data collection in wireless sensor network, this article proposed an adaptable secure compressive sensing–based data collection scheme for distributed wireless sensor network. It adopted public key cryptography technology to solve the key distribution problem, and compressive sensing over finite fields to reduce the communication cost of data collection. Under hardness of decisional learning with errors problem on lattice, it can ensure indistinguishability against chosen ciphertext attack (IND-CCA1) security scheme for collected data on the extranet and indistinguishability against chosen plaintext attack security for data during the process of distributed collection on the intranet. Owing to the similar linear structure for lattices and compressive sensing, data encryption collection can be all in the form of efficient linear operations, and internode data aggregation can be in the form of addition operation.

Signcryption has been extensively studied based on bilinear pairings, but rarely on lattices. This paper constructed a new lattice-based signcryption scheme in the random oracle model by skillfully combining a learning with errors over ring (R-LWE) based signature scheme (using the Fiat-Shamir with aborts technique) and a R-LWE based key exchange scheme, and then given a tight security reduction of strong unforgeability against adaptive chosen messages attacks (SUF-CMA) and indistinguishability against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks (IND-CCA2) from the R-LWE problem to proposed scheme. This construction removed trapdoor by using the Fiat-Shamir with aborts technique, thus has a high efficiency. It needn’t decrypt random coins for unsigncryption which may be used to construct multi-receiver signcryption.

Recently, biomass fuel gas from the gasification furnace is widely used for power generation. However, there are many kindes of impurities in the biomass fuel gas. If they aren’t removed, they will have great disadvantages on the safe operation of gas turbine. So it must be purified before combustion in order to protect the gas turbine. Wet electrostatic precipitator can be used for purifying the biomass fuel gas for its high collection efficiency. The characteristics of biomass dust and collection efficiency of wet electrostatic precipitator are presented in the paper. A compared study on collection efficiency between dry electrostatic precipitator and wet one are carried out at the same condition. The results show that the dust in biomass fuel gas contains many elements, such as Si, O, Mg, Al, K, Ca and Fe. Its median diameter d50 is 26.05 μm. Collection efficiency gradually increases with the water pressure at beginning of test. It doesn’t increase until the water pressure is 0.4 MPa. The higher the wind speed in electric field, the lower the collection efficiency is. Collection efficiency can be improved by adding alkali to the spraying water. When the polar matching is RS tubular barbed wire with 480C plate, water pressure is 0.4 MPa and gas velocity is 1.0 m/s, collection efficiency of the wet electrostatic precipitator is 5% more than the dry one.

With the purpose of estimating the range of cost efficiency levels of the power grid sector in China, we assembled a data set including 23 provincial power grid companies spanning from 2005 to 2009 and conducted an empirical study based on the SFA–MLE, SFA–Bayes and StoNED–CNLS methodologies. Empirical results show that the average values of efficiency from different models vary from 0.85 to 0.92, depending especially on the assumptions underlying inefficiency content. Further, results demonstrate that there is exogenous technical progress during the sample period, and per capita GDP of the province is negatively related to the costs of the electric grid company located in the corresponding province. We hope this empirical study will contribute to the debate on an efficiency-based regulation scheme which was introduced to the Chinese electric grid sector on a pilot base in 2014.

Purpose To investigate the relationship between sleep duration and bedtime with myopia progression and axial elongation during a 4-year follow-up in primary school children. Methods This study included 1887 children (aged 7.09 ± 0.41 years) who had cycloplegic refractions data at baseline and a fourth visit and 2209 children (aged 7.10 ± 0.41 years) for axial length. All children underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations, including cycloplegic refraction and ocular biometry, and standardized questionnaires, including average night-time sleep duration (h/d) and bedtime (time to bed). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent < –0.5 diopters. Results At the last follow-up, the mean myopia progression and axial elongation for all children were –1.89 ± 1.28 diopters and 1.22 ± 0.57 mm. After stratifying the sleep duration into tertile groups, myopia progression and axial elongation were slower in children with highest sleep duration tertile (P = 0.04 and P =0.014) in girls but not in boys, compared with the middle sleep duration tertile. However, after adjusting for potential confounders, no significant association was found for sleep duration with myopia progression and axial elongation for the children (P = 0.255 and P = 0.068), and the association with axial elongation was only of borderline significance in girls (P = 0.045). The bedtime was not associated with myopia progression and axial elongation in the regression analyses (P = 0.538; P = 0.801). Conclusions These results show that there was no significant association between sleep duration and bedtime with myopia progression and axial elongation among children. The findings in girls might be related to the earlier onset of puberty.

The decline in genome sequencing costs has widened the population that can afford its cost and has also raised concerns about genetic privacy. Kim et al. present a practical solution to the scenario of secure searching of gene data on a semitrusted business cloud. However, there are three errors in their scheme. We have made three improvements to solve these three errors. (1) They truncate the variation encodings of gene to 21 bits, which causes LPCE error and more than 5% of the entries in the database cannot be queried integrally. We decompose these large encodings by 44 bits and deal with the components, respectively, to avoid LPCE error. (2) We abandon the hash function used in Kim’s scheme, which may cause HCE error with a probability of 2-22 and decompose the position encoding of gene into three parts with the basis 211 to avoid HCE error. (3) We analyze the relationship between the parameters and the CCE error and specify the condition that parameters need to satisfy to avoid the CCE error. Experiments show that our scheme can search all entries, and the probability of searching error is reduced to less than 2-37.4.

With the rapid development of petroleum industry in China, the electrical heat tracing becomes very important for viscous oil transportation, while the heat insulation acts as the key to the application of electrical heat tracing. Rigid polyurethane foam has been widely used in long-distance pipelines for its advantages as the heat insulation material. However, there is also a lack of systematic analysis on the impact factors of such material, thus it is urgent to find out a practical method to distinguish the major impact factors. This paper introduces the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) with its C# program, and it is proposed to analyze the actual impact factors of rigid polyurethane foam. The application shows that this method is practical, simple, rapid and accurate, so it suitable for similar applications in other fields.

Purpose To determine the distribution of peripheral refraction, including astigmatism, in 7- and 14-year-old Chinese children. Methods 2134 7-year-old and 1780 14-year-old children were measured with cycloplegic central and horizontal peripheral refraction (15° and 30° at temporal and nasal visual fields). Results 7- and 14-year-old children included 9 and 594, respectively, with moderate and high myopia (≤−3.0 D), 259 and 831 with low myopia (−2.99 to −0.5 D), 1207 and 305 with emmetropia (−0.49 to +1.0 D), and 659 and 50 with hyperopia (>1.0 D), respectively. Myopic children had relative peripheral hyperopia while hyperopic and emmetropic children had relative peripheral myopia, with greater changes in relative peripheral refraction occurring in the nasal than the temporal visual field. The older group had the greater relative peripheral hyperopia and higher peripheral J 180 . Both age groups showed positive slopes of J 45 across the visual field, with greater slopes in the older group. Conclusions Myopic children in mainland China have relative peripheral hyperopia while hyperopic and emmetropic children have relative peripheral myopia. Significant differences exist between 7- and 14-year-old children, with the latter showing more relative peripheral hyperopia, greater rate of change in J 45 across the visual field, and higher peripheral J 180 .

Chosen Ciphertext Attack (CCA) security on the standard model is widely accepted as the standard security notion for the public key cryptosystem. The existing CCA-secure public key cryptosystems on the standard model are expensive in terms of efficiency and practicality. In this paper, an efficient and practical public key cryptosystem is presented over the group of signed quadratic residues. It is provably secure against CCA on the standard model. Furthermore, public verifiability for this scheme is also realized in the way that projects the verification privacy key into public key on trapdoor pretending. It will be useful to devise efficient CCA-secure threshold and proxy re-encryption schemes on the standard model.

The background,development status and chemical composition controls technologies of IF steel smelting was introduced. In China, IF steel production has reached a certain scale, but is still in the primary stage of development.Liquid steel composition characteristics of IF steel is ultra-low carbon and nitrogen, micro alloying and pure steel. The automobile panel with defect free surface is produced, that must be accurate control of IF steel in carbon, nitrogen and other elements.According to the operating state, IF Steel process characteristics and chemical composition controls technologies weresummarized.

Through studying vegetation phenology and its relation to meteorological factors in a representative region, we can get the responsiveness of vegetation phenophase in different sites to climate changes and how it affects vegetation productivity by the changes of growing season. It is crucial to enhance the accuracy of carbon sequestration estimate. We use phenological observation data and corresponding meteorological data from weather stations of six counties in Qinghai province. The conclusions are (1) In the background of global climate change, the temperature of the pastoral area of Qinghai takes a significantly increasing trend. The precipitation also takes an increasing trend, but only the site of Qumalai is significant. (2) The green-up dates of forages in every site are not significant, but the withered dates of forages are significantly put off. In the sites of Gande and Haiyan, the major forages put off in withered dates are Gramineae, in the site of Henan, Cyperaceae is significantly put off. Significantly extended growing season of representative forages of Gramineae, Cyperaceae and other broad-leaved herb exist in the pastoral area of Qinghai. (3) In terms of relations between green-up date and temperature, the influence of site scale is greater than the influence of different species, and advanced green-up dates of forages in the sites of Henan and Haiyan are longer than the dates of the same forages in the site of Gande. Overall, green-up dates of forages advanced in the site of Henan (Avg3.67 days/[Formula: see text]C) are longer than the dates in the site of Gande (Avg1.31 days/[Formula: see text]C). In terms of relations between green-up date and precipitation, divergences of sites and species exist. The green-up dates of forages in the sites of both Qumalai and Tongde have significant negative correlation with precipitation. In the site of Haiyan, the green-up dates of some forages advance, and the green-up dates of some forages put off. On the whole, Gramineae is best responded, then Cyperaceae and broad-leaved herb show hardly any responsiveness. (4) The responsiveness of temperature is less than precipitation in the pastoral area of Qinghai. Forages in Tongde and Qumalai have significantly positive correlation with the accumulation precipitation from August to September. The differences are the delayed dates of the withered dates of Cyperaceae (2.97 days/10[Formula: see text]mm) which are longer than the delayed dates of the withered dates of Gramineae (2.02 days/10[Formula: see text]mm) in the site of Qumalai. Conversely, the delayed dates of the withered dates of Gramineae (3.13 days/10[Formula: see text]mm) are longer than the delayed dates of the withered dates of Cyperaceae (1.68 days/10[Formula: see text]mm) in the site of Tongde. (5) Only parts of sites in the pastoral area of Qinghai have the tendency of significant increment of forage yield. The precipitations in the sites of Gande, Qumalai and Xinghai can significantly increase the forage yield. (6) The main vegetation phenology and productivity changes are affected by the drivers of climate factors. The response patterns of vegetation phenology of different functional groups and forage yield of different regions are inconsistent with the climate factors which are related to the biologic characteristics of different kinds of vegetations and climate sensitivities.

With human eyes has different insensitive to different types of texture, edged and dark area, this paper proposed an image steganography with higher embedding capacity and good stego image quality. In our method, the image blocks was divided into four kinds (texture, edged, dark and smooth), and secret message was embedded with the algorithm of modulus function coincide with wavelet transform. From the experimental results, the complexity notion can distinguish different kinds of blocks precisely, and the steganography method can hide much larger message and maintain a good visual quality of stego image.

We first construct an efficient IND-sID-CPA secure IBE cryptosystem from ideal lattices, and proceed with its security proof under the standard model in detail. Then with an asymptotically efficient strongly unforgeable one-time signature, we propose a new CCA secure public key encryption (PKE) scheme over ideal lattices by universal paradigm of IBE transformation. Performance of the resulting PKE system is very close to the underlying IBE scheme and its security can be tightly reduced to decisional R-LWE hardness assumption. Compared with known CCA secure PKE schemes from standard lattices, our new scheme is simpler and more efficient.

In this paper, to study rumor spreading, we propose a novel susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model by introducing the trust mechanism. We derive mean-field equations that describe the dynamics of the SIR model on homogeneous networks and inhomogeneous networks. Then a steady-state analysis is conducted to investigate the critical threshold and the final size of the rumor spreading. We show that the introduction of trust mechanism reduces the final rumor size and the velocity of rumor spreading, but increases the critical thresholds on both networks. Moreover, the trust mechanism not only greatly reduces the maximum rumor influence, but also postpones the rumor terminal time, which provides us with more time to take measures to control the rumor spreading. The theoretical results are confirmed by sufficient numerical simulations.

When fabricating a small diameter arterial prosthesis, the performance requirements include controlling dimensions, maintaining a uniform structure, ensuring superior mechanical properties as well as excellent biocompatibility. Material selection and fabricating methods can influence these factors. In this study, three 100% polyester prostheses, three bicomponent polyester/silk prostheses and three 100% silk prostheses were woven into seamless tubular prototype prostheses with three different basic weaves. After degumming/scouring they met the target inner diameter of 3.83 ± 0.30 mm which demonstrates that weaving is a precise and accurate way to manufacture small caliber arterial prostheses. In conclusion, the woven samples had a uniform wall structure along their strength and a range of low water permeability values and probe bursting strengths depending on their cover factor.

A robust watermarking scheme that used computer-generated holograms as the watermark is in NSCT (NonSampled Contourlet Transform) domain was proposed. To maintain imperceptibility and robustness, a repeated embedding algorithm is adopted to embed the mark hologram into the low-frequency subband of the NSCT host image. Compared with other watermark schemes using digital holograms, the proposed algorithm has the obvious advantage in robustness The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method had good robustness to resist common attacks such as, rotation, scaling, translation, image flipping, combined attacks, filtering, occlusion, cropping, and JPEG compression.

Illumination consistency makes one of important roles in image authenticity, especially in splicing and copy-move rendering. This paper proposes a new method to estimate illuminant direction based on idea of binary sort tree. The algorithm calculates the least error function to structure the binary tree of illuminant direction. And it doesn’t need to expand much time to solve pathosis equation and access accuracy is improved. The experiment shows that, the algorithm can effectively calculate the light source direction of different objects and backgrounds in an image especially in infinite light source, and the detection correct rate reaches 85.4% in general situation , what’s more, 88.1% in infinite light source. Anyway, the algorithm in this paper is a great advancement of blind forensics based on consistency in lighting direction.

In this paper, a simple video steganography algorithm based on the tree structured motion compensation of the H.264 video compression standard is proposed. In the proposed method, the head data of macroblock in P/B-frames was used as a cover, the 8x8 partition modes which represent the detailed areas are selected, and information hiding is implemented by modifying the partition modes of the sub-macroblock. Experiments are designed to prove the feasibility of the proposed scheme by using different kinds of test videos. Simulation results show that, in our scheme, a high data hiding rate is obtained with a little increase on bit rate, and it also has the characteristics of high computational efficiency and imperceptibility.

This paper proposes a algorithm for detecting manual blur on images, which is usually used to remove obvious traces when tamper images. The algorithm first blurs the test image and blocks the both test image and blurred image. Then extracts and compares the sharp edge points in contourlet domain of the two images, so as to detect the suspicious blurred blocks. Furthermore, differences between manual blur and defocus blur can be indicated by our proposed method, and we can find out whether the image has been manual blurred. We establish a rich set of experimental images, and test results show that the average accurate detection rate is high, and the tampered regions can be always located. Our next work is to improve the robustness of the algorithm.

Two interesting d10 metal complexes of 3,6-bis(2-pyridylthio)pyridazine ligand (PTP), [Cu3I3(PTP)] n (1) and [HgI2(PTP)] n (2), have been synthesized and characterized by IR, elemental analysis, UV–Vis–NIR spectra, thermal analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Single-crystal X-ray analyses show that two complexes are both 1D chain coordination polymer. Complex 1 is a linear chain structure which is constructed from trinuclear Cu3I3 butterfly-shaped units by means of Cu–I bonds. Complex 2 is one-dimensional helical chain structure. In complex 2, two helical single chains form a double helix structure, and these double helix structures are further assembled to form a quasi 2D network by C–H⋯I hydrogen bonds. Optical diffuse-reflection spectra results suggest complex 1 has the property of the semiconductor.

SUMMARY Rapid environmental responses in plants rely on endogenous signaling mechanisms, which in many cases are mediated by changes in protein turnover rates. It is therefore necessary to develop methods for measuring protein dynamics that monitor large sets of plant proteins to begin to apply a systems biology approach to the study of plant behavior. The use of stable isotope labeling strategies that are adaptable to proteomic methods is particularly attractive for this purpose. Here, we explore one example of such methods that is particularly suitable for plants at the seedling stage, where measurement of amino acid and protein turnover rates is accomplished using a heavy water labeling strategy. The method is backed by microarray evaluation to define its feasibility for specific experimental approaches, and the CULLIN-ASSOCIATED AND NEDDYLATION DISSOCIATED 1 (CAND1) and TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1 (TIR1) proteins are used to illustrate the potential utility in understanding hormonal signaling regulation. These studies provide insight not only into the potential utility of the method, but also address possible areas of concern regarding the use of heavy water labeling during plant growth. These considerations suggest a prescription for specific experimental designs that minimize interference resulting from the induction of treatment-specific gene expression in the results obtained.

To describe distributions of ocular biometry and their associations with refraction in 7- and 14-year-old children in urban areas of Anyang, central China.A total of 2271 grade 1 students aged 7.1 ± 0.4 years and 1786 grade 8 students aged 13.7 ± 0.5 years were measured with ocular biometry and cycloplegic refraction. A parental myopia questionnaire was administered to parents.Mean axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, central corneal thickness, corneal diameter, corneal radius of curvature, axial length/corneal radius of curvature ratio, and spherical equivalent refraction were 22.72 ± 0.76 mm, 2.89 ± 0.24 mm, 3.61 ± 0.19 mm, 540.5 ± 31 μm, 12.06 ± 0.44 mm, 7.80 ± 0.25 mm, 2.91 ± 0.08, and +0.95 ± 1.05 diopters (D), respectively, in 7-year-old children. They were 24.39 ± 1.13 mm, 3.42 ± 0.41 mm, 3.18 ± 0.24 mm, 548.9 ± 33 μm, 12.03 ± 0.43 mm, 7.80 ± 0.26 mm, 3.13 ± 0.14, and -2.06 ± 2.20 D, respectively, in 14-year-old children. Compared with 7-year-old children, the older group had significantly more myopia (-3.0 D), longer axial length (1.7 mm), deeper anterior chamber depth (0.3 mm), thinner lens thickness (-0.2 mm), thicker central corneal thickness (10 μm), and greater axial length/corneal radius of curvature ratio (0.22) (all p0.001), as well as smaller corneal diameter (-0.03 mm, p = 0.02) and similar corneal radius of curvature. Sex differences were similar in both age groups, with boys having longer axial length (0.5 mm), deeper anterior chamber depth (0.1 mm), shorter lens thickness (0.03 mm), greater central corneal thickness (5 μm), greater corneal diameter (0.15 mm), and greater corneal radius of curvature (0.14 mm) than girls (all p0.01). The most important variables related to spherical equivalent refraction were vitreous length, corneal radius of curvature, and lens thickness.The 14-year-old group had larger parameter dimensions than the 7-year-old group except for corneal radius of curvature (unchanged) and lens thickness and corneal diameter (both smaller). Boys had large parameter dimensions than girls except for lens thickness (smaller). Axial length, corneal radius of curvature, and lens thickness were the most important determinants of refraction.

Homomorphic equality test is a process, which was present in CRYPTO'2014 as a tool of refresh in a FHE (Alperin-Sheriff and Peikert, 2014), and has been used to test whether the plaintext of a given ciphertext is equal to a certain number. In fact, this powerful function induced many new applications about homomorphic encryption, in theory and practice, especially when homomorphic comparison and arithmetic functions are needed. Firstly, this paper extended three useful processes to Alperin-Sheriff and Peikert (2014), HTG, FDDec and negative, which are essential to many applications. HTG can transform a HEPerm ciphertext, a ciphertext of permutation matrix in Alperin-Sheriff and Peikert (2014), to a small GSW ciphertext. FDDec can decrypt a HEPerm ciphertext directly. Secondly, this paper concluded the rules of application about our scheme and constructed an efficiency l' bits comparator as an example of application. Lastly, this paper finds a solution, based on the equality test, for the problem of password leakage, which can protect the password and preserve the bypass function, when the database of password was compromised.

The cipher text consistency check that can be implemented publicly has practical significance, and it is always an interested studying aspect to construct cryptographic algorithm without pairings in the field of cryptographic. On the other hand, it is one of the most important research topics to design CCA-secure PKE schemes with weaker assumptions. Especially, there have been no CCA-secure PKE scheme under factoring assumption, except for a recent work by Hofheinz, D., Kiltz, E. A fly in the ointment is that HK09's scheme is not a public verifiable construction. Using the Gap quality that the Decisional Diffie-Hellman problem is easy but the Computational Diffie-Hellman problem is difficult as factoring, we instantiated HK09's scheme over the group of signed quadratic residues, and realized public verifiable construct. It will be used to construct threshold schemes.

Because of its own characteristics, chaos has some natural advantages as an important tool in realising the basic principles of cryptography, namely diffusion and confusion, which may generate key sequences with good randomness. However, every coin has two sides. Chaotic sequences still have degeneration problem due to many reasons. Therefore, the reasons of degeneration are first analysed. And one method to improve this problem is also proposed in this paper. A new kind of chaotic key sequence generation system based on n-combination of chaotic mappings is designed furthermore. The simulation results show that, not only can the system generate its own parameters randomly, but also it can generate chaos secret-key sequences, which have the merits of long periodicity, great complexity and strong security, etc.

In view of the present inconsistent understanding of the model definition of survivable storage network, a seven-tuple model definition and a kind of architecture of SSS were given, taking the characteristics, such as wide-open style and high intricacy, of the actual network environment into account. In addition, some detailed analysis to the key elements of the model and the modules of the architecture was made separately. Our research can provide guidelines for design and construction of SSS, besides, it can also provide basic methods for evaluating the survivability of a storage system.

In the paper, a new blind image steganalysis scheme for JPEG image steganography is proposed. Space filling curve is exploited to scan quantized block DCT coefficients. Markov model is applied to model the dependencies between quantized DCT cofficients so as to extract intrablock and interblock transition probability matrices. The experiments on F5, Steghide and MB1 steganography show the method can detect these steganographic methods reliably and the detection accuracy exceeds Pevny's[5] obviously.

A novel video steganography scheme based on motion vectors and linear block codes has been proposed in this paper. Our method embed secret messages in the motion vectors of cover media during the process of H.264 compressing. Linear block codes has been used to reducing the modification rate of the motion vectors. The proposed steganographic scheme is not only has lowly computational complexity, but also has highly imperceptible to human being. Furthermore, the secret information can be extracted directly without using the original video sequences. Experiments are designed to prove the feasibility of the proposed method. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme can embed large amounts of information and can maintain good video quality as well.

In this paper, we proposed a self-renewal hash chain scheme based on fair exchange idea for the first time. Our authentication scheme is mainly concerned about the shortcomings of the traditional hash chain schemes. It combines with OTS(One-Time Signature) so as to realize mutual-authentication, anonymous-authentication and self-renewal of hash chain simultaneously. From the results of analysis, we may indicate our scheme has many good properties that a good authentication scheme should have.

Most hierarchical access control schemes are based on a trusted center, the keys of users will be fully exposed to it, which has brought potential problems for the scheme's security. This paper presents a hierarchical access control scheme based on the semi-trusted center. The user divides secret key into many shares and sends them to the semi-trusted centers separately. The centers will produce many public parameters and combine with secret sharing to achieve access control. Not only has this scheme overcome majority schemes shortcoming, but also the safety and efficiency have been improved, which has a very high practical value in the hierarchical access control.

The application of wireless sensor networks to areas such as combat field surveillance, terrorist tracking and highway traffic monitoring requires secure communication among the sensor nodes, which under this collaborative model calls for efficient group key management. However, providing key management services in wireless sensor networks is complicated by their ad-hoc nature, intermittent connectivity, large scale, and resource limitations. To address these issues, this paper proposes a new energy-efficient key management scheme for networks based on secret sharing, in which the secret shares are calculated by the cluster heads which choose the one-order polynomial to improve efficiency, the symmetric keys preloaded into the nodes are used to encrypted secret shares to insure security. We analyzed the security and performance of this scheme compared with other ones. Comparison results show that our scheme is low in storage requirement, computational overhead and communication cost.