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Higher mode surface waves, which can provide additional constraints on subsurface structures in addition to fundamental modes in surface-wave tomography, have been observed from ambient noise cross-correlation functions (CCFs) in sedimentary basins in oceans or near coastlines. However, few studies show that higher mode surface waves can be observed and extracted directly from ambient noise CCFs in inland basins. In this study, we report observations of high signal-to-noise ratio fundamental and the first higher mode Rayleigh waves at a period range of 0.2–1.90 s and 0.2–1.35 s, respectively, from ambient noise CCFs in the southeastern margin of the Tarim basin, the biggest inland basin in China. We confirm the credibility of the first higher mode surface waves by showing that the observed first higher mode dispersion curves are matched with predicted ones calculated from S velocity models solely constrained by fundamental-mode dispersion curves. After the verification of the credibility of the first higher mode surface waves, we demonstrate that the inclusion of the first higher mode dispersion curves helps image deeper structures with an increase of average depths from ∼0.73 to ∼1.24 km, which will be beneficial to future explorations of deep oil and gas resources in the Tarim basin.

SUMMARY Higher frequency receiver function (RF) analysis based on dense nodal arrays has been widely used for imaging crustal structures. However, the scattered Rayleigh waves generated by the steep topography including mountain ranges and basin-range junction zones, have become a significant interference that can lead to false structures in RF images. In this study, we propose a novel method to remove scattered Rayleigh waves from RF profiles by using a high-resolution linear Radon transform. Based on the difference in the apparent velocity of Rayleigh and converted waves at interfaces, we construct a scheme to design an optimal filter mask. Synthetic and observed data show that this method can be an effective tool to remove high-amplitude Rayleigh waves and preserve low-amplitude converted waves almost harmlessly. Modelling tests also show that it is suitable for non-uniform station spacing, white noise and models that include dipping interfaces.

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This Supplementary information consists of (1) materials and methods of FCM; (2) 1 table and 8 supplementary figures.

Purpose:Immunogenicity derived from the murine scFv, a major molecular compomemt of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), may limit the persistence of CAR T cells, resulting in tumor relapse of patients in complete remission (CR). In this study, we developed a humanized anti-CD19 scFv CAR-T (hCAR-T) to treat patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r ALL).Patients and Methods:In this one-arm, open-labeled study, we infused the T cells modified with hCAR to patients with r/r ALL. Patients were evaluated with long-term follow-up for response and safety of the treatment. The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02349698).Results:Ten patients with r/r ALL were recruited for this study. All were response evaluable and all achieved CR; eight patients remained CR, and six were in CR for over 18 months without further treatment. A long-term persistence of hCAR T cells was observed in most of the patients. Among these patients, four of them with high tumor burden and rapidly progressive disease (median, 58%) experienced grade 3–4 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. These severe CRSs were successfully controlled by tocilizumab, glucocorticoid, and plasma exchange.Conclusions:T cells expressing the humanized anti-CD19 scFv CARs exhibited sustained therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of r/r ALL. Low replase rate was associated with the long-term persistence of CAR T cells.

Purpose: Cytokine BAFF is a potent molecule for the activation and survival of B cells, and it also plays an important role in T-cell function. Genetic polymorphism (rs9514828C>T) in BAFF has been associated with elevated BAFF transcription. We sought to determine whether rs9514828 is associated with T-cell lymphoma (TCL) survival.Experimental Design:BAFF rs9514828 genotypes and survival of TCL were analyzed in the discovery group including 150 patients, and the results were replicated in an independent validation group of 120 patients. Kaplan–Meier analysis was conducted to compare survival among different genotypes. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify independent significant variables. Luciferase reporter gene assays were conducted to examine the function of rs9514828 variant.Results: We found that BAFF rs9514828 polymorphism was significantly associated with TCL survival. In pooled analysis of two independent groups, the favorable rs9514828 TC and TT genotypes had significantly better five-year survival rates compared with the CC genotype (47% and 53% vs. 22%, P = 2.27 × 10−5 for log-rank test). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that rs9514828 was an independent prognostic factor, with HRs for patient death being 0.48 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.32–0.71] for the CT and 0.47 (95% CI, 0.23–0.93) for the TT genotypes. Reporter gene assays indicated that the rs9514828T allele had significantly higher promoter activity than the rs9514828C counterpart.Conclusion: These findings suggest that functional polymorphism in BAFF might be a genetic determinant for the survival of patients with TCL. Clin Cancer Res; 18(8); 2250–6. ©2012 AACR.

The present work describes the application of an in-house developed 3D-printed open port probe (3DP-OPP) with differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) mass spectrometry. Targeted quantitative analysis in urine was performed with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the selected reaction monitoring mode (OPP-DMS-SRM/MS) and illicit pill screening using data independent acquisition (OPP-DMS-SWATH/MS). The combination of compensation voltage (CoV) scanning in DMS using modifiers with SWATH/MS acquisition for MS/MS spectrum generation enabled the differentiation of isobaric signals with a large dynamic range and enhance the information contained in the screening of illicit ecstasy pills. As for any direct MS introduction technique where no chromatographic separation is applied DMS with acetonitrile as a modifier allows the separation of cocaine and tramadol, and their isomeric metabolites in urine samples. Quantitative application using OPP-DMS-SRM/MS is presented without the need for sample preparation with a lower limit of quantification at 10-25 ng mL

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating primary brain tumor resistant to conventional therapies. A major obstacle to GBM treatment is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), or blood-glioma barrier, which prevents the transport of systemically administered (chemotherapeutic) drugs into the tumor. This study reports the design of dodecamer peptide (G23)-functionalized polydopamine (pD)-coated curcumin-loaded zein nanoparticles (CUR-ZpD-G23 NPs) that efficiently traversed the BBB, and delivered curcumin to glioblastoma cells. The NPs enhanced the cellular uptake of curcumin by C6 glioma cells compared to free curcumin, and showed high penetration into 3D tumor spheroids. Functionalization of the NPs with G23 stimulated BBB crossing and tumor spheroid penetration. Moreover, the NPs markedly inhibited proliferation and migration and induced cell death in liquid and soft agar models of C6 glioma cell growth. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry studies showed that the CUR-ZpD-G23 NPs increased cellular ROS production and induced apoptosis of C6 glioma cells. Following in vivo intravenous injection in zebrafish, ZpD-G23 NPs demonstrated the ability to circulate, which is a first prerequisite for their use in targeted drug delivery. In conclusion, zein-polydopamine-G23 NPs show potential as a drug delivery platform for therapy of GBM, which requires further validation in in vivo glioblastoma models.

With the gradual networking of inter-city relations and the increase in acute impact and chronic stress, the measurement of the resilience of urban network structures is particularly prominent. Based on the construction of the urban network by passenger train trips in the Yellow River Basin, this paper analyzes and assesses the characteristics of the structural resilience of the urban network, and probes into the network resilience and urban response under the circumstances of node failure and line failure in Zhengzhou. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The urban network in the Yellow River Basin was clearly hierarchical, with a significant spatial distribution of “low in the north and high in the south”, and the overall characteristics of “robustness” in small areas and “fragility” in large areas. The network connection forms were diversified and open. The network transmission efficiency was high, and the edge cities depended on the core cities with prominent characteristics, and the risk load of regional core cities rose. (2) The network structure was “robust” as it maintained high operational efficiency and connectivity under random attacks. Under deliberate attacks, the city network operated efficiently with a small increase in connectivity before the 60% threshold, and after the threshold, the overall network started to split into many sub-networks, and the network fragmentation gradually increased until the network collapsed. (3) Zhengzhou node failure and line failure states in the Yellow River Basin urban network were resilient, in the sense that when suffering important nodes and lines going down it could still maintain good network operation efficiency, and the core nodes in the impact of natural disasters could adapt to the destructive nature of the network through the urban network structure self-regulation.

Here, we present multifunctional fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) for simultaneous drug delivery and free radical detection. For this purpose, we modified FNDs containing nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers with a diazoxide derivative. We found that our particles enter cells more easily and are able to deliver this cancer drug into HeLa cells. The particles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and secondary electron microscopy. Compared to the free drug, we observe a sustained release over 72 h rather than 12 h for the free drug. Apart from releasing the drug, with these particles, we can measure the drug's effect on free radical generation directly. This has the advantage that the response is measured locally, where the drug is released. These FNDs change their optical properties based on their magnetic surrounding. More specifically, we make use of a technique called relaxometry to detect spin noise from the free radical at the nanoscale with subcellular resolution. We further compared the results from our new technique with a conventional fluorescence assay for the detection of reactive oxygen species. This provides a new method to investigate the relationship between drug release and the response by the cell via radical formation or inhibition.

Advancements in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry over the last decades have led to a significant development in mass spectrometry-based proteome quantification approaches. An increasingly attractive strategy is multiplex isotope labeling, which significantly improves the accuracy, precision and throughput of quantitative proteomics in the data-dependent acquisition mode. Isotope labeling-based approaches can be classified into MS1-based and MS2-based quantification. In this review, we give an overview of approaches based on chemical isotope labeling and discuss their principles, benefits, and limitations with the goal to give insights into fundamental questions and provide a useful reference for choosing a method for quantitative proteomics. As a perspective, we discuss the current possibilities and limitations of multiplex, isotope labeling approaches for the data-independent acquisition mode, which is increasing in popularity.

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by incomplete reversible airflow limitation and chronic inflammatory response lesions. This study mainly explored whether FGFR2 and MGAT5 polymorphisms affected the risk of COPD in the Chinese people. Methods Five variants in FGFR2 and MGAT5 were chosen and genotyped using Agena MassARRAY platform from 315 COPD patients and 314 healthy controls. The correlation of FGFR2 and MGAT5 with COPD susceptibility was evaluated with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) via logistic regression. Results We found rs2420915 enhanced the risk of COPD, while rs6430491, rs2593704 reduced the susceptibility of COPD (p p MGAT5-rs2593704 played a protective role in COPD development in different subgroups (age ≤ 70, male, smokers, and individuals with BMI ≤ 24 kg/m2). Meanwhile, rs6430491 was linked with a lower risk of COPD in nonsmoking and BMI ≤ 24 kg/m2 subgroups. Conclusions We concluded that FGFR2 and MGAT5 genetic polymorphisms are correlated with the risk of COPD in the Chinese people. These data underscored the important role of FGFR2 and MGAT5 gene in the occurrence of COPD and provided new biomarkers for COPD treatment. Trial registration: NA.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and related factors of left-behind children in impoverished rural China (mainly in the first grade of junior high school). Methods: A cross-sectional survey of rural households in 27 poverty-stricken counties in 12 provinces across China was conducted using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in left-behind children was 11.7%, and that of non-left-behind children was 8.9%. There was statistical difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). There are no differences between the two groups in terms of the various factors of SDQ. The incidence of insomnia in the left-behind group was 58.3%, which was higher than that in the non-left-behind group 50.9% (P < 0.01); loneliness (62.1% vs. 51.8%, P

Purpose Children who are left behind when their parents migrate for work have a high prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems, which affect social function and increase family burden. To date, no national survey has been conducted on the emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children (LBC) in China. This study aimed to investigate the emotional and behavioral outcomes of primary school LBC in the fourth grade in impoverished rural China and the possible influences of family environment and parenting practices. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 27 rural counties in the central and western parts of China from November 2016 to January 2017. The method of quota sampling was adopted to achieve a representative sample using postweighting adjustment. The survey sample was distributed proportionately across each county. LBC were defined as children aged 17) was significantly higher in the LBC group than in the NLBC group (15.6% vs. 11.6%; p < .01). Binary regression analysis showed that high levels of insomnia (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–2.27), loneliness (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.13–2.43), and self-harm (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.17–3.16) may increase the risk of abnormal SDQ total scores in LBC. Conclusions LBC showed a higher prevalence of abnormal SDQ total scores than NLBC. Insomnia, loneliness, and self-harm behavior were associated with abnormal SDQ total scores in LBC.

Purpose This article explores differences between the current health status of adolescents and the targets set in Healthy China 2030 (HC2030). Methods Global and domestic policies and strategies relating to adolescent health were reviewed. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990–2016) and the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health (1985–2014) were used to analyze time trends and geographical distributions of health indicators for adolescents aged 10–19 years in China. Results The Chinese government has released many health policies over the past 3 decades. In this context, there has been a major decline in all-cause mortality and stunting. However, gaps between the current health status of adolescents and the targets set in HC2030 were numerous. The prevalence of obesity and poor vision increased rapidly, and few adolescents meet the physical activity and fitness targets set in HC2030. Urban/rural differences were marked for some indicators such as obesity, whereas for other indicators (e.g., stunting), there remained notable differences across provinces. Conclusions Many long-standing health problems of adolescents have improved, but new problems related to noncommunicable disease risks have emerged and should be a prominent focus for policy action under HC2030.

Purpose We aimed to analyze the recent trends of mortality and rankings of causes of death in Chinese children and adolescents from 1953 to 2016. Methods Data on mortality and causes of death in Chinese children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were extracted from the China Health Statistics Yearbook and the Global Burden of Disease Study from 1953 to 2016. Mortality variations were analyzed by year, age, sex, province, and causes of death. Results The mortality of Chinese children and adolescents aged 5–19 years declined steadily from 1953 (366.03/100,000) to 2016 (27.21), with the largest reduction in adolescents aged 15–19 years and the smallest reduction in those aged 10–14 years. Large subnational disparities for all-cause mortality existed in national 31 provinces with higher mortality in western regions compared with eastern regions, but with narrowing disparities between 1981 and 2010. Injuries dominated the causes of death compared with noncommunicable diseases and communicable, maternal and neonatal, and nutritional diseases from 1990 (58.13/100,000 vs. 32.10 and 14.31) to 2016 (22.65 vs. 13.00 and 2.93). In 2016, the leading three causes of death were road injuries (8.30/100,000), drowning (7.25), and leukemia (2.60). Drowning was the leading cause of death for 5- to 14-year-olds, but road injuries have been the leading cause for 15- to 19-year-olds of both sexes since 2010. Conclusions Although mortality in Chinese adolescents now stands at just 7% of rates in the 1950s, there is a need to address continuing inequalities across sex, economic status, and region.

Adolescence is a critical period for physical and psychological development; therefore, health interventions at this phase may be especially beneficial. In this study, we aim to describe the distribution of the adolescent health care system in China and to compare the perceived barriers of running an adolescent clinic (AC) proposed by hospitals with corresponding government entities.A nationwide online survey was launched by the National Health Commission of China in December 2015, among 116 Maternal and Children's Healthcare (MCH) hospitals located across 24 randomized selected provinces. The online survey included management questionnaires filled out by health administrators from local health commissions and service questionnaires filled out by adolescent care providers from MCH hospitals.Among the surveyed provinces, only 7% have special funding for adolescent health care, 13% have a supporting policy, 8% have guidelines/service standards, and 16% provide adolescent health care based in MCH hospitals. Among the 116 MCH hospitals investigated, 31 (27%) had a functioning AC and 15 (13%) used to have an AC. Compared with the MCH hospitals that never have an AC, those that previously had an AC were more likely to perceive demand as a barrier (odds ratio = 8.02; p value.05) but less likely to perceive guidelines/service standards as a problem (odds ratio = .09; p value.01). The perceptions of health administrators and adolescent health care providers differed markedly on demand and profits: both were ranked highly by supply side (health providers) but ranked low by the health administrators.This national survey, for the first time, presents a whole picture of adolescent health care in MCH hospital settings in China. Among the surveyed MCH hospitals, major areas of discordance between administrators and health care providers were barriers in demand and profits, which health administrators tend to overlook. A number of strategic priorities are proposed to best guide the development of the adolescent health care system in China, including improved linkage between health and education and community systems, comprehensive approaches move beyond sexual and reproductive education, as well as the workforce development and capacity-building.

Quantifying peptides based on unique peptide fragment ions avoids the issue of ratio distortion that is commonly observed for reporter ion-based quantification approaches. Herein, we present a collision-induced dissociation-cleavable, isobaric acetyl-isoleucine-proline-glycine (Ac-IPG) tag, which conserves the merits of quantifying peptides based on unique fragments while reducing the complexity of the b-ion series compared to conventional fragment ion-based quantification methods thus facilitating data processing. Multiplex labeling is based on selective N-terminal dimethylation followed by derivatization of the ε-amino group of the C-terminal Lys residue of LysC peptides with isobaric Ac-IPG tags having complementary isotope distributions on Pro-Gly and Ac-Ile. Upon fragmentation between Ile and Pro, the resulting y ions, with the neutral loss of Ac-Ile, can be distinguished between the different labeling channels based on different numbers of isotope labels on the Pro-Gly part and thus contain the information for relative quantification, while b ions of different labeling channels have the same m/z values. The proteome quantification capability of this method was demonstrated by triplex labeling of a yeast proteome spiked with bovine serum albumin (BSA) over a 10-fold dynamic range. With the yeast proteins as the background, BSA was detected at ratios of 1.14:5.06:9.78 when spiked at 1:5:10 ratios. The raw mass data is available on the ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD 018790.

Isobaric peptide termini labeling (IPTL) is an attractive protein quantification method because it provides more accurate and reliable quantification information than traditional isobaric labeling methods (e.g., TMT and iTRAQ) by making use of the entire fragment-ion series instead of only a single reporter ion. The multiplexing capacity of published IPTL implementations is, however, limited to three. Here, we present a selective maleylation-directed isobaric peptide termini labeling (SMD-IPTL) approach for quantitative proteomics of LysC protein digestion. SMD-IPTL extends the multiplexing capacity to 4-plex with the potential for higher levels of multiplexing using commercially available 13C/15N labeled amino acids. SMD-IPTL is achieved in a one-pot reaction in three consecutive steps: (1) selective maleylation at the N-terminus; (2) labeling at the ϵ-NH2 group of the C-terminal Lys with isotopically labeled acetyl-alanine; (3) thiol Michael addition of an isotopically labeled acetyl-cysteine at the maleylated N-terminus. The isobarically labeled peptides are fragmented into sets of b- and y-ion clusters upon LC-MS/MS, which convey not only sequence information but also quantitative information for every labeling channel and avoid the issue of ratio distortion observed with reporter-ion-based approaches. We demonstrate the SMD-IPTL approach with a 4-plex labeled sample of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and yeast lysates mixed at different ratios. With the use of SMD-IPTL for labeling and a narrow precursor isolation window of 0.8 Th with an offset of -0.2 Th, accurate ratios were measured across a 10-fold mixing range of BSA in a background of yeast proteome. With the yeast proteins mixed at ratios of 1:5:1:5, BSA was detected at ratios of 0.94:2.46:4.70:9.92 when spiked at 1:2:5:10 ratios with an average standard deviation of peptide ratios of 0.34.

Purpose: Immunogenicity derived from the murine scFv, a major molecular compomemt of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), may limit the persistence of CAR T cells, resulting in tumor relapse of patients in complete remission (CR). In this study, we developed a humanized anti-CD19 scFv CAR-T (hCAR-T) to treat patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r ALL). Patients and Methods: In this one-arm, open-labeled study, we infused the T cells modified with hCAR to patients with r/r ALL. Patients were evaluated with long-term follow-up for response and safety of the treatment. The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02349698). Results: Ten patients with r/r ALL were recruited for this study. All were response evaluable and all achieved CR; eight patients remained CR, and six were in CR for over 18 months without further treatment. A long-term persistence of hCAR T cells was observed in most of the patients. Among these patients, four of them with high tumor burden and rapidly progressive disease (median, 58%) experienced grade 3–4 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. These severe CRSs were successfully controlled by tocilizumab, glucocorticoid, and plasma exchange. Conclusions: T cells expressing the humanized anti-CD19 scFv CARs exhibited sustained therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of r/r ALL. Low replase rate was associated with the long-term persistence of CAR T cells.

An urban ecological recreational space (UERS), which connects the natural environment with urban residents, is an important guarantee for developing a livable city and improving the well-being of residents. However, there is a serious imbalance between the supply of UERSs and the demand of residents in many big, rapidly developing cities. Previous studies usually used indicators such as scale or quantity to measure the supply level of UERS enjoyed by residents, ignoring its own quality differences. Therefore, taking the urban development area of Wuhan as the research object, we measured the quality of UERS from four dimensions using the entropy method and designed a method to measure the supply service level under the hierarchical travel threshold to analyze the supply level of UERSs based on a community unit. Finally, combined with the demand characteristics of different groups, the matching relationship between supply and demand of UERSs in each community is quantitatively analyzed. The results show the following: (1) The quality of UERS in urban development area of Wuhan varies greatly and its distribution is extremely uneven. (2) The level of supply services and the demand level vary greatly, and the overall performance has a trend of decreasing from the city center to the periphery. (3) The overall matching relationship between supply and demand of UERS is not ideal, and more than half of the communities are in supply deficit or without services. Our study provides a novel perspective on quantifying the supply–demand relationship of UERS. It can more accurately guide decision-makers and planners in determining areas with mismatches between the supply and demand of UERSs and in making targeted layouts of UERSs and relevant policies.

Introduction: Neonatal survival remains a public health concern globally. Early Essential Newborn Care (EENC) recommended by World Health Organization is a package of cost-effective interventions to improve neonatal health and development outcomes. In this study we aimed to explore the effectiveness of EENC implementation in four provinces of western China.Methods: A pre- and post-intervention investigations were conducted in 4 selected EENC intervention counties and 4 control counties of four western provinces of China, during June to August 2017 and December 2020 to April 2021 respectively. A mixed quantitative and qualitative approach was used for data collection and analysis. Data on the coverage of EENC practices were collected through post-intervention face-to-face questionnaire interview with postpartum mothers before hospital discharge. Hospital-reported data on neonatal health outcomes were obtained through mail surveys in both investigations. We also performed semi-structured interviews with stakeholders of policymakers, health staff, and postpartum mothers to learn their perceived usefulness of EENC implementation. Results: 599 mother-newborn pairs in the intervention group and 699 pairs in the control group participated in the post-intervention survey. With the confounding factor of province being controlled for, proportions of newborns receiving any skin to skin contact (99.50% vs. 49.07%), exclusive breastfeeding before discharge (92.57% vs. 63.80%), no applied medicine to the umbilical cord (98.50% vs. 9.73%), routine eye care (93.16% vs. 8.73%), and vitamin K1 administration (98.33% vs. 88.98%) were higher in the intervention group compared with the control group (PPConclusion: EEEC-recommended core practices have been successfully introduced in pilot hospitals. The efficacy of EENC implementation should be highly recognized to accelerate the progress towards its national rolling out.

The complex adaptation system (CAS) theory of “adaptability to produce complexity” is a new theoretical perspective for the spatio-temporal evolution of rural tourism systems. Based on the CAS theory, the theoretical framework, structural composition, formation process, and evolution mechanism of the rural tourism complex system were examined and revealed. The suburban country region of Wuhan was taken as the area of focus for empirical research. The state of the rural tourism destination system in Wuhan has gone through various periods of development: the embryonic stage of the system (before 2000), formation (2001–2007), rapid development (2008–2015), and consolidation and transformation (since 2016). Under the environments stimulating external physical geography, social economy, market demand, and emergencies, multiple agents such as government, enterprises, residents, and tourists in Wuhan have actively adapted to the environment and other agents, and the interaction intensity and complexity have gradually increased, driving the emergence of system agent types, functional structures, and spatial patterns. The agents continue to grow, differentiate, and aggregate. The tourism product has shifted from the dominance of a rural ecological scenery and leisure agriculture to diversified development, and with the main function changing from sightseeing to leisure and vacation. The rural communities have been renovated and beautified, transforming them from a provider of rural service facilities to a co-builder of a rural-imaged tourism space.