Search

Biodiesel is one of the most important bioenergy products. But the feedstock is the bottleneck of its production. In order to mine potential feedstock from the natural resources, a wild survey was conducted in 10 provinces or cities of North China, and 952 seed samples, which came from 587 species of 102 families, were collected for analysis of oil content, oil composition, and chemical properties. The result showed that there are 23 families with the average oil contents higher than 20%, and families of Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Celastraceae, Brassicaceae, Labiatae, Sapindaceae are dominant families rich in oil. The fatty acid composition of various vegetable oils is very different, showing the characteristics of different families, genera, and species. Erucic acid was mainly found in the Cruciferae；Pinolenic acid and taxoleic acid was mainly found in the Pinaceae; Oleic acid was mainly found in the Euphorbiaceae. The average iodine value in 81.4% of the families is less than 120 g/100g. Families with an acid value of less than 10 are mainly distributed in Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae, Labiatae, Compositae, Liliaceae, Aceraceae, Rhamnaceae, Solanaceae, Cannabaceae, Malvacea, Oleaceae, Cornaceae, Sapindaceae, etc. The saponification value is concentrated between 140 and 220 mg/g in 344 species (62.66%). In 84 species (60.87%), the predicted cetane number is higher than 49, mainly distributed in the families of Rosaceae, Anacardiaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Oleaceae, Umbelliferae, Theaceae, Celastraceae, etc. These results will help in developing potential biodiesel feedstock, also provide a guide for development of specific oil industry.

Inorganic minerals were separated from mudstone and shale to investigate their oil adsorption potential. A conceptual model was developed to reconstruct the oil adsorption capacity of underground mudrock/shale by combining adsorption and organic matter swelling data. The predictions for the free hydrocarbon oversaturation sorption zones in the Well NY1 profile were taken as a case study. The results suggest that the best depth for the shale oil prospect of the Es4s member strata lies between 3400 and 3600 m in the Dongying Depression. Hydrocarbon starvation zones occur mainly at a depth of

A new metal–organic framework, [Cd(TDC)(bix)(H2O)]n (H2TDC = thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid; bix = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene), has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, UV–vis and single X-ray diffraction. Cd-MOF is a 2D infinite layer framework, which is further interconnected by hydrogen-bond interactions leading to a 3D supramolecular architecture. The photoluminescent properties of the Cd-MOF were investigated and this compound shows intense fluorescent emissions in the solid state. In addition, it exhibits good photocatalytic activities for the degradation of methyl organic under UV light irradiation.

The hydrothermal reaction of Cd(II) salt with 5-[(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]isophthalic acid (H2L) leads to the formation of a new complex [Cd(L)(H2O)] (1). While in the presence of 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as auxiliary ligands, complexes [Cd(L)(bpy)]∙H2O (2) and [Cd(L)(phen)]∙2H2O (3) were obtained. Complexes 1–3 have been characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffractions, IR, and elemental and thermogravimetric analyzes. As a result, complex 1 exhibits twofold interpenetrated 3-D (10,3)-a architecture, 2 displays chain structure, and 3 shows uninodal 3-connected hcb network with (63) topology. The impact of auxiliary ligands on the structures of resultant complexes is discussed. Moreover, luminescence property of 1–3 was investigated.

A new type of isotope preparation system was designed with excellent accuracy, high degree automation and high security. In view of the existing equipment with automation low degree automation, poor safety, much long preparation time and low precision of the sample preparation problems, a series of improvements were introduced, such as the automatic sampling device, contact valve, vacuum auxiliary system, gas meter and digital dashboards. It was found that the instrument finely designed had the characteristics such as high accuracy, automation and security. Combined with the sample detection device, the preparated sample had excellent detection results. Meanwhile, a set of standard operating procedures had also been formed. Furthermore, the sample preparation process was briefly discussed.

Forty-nine wild oil plants which are abundant in the Tsinling and Zhongtiao Mountains were investigated and screened as raw material for biodiesel production. The oil content was tested and found to be greatly variable, ranging from 10 to 62.8 %. Fatty acid profiles of their vegetable oils were analyzed, and their acid value, saponification number, and iodine value were found to range from 1.6 to 61.3 mg KOH/g, 128.6 to 225.9 mg KOH/g, and 54.3 to 120.9 g I2/100 g, respectively. Cetane number, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, high heating values, and cold filter plugging point of the 49 vegetable-oil methyl esters (MEs) were empirically calculated and were found to vary from 38.8 to 66.6, 2.9 to 4.2 mm2/s, 841.4 to 883.8 kg/m3, 39.0 to 47.5 kJ/g, and −14.3 to 13.2 °C, respectively. Almost half (25 species) of all the sampled resources were found to be suitable for biodiesel production since the profiles of their vegetable-oil MEs met the major specifications of Chinese and European Union biodiesel standards, GB/T20828 and EN-14214, respectively. Grey relational analysis was used during the optimum-species screening process. The difference between the individual species and the artificial designed ideal species (the best biodiesel plant type in this paper) was calculated and evaluated with the help of grey relational grade, which varied from 0.467 to 0.686. Finally, the selected plants, Prunus salicina Linn. and Amygdalus davidiana (C.) C. de Vos, were considered as the optimal feedstock for biodiesel production.

Three 3-D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), [Cd(NDC)(biim-4)]·0.5H2O (1), [Cd2(TDC)2(biim-4)2(H2O)2] (2) and [Zn2(biim-4)2(TDC)2]·2.5H2O (3) (biim-4 = 1,4-bis(1-imidazolyl) butyric alkyl; H2NDC = 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; H2TDC = thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single X-ray diffraction. The three MOFs have high photocatalytic degradation effects on methyl orange under UV irradiation. Through electronic structure analysis combined with time-dependent density functional theory calculations, catalytic performances of these materials are correlated with the molecular composition and the optoelectronic properties of the samples.

The synthesis of a new triazene reagent 1-(4-antipyrine)-3-( 3-nitroaniline)-triazene (ANTA) and its color reaction with Hg (Ⅱ) was studied and a new spectrophotometric method for the determination of Hg (Ⅱ) was established. The results showed that in the presence of micromulsion Tween-80, ASTA could reacted with Hg ( Ⅱ) to form a red stable complex of which the molar ratio of reagent︰metal was 2︰1 in Na2B4O7-NaOH medium.. The maximum absorption peak of the complex was located at 495 nm with the apparent molar absorption of 3.8 ×105 L·mol-1·cm-1. Beer′s law was obeyed in the range of 0.32～10 μg/10 mL for Hg ( Ⅱ) and the detection limit was 0.10 mg/L. Many ions did not interfere the colour reaction system due to the existence of ammonia. This method was applied to determination of Hg (Ⅱ) in lead-zinc ore samples, and the results were in accordance with those obtained by AAS method. Recovery was in the range of 103.0～103.2 % and the RSD(n=6) was not more than 4.6%.

A novel mixed-ligand copper(II) complex [Cu(pht)2(phen)H2O] (Hpht = 5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) was has been synthesized solvent-thermally and characterized by elemental analysis, IRand single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal of the copper complex belongs to Triclinic system with space group P1, a = 11.747(14), b = 12.639(15), c = 14.021(17)Å, α= 97.986(18)º, β= 104.958(18) º, γ= 108.485(19) º, V = 1851(4) Å3, Dc = 1.371 g/cm3, Z = 2, F(000) = 790, µ = 0.644mm-1, R1 = 0.0835, wR2= 0.1436 [I>2σ(I)] and GOF＝0.867. The X-ray data showed that the Cu(II) atom adopted a distorted CuN2O3 square pyramidal configuration when coordinated with two phen ligands and one water ligand. The antimicrobial activity of the title complex was evaluated against a series of fungi or bacteria in vitro by agar method and the filter paper method, respectively．The results showed that the title complex was more active against the Fusarim gramine arum, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus Aureus than its precursor Hpht and Cu(Ac)2×H2O.

A new coordination polymer [Zn(PMP)2Cl] n (PMP = 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone) has been prepared by the reaction of zinc chloride and PMP, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV, and fluorescence spectra, TG/DTA, and electrochemical analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the complex is monoclinic, space group P 2(1)/n, with a = 10.850(17), b = 17.578(2), c = 10.997(18) A, β = 104.999(3)°, V = 2025.8(5) A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.470 mg m−3, F(000) = 920, goodness-of-fit = 0.905, and R 1 = 0.0441. The complex is a 1-D coordination polymer, and the coordination geometry of Zn(II) is a distorted tetrahedron.

A binuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu(NAA)2(DMF)]2·0.5DMF· 0.5H2O (NAA = 1-naphthylacetic acid, DMF = N,bmN-dimethylformamide) has been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction...

Introduction – Jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are important plant hormones. Plant hormones are difficult to analyse because they occur in small concentrations and other substances in the plant interfere with their detection. Objective – To develop a new, inexpensive procedure for the rapid extraction and purification of IAA, ABA and JA from various plant species. Methodology – Samples were prepared by extraction of plant tissues with methanol and ethyl acetate. Then the extracts were further purified and enriched with C18 cartridges. The final extracts were derivatised with diazomethane and then measured by GC-MS. The results of the new methodology were compared with those of the Creelman and Mullet procedure. Results – Sequential elution of the assimilates from the C18 cartridges revealed that IAA and ABA eluted in 40% methanol, while JA subsequently eluted in 60% methanol. The new plant hormone extraction and purification procedure produced results that were comparable to those obtained with the Creelman and Mullet's procedure. This new procedure requires only 0.5 g leaf samples to quantify these compounds with high reliability and can simultaneously determine the concentrations of the three plant hormones. Conclusion – A simple, inexpensive method was developed for determining endogenous IAA, ABA and JA concentrations in plant tissue. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Binuclear copper complex (2-[bis(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol, 4,4′-bipyridine bridged dicopper(II) complex) was grafted onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using the cyclic voltammetric method in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The modified electrode resulted in efficient electrocatalytic activity for anodic oxidation of uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA) via a substantial decrease in anodic over-potentials for both compounds. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using this modified electrode result in two well-resolved anodic waves for the oxidation of UA and AA in mixed solution, making possible the simultaneous determination of both compounds. Linear analytical curves were obtained in the ranges 5.0–300.0 μM and 5.0–160.0 μM for UA and AA concentrations through DPV methods, respectively. The detection limits were 2.0 μM of UA and AA. This electrode was used for UA and AA determinations in urine samples with satisfactory results.

A novel modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a binuclear copper complex was fabricated using a cyclic voltammetric method in phosphate buffer solution. This modified electrode shows very efficient electrocatalytic activity for anodic oxidation of both dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) via substantial decrease in anodic overpotentials for both compounds. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using this modified electrode show two well-resolved anodic waves for the oxidation of DA and AA in mixed solution, which makes it possible for simultaneous determination of both compounds. Linear analytical curves were obtained in the ranges 2.0–120.0 μM and 5.0–160.0 μM for DA and AA concentrations by using DPV methods, respectively. The detection limits were 1.4 × 10−6 M of DA and 2.8 × 10−6 M of AA. This electrode was used for AA and DA determinations in medicine and foodstuff samples with satisfactory results.

By electroless nickel deposition on amino‐functionalized silica spheres, we prepared a novel catalyst SiO2@NiO. Here, we study the catalytic properties by the reduction of 4‐NP. Applying UV/Vis spectroscopy, we see that 4‐NP is reduced to 4‐AP by reducing agent NaBH4 in the presence of SiO2@NiO in a few minutes. It is assumed that active nickel was stabilized by NiO, and obtain high catalytic activity nickel.

A new bicopper (II) complex [Cu2L2Cl2 · H2O, H2 L=C6H5CH(OH)CH(CH3)N=CH(C6H5‐2‐OH)], has been synthesized by Schiff base condensation of phenylpropanolamine with salicylaldehyde in the presence of Cu2+. The crystal of the complex was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, IR, ES‐MS spectroscopy, molar conductivity and elemental analyses. Antimicrobial activity study found that the complex was active against Candida albican, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus coliforms.

A new dinuclear copper(II) complex was synthesized by reaction of 5,5‐diphenylimidazoline‐2,4‐dione (phenytoin, PHT), 3‐amino‐1‐propanol(PA) and copper acetate. Its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a=28.429(10), b=8.328(3), c=17.863(7) A, β=111.189(6)°; V=3943(2) A3, Mr=833.87, Z=4, F(000)=1736, Dc=1.405 g/cm3, μ=1.137 mm−1, the final R=0.0699 and wR=0.1737. The symmetric unit is comprised of four molecules. The complex is a centrosymmetric plane in which each copper(II) is coordinated in the quadrilateral plane to the ligand phenytoin through the deprotonated oxygen atom of 3‐amino‐1‐propanol as well as the nitrogen atoms of imine and amine. The Cu(II)…Cu(II) average distance is 3.005 (19) A.

A new copper(II) complex [Cu(imH)(aepa)](ClO4)2], was synthesized by the self‐assembly of N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐1,3‐propylamine, imidazole and Cu(II) ion. The crystal of the complex was characterized by X‐ray diffraction. It was characterized by IR, UV‐VIS spectroscopy, molar conductivity and elemental analyses. Cyclic voltammogram shows a quasi‐reversible peak for CuII/CuI. Antimicrobial activity study found that the complex was active against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Eschierichia coli.

A new bicopper(II) complex was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Crystals of the complex were monoclinic, space group C2 with a = 33.717(10), b = 12.078(4), c = 11.386(3) A and β = 103.980(6)°. The two Cu(II) atoms are bridged by 4,4′-bipyridine and each Cu(II) is five-coordinate in a distorted trigonal-bipyramid geometry. Magnetic investigation shows that the complex has a weak ferromagnetic interaction between the two metal ions. A cyclic voltammogram of the complex shows two quasi-reversible peaks for the couples CuIICuII/CuICuII and CuICuII/CuICuI. Study of the antimicrobial activity showed the complex was active against Candida albican, Staphylococcus aureu, Bacillus pumilus and Eschierichia coli.

A new copper(II) complex of an unsymmetrical tripodal ligand (NN2O222) derived from tris(2-aminoethylamine)amine (tren) by substitution of one aminoethyl group by an hydroxyethyl group has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallographic methods as [(NN2O222)Cu(ImH)](ClO4)2·0.5H2O (NN2O222 = 2-[bis(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol; ImH = imidazole). Crystals of the complex are orthorhombic, space group Pna21, with a = 29.983(10), b = 15.568(5), c = 8.127(3) A. Two similar monometallic cations exist in the asymmetric unit and in each case the Cu(II) ion is five-coordinate with tetragonally distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Variable-temperature magnetic measurements show that there is very weak antiferromagnetic interaction between the metal ions. Cyclic voltammetry indicates quasi-reversible CuII/CuI redox behavior at +44 mV vs SCE. An antimicrobial activity study found that the complex is active against Candida albican, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Klebosiella pneumoniae and Esche...

[Cd2L](ClO4)(CH3OH), the first bicadmium(II) cryptate derived from weak nucleophilic addition to [Cd2L′], which was synthesized by [2+3] Schiff-base condensation of 2-aminoethyl-bi(3-aminopropyl)amine (ppe) with sodium 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenolate (sdmp) in the presence of Cd(ClO4)2·6H2O, has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P with a = 11.8143(3), b = 13.6117(4), c = 15.9894(4) A, α = 103.10, β = 91.6600(10), γ = 104.1770(10)°, V = 2418.40 (11) A3, F(000) = 1144, D calc = 1.536 g cm−3, Z = 2, R = 0.0749, wR = 0.1846. Cd(1) is in an N4O2 coordination environment and forms a distorted tetragonal bipyramid; Cd(2) lies in an N4O3 coordination environment and possesses a monocapped-octahedral geometry.

A new complex has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TGA, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The crystal is orthorhombic and the space group is chiral (P212121) with a = 6.620(3) A, b = 17.300(4) A,, c = 5.450(1) A,, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°, z = 4. In the crystal lattice, the molecules create a two-dimensional network structure through hydrogen bonds. The C–H⋅⋅⋅O intermolecular hydrogen bonds connect the title complex to form a supermolecular structure.

A new binuclear cadmium(II) cryptate has been synthesized by [2+3] Schiff base condensation of tris(3-aminoethyl)amine (tren) with sodium 2,6-diformyl-4-chlorophenolate in the presence of Cd(ClO4)2 · 6H2O. The crystal structure shows that two cadmium(II) ions are bridged by three μ2-phenoxy oxygen atoms. Each cadmium(II) is located in a capped triangular prismatic coordination environment (N4O3).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C4H10N2O3·H2O, contains one zwitterionic organic molecule and two half-mol­ecules of water, the O atoms of which lie on a twofold axis. Inter­molecular hydrogen bonds involving the water mol­ecules, the ammonium cationic group and the carboxylate group link the mol­ecules into an extended three-dimensional network.

The title complex, [Cu(C14H11N2O2)2]·C5H10N2, contains one [Cu(pht)2] (pht is 5,5-diphenyl­hydantoinate) complex mol­ecule and one solvent molecule. The complex shows a three-dimensional network structure assembled by inter­molecular N—H⋯O=C inter­actions.

The asymmetric unit of the title complex, [Ni(C11H29N5)](ClO4)2, consists of an [Ni(C11H29N5)]2+ cation and two uncoordinated perchlorate anions. The NiII atom is five-coordinated in a slightly distorted square-pyramidal geometry, with four of the N atoms forming the basal plane and the fifth N atom in the apical position. The complex shows a three-dimensional network structure assembled by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

In the title compound, C4H10N+·C12H9O2−·C12H10O2, the pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation and the dihedral angle between the planes of the two naphthalene ring systems is 8.34 (10)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cu(C12H9O2)2(C4H6N2)2], the Cu(II) cations are square-planar coordinated by two 1-naphthylacetate anions and two 2-methyl-imidazole ligands into discrete complexes that are located on centres of inversion. These complexes are linked into chains parallel to [010] by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonding between the N—H H atom of the 2-methyl-imidazole ligands and the carboxylate O atoms that are not involved in metal coordination.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cu(C(12)H(9)O(2))(2)(C(4)H(6)N(2))(2)], the Cu(II) cations are square-planar coordinated by two 1-naphthyl-acetate anions and two 2-methyl-imidazole ligands into discrete complexes that are located on centres of inversion. These complexes are linked into chains parallel to [010] by inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the N-H H atom of the 2-methyl-imidazole ligands and the carboxyl-ate O atoms that are not involved in metal coordination.

An environmentally friendly three- component Biginelli cyclocondensation is used for the synthesis of monastrol derivatives which are an interesting class of compounds in cancer research.Depending on the combination of the three components products of type (IV) or (VII) are obtained.

An environmentally friendly three- component Biginelli cyclocondensation is used for the synthesis of monastrol derivatives which are an interesting class of compounds in cancer research.Depending on the combination of the three components products of type (IV) or (VII) are obtained.

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C28H42N6, has site symmetry \overline{1} with the centroid of the piperazine ring located on an inversion center. The piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation. The benzene ring and propyl­piperazine are on opposite sides of the C=N bond, showing an E configuration.

The title compound, C2H10N2 2+·2C10H9N2O−, is composed of deprotonated 5-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one anions (PMP−) and protonated ethylenediamine cations (H2en2+). The ethylenediammonium ion is located on a crystallographic inversion center. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and pyrazole rings is 39.73 (8)°. The two components are connected through N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming an infinite three-dimensional network.

The synthesis of the binuclear complex [(tren)Cu(4,4'-bipy)Cu(tren)] (ClO4)(4) where tren = tris(2-aminoethyl) amine and 4,4'-bipy=4,4'-bipyridine, is described. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the homo-binuclear complex shows that two copper(II) ions are bridged by 4,4'-bipyridine and each copper(II) ion is tr-igonal-bipyramidally coordinated, with tren occupying four sites [Cu-N=2.030(2), 2.047(2), 2.078(2), and 2.119(2) Angstrom respectively] and a bridging 4,4'-bipyridine in the apical position. The Cu-Cu distance is 11.11 Angstrom. In variable-temperature ESR spectra, the presence of hyperfine structure suggest that some interaction exists between the two copper(II) ions. Temperature-dependent susceptibility studies indicate that it is a weak ferromagnetic interaction with 2J = 1.23 cm(-1).

The title complex, [Ni(C11H11N2O2)2] n or [Ni(D-trp)(L-trp)] n [D-trp = (R)-2-amino-3-(3-indolyl)propionate and L-trp = (S)-2-amino-3-(3-indolyl)propionate], was formed by a hydrothermal method from hexaaquanickel(II) perchlorate and L-tryptophan. The NiII atom is located on an inversion center and has an octahedral coordination geometry formed by four O atoms and two N atoms from D– and L-tryptophan ligands. Each D– and L-tryptophan ligand bridges the NiII atoms through the carboxylate group, leading to a two-dimensional structure parallel to the bc plane.

In the title mol­ecule, C14H16N2O4, all bond lengths and angles are normal. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the hydr­oxy and keto groups, and by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the amino and keto groups.

In the title compound, [Co(C15H11N2O2)2(C2H4O2(C4H12N3)], the CoIII atom exhibits a distorted octa­hedral coordination geometry. There are inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

The title compound, C14H16N2O3, is chiral. There are two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, which are related by an approximate non-crystallographic twofold screw axis. Mol­ecules of the title compound are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions involving the H atoms of the amino groups and O atoms of the keto groups, thus forming a zigzag structure.

In the title compound, [Cu(C15H11N2O2)2(C5H7NO)2](C15H12N2O2)2, the CuII ion, lying on an inversion centre, is coordinated in a square-planar coordination geometry; two other 5,5-diphenyl­hydantoin mol­ecules are uncoordinated. The crystal structure includes inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network.