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The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii distributed from tropical to subtropical regions, is a warm-water species, and its survival temperature is 14–35 °C, which greatly limits its culture cycle and culture area in China. Therefore, it is urgent to cultivate a new high quality, high yield variety with improved cold-resistance, but the genetic parameters for cold-resistance traits are unknown in M. rosenbergii. In this study, the cold-resistance of adult M. rosenbergii populations was tested using the indoor artificial cooling method. Individuals were selected from 139 families of Shufeng G3 generation and cultured for 200 days. A linear mixed model was constructed by ASReml-R to evaluate the genetic parameters of the cold-resistance trait (cooling degree hours, CDH) and growth traits (body weight, BW, and body length, BL) based on the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. The results show that the heritability of CDH was low (0.12±0.05), while the growth traits (BW and BL) had low to moderate heritability, with 0.20±0.06 for BW and 0.06±0.04 for BL. The phenotypic and genetic correlation between BW and BL was significantly positive, but significantly negative phenotypic and genetic correlations were detected between CDH and BW and between CDH and BL. Furthermore, the analysis of the differences between cold-resistance and phenotypic traits showed that the female reproductive status, exoskeleton hardness and claw number of adult prawns had a great influence on the cold-resistance of M. rosenbergii (P<0.05), indicating that adults with claws and hard exoskeletons are preferred as parents in subsequent breeding selection. The present results can be attributed to the selection and breeding of a new cold-resistant variety of M. rosenbergii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Log-based public key infrastructure(PKI) refers to a robust class of CA-attack-resilient PKI that enhance transparency and accountability in the certificate revocation and issuance process by compelling certificate authorities (CAs) to submit revocations to publicly and verifiably accessible logs. However, log-based PKIs suffer from a reliance on centralized and consistent sources of information, rendering them susceptible to split-world attacks, and they regrettably fail to provide adequate incentives for recording or monitoring CA behavior. Blockchain-based PKIs address these limitations by enabling decentralized log audits through automated financial incentives. However, they continue to face challenges in developing a scalable revocation mechanism suited for lightweight clients. In this paper, we introduce BRT, a scalable blockchain-based system for certificate and revocation transparency. It serves to log, audit, and validate the status of certificates within the transport layer security (TLS)/secure sockets layer(SSL) PKI domain. We designed an audit-on-chain framework, coupled with an off-chain storage/computation system, to enhance the efficiency of BRT when operating in a blockchain environment. By implementing a blockchain-based prototype, we demonstrate that BRT achieves storage-efficient log recording with a peak compression rate reaching 8%, cost-effective log updates for large-scale certificates, and near-instantaneous revocation checks for users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-Chloro-2-pentanone (5C2P) and its derivatives are widely utilized in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry. A new catalytic approach was proposed to convert 3-acetyl-1-propanol to 5C2P using bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate (triphosgene, BTC) as the efficient chlorine source. Various qualitative and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (1H, 13C NMR), especially 1D selective gradient total correlation spectroscopy (Sel-TOCSY) and 2D heteronuclear single quantum correlation (1H-13C HSQC) were used in the process. The reaction conditions, such as temperature, time, mole ratio, solvent as well as initiator were optimized. Experiment results showed that the yield of 5C2P reached a maximum of 97.93% in 1,2-dichloroethane at 80 °C after 2 h under the initiation of N,N-dimethylacetamide, and the optimal molar ratio of 3-acetyl-1-propanol to BTC was 1:0.4. The reaction mechanism was proposed and confirmed accordingly. Interestingly, an intermediate product of 1-(dimethylamino)ethyl carbonochloridate was observed, and its chemical structure was characterized by both Sel-TOCSY and 1H-13C HSQC. This study enriched the catalytic reaction ways for the preparation of 5C2P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Sterilization of milk is aimed at killing the microorganisms present. There are three main sterilization methods commonly used in milk processing: high temperature and short time (HTST) pasteurization, ultrahigh pasteurization (UP), and ultrahigh temperature (UHT) sterilization. The Maillard reaction is of special interest in studying the effect of heat treatment on milk quality. Furfural compounds are one of the typical intermediates of the Maillard reaction, which have safety risks related to mutagenic and genotoxic effects. The furfural compounds content is directly related to the heat treatment intensity. RESULTS: The furfural compounds content was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection in 12 min. Then, 13 levels of heat treatment intensity (combinations of temperature and time) and three levels of homogenization pressure were selected to study the change of the furfural compounds content after different processing technologies in a pilot plant. The results show a higher temperature treatment can stimulate more Maillard reaction intermediates, such as hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural. A temperature regression evaluation model and content prediction models of hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural were developed to quantify the relationship between the furfural content and heat treatment with the data from the pilot plant. CONCLUSION: Based on the temperature evaluation model, the heating temperature of three milk products was evaluated. The homogenization pressures had little effect on the furfural content in liquid milk. The emergence of the furyl methyl ketone and methylfurfural can be detected after overprocessing of the liquid milk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revocation functionality and hierarchy key delegation are two necessary and crucial requirements to identity-based cryptosystems. Revocable hierarchical identity-based encryption (RHIBE) has attracted a lot of attention in recent years, many RHIBE schemes have been proposed but shown to be either insecure or bounded where they have to fix the maximum hierarchical depth of RHIBE at setup. In this paper, we propose a new unbounded RHIBE scheme with decryption key exposure resilience and with short public system parameters, and prove our RHIBE scheme to be adaptively secure. Our system model is scalable inherently to accommodate more levels of user adaptively with no adding workload or restarting the system. By carefully designing the hybrid games, we overcome the subtle obstacle in applying the dual system encryption methodology for the unbounded and revocable HIBE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first construction of adaptively secure unbounded RHIBE scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) is a member of the class A scavenger receptor family which is expressed on the cell surface of macrophages. It is well known that MARCO avidly binds to unopsonized pathogens, leading to its ingestion by macrophages. However, the role of MARCO in the recognition and phagocytosis of tumor cells by macrophages remains poorly understood. In this study, we used lentiviral technology to knockdown and overexpress MARCO and investigated the ability of macrophages to phagocytose tumor cells. Our results showed that MARCO expression was correlated with the ability of macrophages to carry on phagocytosis. MARCO knockdown led to significant decreases in the number of engulfment pseudopodia of macrophages and inhibition of the phagocytosis of tumor cells. On the other hand, MARCO overexpression elevated activity of SYK, PI3K and Rac1 in macrophages, which led to changes in macrophage morphology and enhanced phagocytosis by promoting formation of stress fibers and pseudopodia. By Co-IP analysis we showed that MARCO directly binds to the β5 integrin of SL4 tumor cells. In summary, these results demonstrated the important role for MARCO in demonstrated tumor cells uptake and clearance by macrophages. • The MARCO receptor on macrophages was positively correlated with the ability to phagocyte tumor cells. • Macrophage MARCO affects cytoskeleton rearrangement and pseudopodia formation through the SYK-PI3K-Rac1 pathway. • Integrin is the ligand of MARCO on the tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential furfural compounds were detected by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) in milk-based formula (MBF), ultra-high temperature milk (UHT) and pasteurised yoghurt (PY). The content of potential 5-hydroxylmethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) and 2-furaldehyde (F) are significantly different in MBF, UHT and PY. 2-Furyl methyl ketone (FMC) and 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde (MF) were not detected in MBF, UHT and PY. Stress testing selected high temperature and high humidity to study the evolution of furfural compounds in MBF, UHT and PY. The contents of potential HMF and F sharply increased under high temperature conditions, while they showed little change under high humidity conditions. Accelerated testing and long-term testing were also conducted. Finally, regression equations of temperature–time-furfural content relationships were derived, by which the contents of furfural compounds in these dairy products stored under certain conditions for a certain time could be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Without the design for inherent security, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is vulnerable to prefix/subprefix hijacks and other attacks. Though many BGP security approaches have been proposed to prevent or detect such attacks, the unsatisfactory cost-effectiveness frustrates their deployment. In fact, the currently deployed BGP security infrastructure leaves the chance for potential centralized authority misconfiguration and abuse. It actually becomes the critical yield point that demands the logging and auditing of misbehaviors and attacks in BGP security deployments. We propose a blockchain-based Internet number resource authority and trustworthy management solution, named BGPcoin, to facilitate the transparency of BGP security. BGPcoin provides a reliable origin advertisement source for origin authentication by dispensing resource allocations and revocations compliantly against IP prefix hijacking. We perform and audit resource assignments on the tamper-resistant Ethereum blockchain by means of a set of smart contracts, which also interact as one to provide the trustworthy origin route examination for BGP. Compared with RPKI, BGPcoin yields significant benefits in securing origin advertisement and building a dependable infrastructure for the object repository. We demonstrate it through an Ethereum prototype implementation, and we deploy it and do experiment on a locally-simulated network and an official Ethereum test network respectively. The extensive experiment and evaluation demonstrate the incentives to deploy BGPcoin, and the enhanced security provided by BGPcoin is technically and economically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evaluating the intervention effect of PC6 acupressure on chemotherapy-induced acute, delayed nausea, and vomiting in malignant tumor patients. Method: Eleven databases had been retrieved from January 2010 through January 2022. The published meta-analysis literature was hand-searched, and the language was limited to English and Chinese. The protocol of this meta-analysis was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42022323693). Two reviewers independently selected relevant eligible articles, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was statistically analyzed using software RevMan 5.3. Result: Ten randomized controlled trials with 975 patients were included. Only two studies were assessed as high quality; eight studies were evaluated as moderate. Meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, PC6 acupressure reduced the occurrence number of acute (SMD = −0.39,95CI (−0.73, −0.05) P = 0.02), delayed (SMD = −0.51, 95% CI (−0.96, −0.05) P = 0.03) nausea and acute (SMD = −0.42,95% CI (−0.79, −0.06) P = 0.02), delayed (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI (−0.77, 0.03) P = 0.07) vomiting; it reduced the severity of acute (SMD = −0.34, 95% CI (−0.57, −0.11) P = 0.004), delayed (SMD = −0.79, 95% CI (−1.33, −0.25) P = 0.004) nausea and acute (SMD = −0.51, 95% CI (−0.79, −0.23) P = 0.0004), delayed (SMD = −0.50, 95% CI (−0.84, −0.17) P = 0.003) vomiting, while it did not reduced the experience time on acute and delayed CINV. Conclusion: The meta-analysis shows the effectiveness of PC6 acupressure in preventing and treating nausea and vomiting. Large, high-quality, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed in the future to determine the efficacy of PC6 acupressure on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The therapeutic effect of chemical lumbar sympathectomy (CLS) on ischemic diseases of the lower limbs varies greatly among individuals. The time to peak (TTP) response in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can reflect the perfusion disorder of the calf skeletal muscle and the collateral circulation. In this study we evaluated the predictive value of CEUS in patients treated with CLS for end-stage atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremity (ASO-LE). Methods: This was a prospective study that included patients with end-stage ASO-LE and moderate to severe pain who had undergone a CEUS examination and CLS procedure and who were observed for 12 months after surgery. The patients' characteristics and prognostic factors, including lower limb pain score, skin temperature, walking distance, and ulcer and gangrene healing, were recorded. Results: Fifty-eight patients with a mean age of 66.24 (range 58–78) years were included in the study, of whom 42 (71.41%) were men. Following the CLS procedure, the numerical rating scale (NRS)-measured pain decreased significantly, and the skin temperature of the affected limb increased significantly (P < 0.05). The satisfaction rate of lower limb pain relief 1 year after operation was 53.45%. Correlation analysis showed that preoperative TTP response was correlated with the NRS score and skin temperature of the affected limb at 6 months and 12 months post surgery (P < 0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis indicated that a longer preoperative TTP response was associated with a higher risk of poor pain relief after CLS (odds ratio 1.126, 95% confidence interval 1.058–1.205). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that preoperative TTP response had a certain predictive value on CLS treatment effect, with a sensitivity and specificity of 81.5% and 83.9%, respectively. When the preoperative TTP response was > 77.5, the risk of poor response after CLS increased. Conclusions: Preoperative TTP response was able to predict the therapeutic effect of CLS to a certain extent, and thus may aid physicians in determining the choice of CLS treatment for patients with ASO-LE. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChicTR1900028424 (principal investigator: Yue Wu; date of registration: 21 December 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a crucial adaptor protein for Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling pathways and plays an important role in immune response. In this study, the full-length cDNA of MyD88 from Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MRMyD88) was cloned. The MRMyD88 cDNA is 1758 bp long and contains a 1398-bp open reading frame. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the amino acid sequence of MRMyD88 shared high identity with the known MyD88 proteins. The MRMyD88 mRNA was widely expressed in all examined tissues, with highest level in intestine, followed by gonad and pleopod. Furthermore, the MRMyD88 promoter region, spanning 1622 bp, contains several transcription factor-binding sites, including nine GATA-1 box motifs. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that Gfi-1, SRF, and Oct-1 bind to the upstream region of MRMyD88. Additionally, the results showed that the expression levels of TLR1 , TLR2 and TLR3 were different in response to Vibrio anguillarum , Lactobacillus plantarum and Aeromonas hydrophila infections. However, these bacteria significantly increased the expression levels of MyD88 and prophenoloxidase. These data suggest that the TLR -mediated signaling pathway is MyD88 -dependent in response to pathogenic and probiotic bacteria in M. rosenbergii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio anguillarum is a globally distributed aquatic pathogen, and its flagellin B (FlaB) protein can evoke innate immune responses in hosts. In order to explore the role of FlaB in V. anguillarum infection, we constructed a FlaB-deficient mutant using overlapping PCR and two-step homologous recombination, and gene sequencing confirmed successful knockout of the FlaB gene. Scanning electron microscopy showed no significant differences in the morphological structure of the flagellum between wild-type and FlaB-deficient strains. The mutant was subsequently injected into the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) to explore its pathogenicity in the host, and expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88, prophenoloxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was investigated by real-time PCR. The results showed that deletion of FlaB had little effect on V. anguillarum -induced expression of these immune-related genes (p > 0.05). In general, the FlaB mutant displayed similar flagella morphology and immune characteristics to the wild-type strain, hence we speculated that knockout of FlaB might promote the expression and function of other flagellin proteins. Furthermore, this study provides a rapid and simple method for obtaining stable mutants of V. anguillarum free from foreign plasmid DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tautomer distribution of GlcNAc in D 2 O or DMSO‑ d 6 was investigated by NMR techniques. • The tautomer distribution of GlcNAc in common solvents for biorefinery was studied. • Zn2+and Sn4+ promoted the conversion of α-pyranose to β-pyranose. • Amino acid ionic liquids increase the proportion of β-pyranose in DMSO‑ d 6. The tautomer structure of monosaccharides plays an important role in its conversion and utilization, which is mainly manifested in the selectivity of the product and the reaction mechanism. The tautomer distributions of N -acetyl- D -glucosamine (GlcNAc), a natural nitrogen-containing monosaccharide were investigated by quantitative 1H NMR (1H qNMR) and 13C NMR (13C qNMR) at 298 K under the condition commonly utilized for biorefinery. Catalysts used for biorefinery, i.e. BaCl 2 , KCl, ZnCl 2 , MgCl 2 , B(OH) 3 , SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O and amino acid ionic liquid were introduced into D 2 O or DMSO‑ d 6 to explore the tautomer distributions of GlcNAc. The introduction of ZnCl 2 and SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O promoted the conversion of α-pyranose to β-pyranose. The introduction of amino acid ionic liquid has little effect on the percentage of tautomers in D 2 O. However, when the amino acid ionic liquid, such as [Thr]Cl, was introduced into DMSO‑ d 6 , the proportion of β-pyranose increased to 29.06%, compared with no catalyst introduced. Besides, we also studied the tautomer distributions of GlcNAc in commonly utilized reaction solvents for biorefinery, such as N,N -dimethylformamide, N , N -dimethylacetamide, N -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, ethylene and glycerol. In these solvents, the proportion of β-pyranose in N,N -dimethylformamide and glycerol was reduced to 25.84% and 38.38%, respectively. This study provides the basic experimental data of tautomer distributions of GlcNAc, and guided the conversion and utilization of GlcNAc in the future. Graphical abstract [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite greater attention being paid to sensitive-information leakage in the cyberdomain, the sensitive-information problem of the physical domain remains neglected. Anonymous users can easily access the sensitive information of other users, such as transaction information, health status, and addresses, without any advanced technologies. Ideally, secret messages should be protected not only in the cyberdomain but also in the complex physical domain. However, popular steganography schemes only work in the traditional cyberdomain and are useless when physical distortions of messages are unavoidable. This paper first defines the concept of cross-domain steganography, and then proposes EasyStego, a novel cross-domain steganography scheme. EasyStego is based on the use of QR barcodes as carriers; therefore, it is robust to physical distortions in the complex physical domain. Moreover, EasyStego has a large capacity for embeddable secrets and strong scalability in various scenarios. EasyStego uses an AES encryption algorithm to control the permissions of secret messages, which is more effective in reducing the possibility of sensitive-information leakage. Experiments show that EasyStego has perfect robustness and good efficiency. Compared with the best current steganography scheme based on barcodes, EasyStego has greater steganographic capacity and less impact on barcode data. In robustness tests, EasyStego successfully extracts secret messages at different angles and distances. In the case of adding natural textures and importing quantitative error bits, other related steganography techniques fail, whereas EasyStego can extract secret messages with a success rate of nearly 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]