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Two new spirostanol saponins, kingianoside I 1 and kingianoside K 2, corresponding to 3β,23S,25R23hydroxy12oxospirost5en3yl 4OβDglucopyranosylβDgalactopyranoside 1 and 3β,25R7oxospirost5en3yl αLarabinofuranosyl1→46deoxyαLmannopyranosyl1→2βDglucopyranoside 2, along with 13 known compounds, daucosterol, 25Rkingianoside G, 25RSkingianoside A, pratioside D1, 25RSpratioside D1, 25Skingianoside C, kingianoside C, ginsenoside Rb1, saponins Tb and Pb, dioscin, gracillin, and saponin Pa, were isolated from the processed rhizomes of Polygonatum kingianum.The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2DNMR techniques, and chemical methods. Compound 2contains a novel unusual spirostanol saponin aglycone. Ginsenoside Rb1and saponin Tb were isolated for the first time from the genus Polygonatum.The 13 known compounds were detected for the first time in the processed Polygonatum kingianum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reported flexible and transparent triboelectric generator (FTTG) can only output ultralow power density (∼2 μW cm−2), which has seriously hindered its further development and application. The low power density of FTTG is mainly limited by the transparent material and the electrode structure. Herein, for the first time, a FTTG with a superior power density of 60.7 μW cm−2 has been fabricated by designing asymmetric electrodes where graphene and indium tin oxide (ITO) act as top and bottom electrodes respectively. Moreover, the performance of FTTG with graphene/ITO (G/I) asymmetric electrodes (GI-FTTG) almost remains unchanged even after 700 cycles, indicating excellent mechanical stability. The excellent performance of GI-FTTG can be attributed to the suitable materials and unique asymmetric electrode structure: the extraordinary flexibility of the graphene top electrode ensures the GI-FTTG excellent mechanical robustness and stability even after longer cycles, and the bottom electrode with very low sheet resistance guarantees lower internal resistance and higher production rate of induction charges to obtain higher output power density. It shows that light-emitting diodes (LED) can be easily powered by GI-FTTG, which demonstrates that the GI-FTTG is very promising for harvesting electrical energy from human activities by using flexible and transparent devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Kaixin San (KXS) is a prescription traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the effects of "tonifying the kidney and brain" and "improving memory". The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in KXS could effectively improve senile dementia and depression, but only few studies have focused on the overall characterization of VOCs in KXS and the quantitative study of the main active components. Methods: We have developed a strategy to correlate the results from headspace gas chromatography/ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC/IMS) and headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) for the comprehensive characterization of VOCs in KXS and the quantitative analysis of the main pharmacodynamic substances. Results: A totsal of 68 low molecular weight VOCs were identified in KXS by HSGC/IMS at room temperature and atmospheric pressure; 117 VOCs were identified and 10 components (isocalamenediol, α-asarone, β-asarone, methyl eugenol, isoeugenol methyl ether, camphor, anethol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphol, linalool, asarylaldehyde) as the quality markers of KXS based on HS-GC/MS. Conclusions: This results from this study provide a foundation for quality control, pharmacodynamic mechanism research and further development of KXS, and provides more convincing data supporting the VOCs of other natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a constituent enrichment step on a silica gel column, four phenyl-ethanoid glycosides were successfully isolated from Cistanches deserticola and purified by preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-ethanol-water (40:6:6:50, v/v/v/v). A total of 30.9 mg acteoside, 13.0 mg isoacteoside, 12.5 mg syringalide A 3'-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and 7.2 mg 2'-acetylacteoside with purity of higher than 95%, as determined by HPLC-ELSD, were obtained in one-step separation from 297 mg of Cistanche deserticola extract, respectively. Their structures were identified by HR-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]