Search

Covalent organic frameworks have attracted great attention due to their extensive applications in energy storage, gas separation, catalysis, and photoelectric devices over the past decades. However, the design and synthesis of COFs with fluorescent units have been considered as a big challenge. Herein, we report a porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (TPE-Por-4) by the condensation of the C4-symmetric and D2h-symmetric monomers. Through a series of characterizations, its structure was confirmed. It was found that TPE-Por-4 shows unique fluorescent properties originated from both of porphyrin and tetraphenylethylene building blocks, its suspensions emit strong fluorescence and display an apparent response to pH fluctuation ranging from 2 to 4, and thus, a promising method was provided for spectroscopic monitoring of medium pH value.

Background 2-Dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (DMDD) has been reported to inhibit a variety of cancer cell lines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of DMDD on 4T1 breast cancer cells and the effects of DMDD on 4T1 breast cancer in mice and its molecular mechanisms. Methods 4T1 breast cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of DMDD, and their proliferation, apoptosis, cell-cycle distribution, migration, and invasion were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT, Acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual staining analysis (AO/EB) dual staining, flow cytometry, scratch test, and the Transwell assay. Relative quantitative real-time qPCR analysis and Western blot were applied to examine the expression levels of related genes and proteins. In animal experiments, we established a xenograft model to assess the anti-breast cancer effects of DMDD by evaluating the inhibition rate. The apoptotic activity of DMDD was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. The mRNA expression levels of MAPK pathway components were detected by relative quantitative real-time qPCR. In addition, the protein expression levels of MAPK pathway components were assessed through immunohistochemical assays and Western blotting. Results Experiments showed that DMDD could inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion of 4T1 cells and induce cellular apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest. Moreover, DMDD down-regulated the mRNA expressions of raf1, mek1, mek2, erk1, erk2, bcl2, and up-regulated the mRNA expression of bax. DMDD reduced the protein expressions of p-raf1, p-mek, p-erk, p-p38, Bcl2, MMP2, MMP9 and increased the protein expressions of Bax and p-JNK. The results showed that DMDD can effectively reduce the tumor volume and weight of breast cancer in vivo, up-regulate the expression of IL-2, down-regulate the expression of IL-4 and IL-10, induce the apoptosis of breast cancer cells in mice, and regulate the expression of genes and proteins of the MAPK pathway. Conclusion Our study indicates that DMDD can inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest of 4T1 breast cancer cells. Also, our findings indicate that DMDD induces the apoptosis of breast cancer cells and inhibits the growth in mice. Its mechanism may be related to the MAPK pathway.

Background Studies have demonstrated that the roots of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine, can be used to treat diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. Nevertheless, the potential beneficial effects and mechanism of benzoquinone isolated from the roots of Averrhoa carambola L. (BACR) on diabetes remain unclear. Methods Diabetic Kunming mice were injected with STZ (120 mgkg-1) in the tail vein. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the change of body weight were measured after oral administration of BACR (120, 60, 30 mg/kg/d) every week. The levels of the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), glucosylated hemoglobin (GHb), fasting insulin (FINS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. The histological examination of pancreatic tissues and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway was analyzed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results The study found that clearly the BACR obviously reduced the blood glucose, serum lipids, GHb and FINS. In addition, BACR treatment markedly reduced the release of inflammatory factors, including IL-6 and TNF-α, and down-regulated the expression of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Conclusion BACR has potential benefits for the treatment of diabetes by ameliorating metabolic functions and attenuating the inflammatory response via inhibition of the activation of theTLR4/NF-κB pathway.

Background Averrhoa carambola L. is a traditional medicinal herb that has long been used to treat diabetes. Our previous studies found that 2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (DMDD) isolated from A. carambola L. roots could ameliorate diabetic nephropathy (DN), but its exact mechanism remains unclear. Methods A DN model was established by streptozotocin (STZ, 100 mg/kg body weight) in TLR4 knockout (TLR4-/-, KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Body weight and blood glucose were evaluated after oral administration of DMDD (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg body weight/d) in diabetic mice. The levels of serum lipids, including TC, TG, HDL, and LDL and kidney function indexes Scr and BUN, were detected by biochemical equipment. The levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α, were determined by ELISA kits. Furthermore, changes in renal ultrastructure were observed by electron microscopy. Western blot analysis and RT-PCR were used to assess the protein expression and mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB. Results DMDD treatment attenuated diabetic nephropathy, as a result of a decline in blood glucose, serum creatinine, and blood urine nitrogen levels and an increase in the quantity and density of podocytes, combined with improved dyslipidaemia. DMDD treatment inhibited the inflammatory response and downregulated the expression of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in diabetic mice, and these changes were significantly different in TLR4-/- mice. Conclusion DMDD alleviates diabetic nephropathy by mitigating kidney damage and inflammation via the inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Functionalization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with specific groups will endow them special characteristics, and further complexation with transition metals may improve their catalytic performance and widen their applications. Herein, we constructed an amino-functionalized covalent organic framework TpPa–NH2 by the facile reduction in TpPa–NO2 and took it as a carrier for transition metal ion Cu(II) to yield a hybrid Cu–COF. All characterizations verified that the crystallinity and porosity of original COF were retained after functionalization. Subsequent evaluation of their catalytic performance indicated that the framework TpPa–NH2 has potential application in alkali-catalyzed reactions, while the hybrid Cu–COF displayed satisfactory catalytic performance both in selective oxidation of styrene and the reduction in 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. The above results demonstrated that TpPa–NH2 is a promising platform with diverse applications, and the introduction of Cu(II) will endow the material with more potential applications in oxidation and reduction reactions.

Aerobic epoxidation of alkene is a green and economical route to produce epoxides. For such reaction, transition metal complexes exhibit favorable catalytic activity. In this work, NH2-MIL-101, a stable metal–organic framework (MOF) material with large surface area and high pore volume, was functionalized with pyridine-2,6-dicarbaldehyde and Co(NO3)2, to realize the immobilization of Co(II) via imine–pyridine–carbonyl (N,N,O) tridentate ligands bonding to MOF skeleton. The modified materials were applied as heterogeneous catalysts for the aerobic epoxidation of cyclohexene at ambient temperature, and multiple factors were studied to explore their influences on catalytic effects. Under the optimal reaction conditions, satisfactory substrate conversion and epoxide selectivity were reached. In addition, this catalytic system is suitable for a variety of alkene substrates. Furthermore, recycle experiments and infrared spectroscopy characterization illustrated that the coordination surroundings of Co are altering smoothly during the reaction process, thus having an impact on the performance of catalyst.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted considerable interest over the past few years, but the available type of monomers is still limited. Herein, two novel imine-linked COFs (TaDAP and TaDA) were constructed by the condensation of 1,3,5-tris-(4-aminophenyl) triazine with 2,6-diformylpyridine (forming TaDAP) and 1,3-benzenedialdehyde (forming TaDA) under solvothermal conditions. The structures of the COFs were confirmed and characterized by solid state 13C NMR, FT-IR, PXRD, TGA, SEM, TEM and nitrogen sorption isotherms. They appear as regular spherical particles and possess excellent thermal stability. It was also found that their dispersions emit strong fluorescence, and display quick response to certain metal ions. In particular, TaDAP can detect Fe3+ with sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, both the COFs present excellent catalytic activity towards the Knoevenagel reaction. Accordingly, this study not only provides a new way to enrich the family of COFs, but also develops their potential applications in metal ion detection.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The root of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine, was mainly used in ancient times in the treatment of urinary calculi, recurrent headache and joint pain. Aim of the study Our aims were to explore the potential therapeutic effect of the extract of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) roots (EACR) against hepatic fibrosis in CCl4-treated rats and to understand the underlying molecular mechanism. Materials and methods Six groups of male Sprague Dawley rats were treated as follows: vehicle (olive oil), CCl4 alone, CCl4+colchicine, CCl4+EACR 1.0 g/kg, CCl4+EACR 0.5 g/kg and CCl4+EACR 0.25 g/kg. At the end of the 12th week, biomarkers of liver function, liver fibrosis, hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidant status were assayed, and histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of liver tissue were conducted to investigate the liver damage and fibrosis degree. Furthermore, expressions of COL-1a1, α-SMA, TGF-β1, Smad2, smad3, Smad4 and TIMP2 were examined by qPCR and/or western blot. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins were also detected using western blot analysis. Results EACR treatment markedly reduced the CCl4-induced elevation of serum aminotransferase activities, liver fibrosis indexes, and the extent of oxidative stress. EACR treatment also significantly reduced the accumulation of collagen and the immunostaining of α-SMA, TGF-β1 and Smad2, 4 and 7 in the liver of CCl4 treated rats. In addition, EACR treatment markedly reversed the CCl4-induced increase in mRNA expression of COL-1a1, α-SMA, TIMP2, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad4 and suppressed the expressions of α-SMA, TIMP2, TGF-β1, smad2, 3 and 4, BAX and cleaved caspase-3 proteins. Meanwhile, EACR treatment also significantly elevated the mRNA expression of Smad7 and the protein expression of Smad7 and Bcl-2. Conclusion These results suggest that EACR has protective activity against liver fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic activity of EACR in vivo is associated with enhanced antioxidant, apoptosis-inhibition and increased MMP-2/TIMP-2 expression ratio, and with modulation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.

Background Studies have demonstrated that the roots of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine, can be used to treat diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. Nevertheless, the potential beneficial effects and mechanism of benzoquinone isolated from the roots of Averrhoa carambola L. (BACR) on diabetes remain unclear. Methods Diabetic Kunming mice were injected with STZ (120 mgkg−1) in the tail vein. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the change of body weight were measured after oral administration of BACR (120, 60, 30 mg/kg/d) every week. The levels of the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), glucosylated hemoglobin (GHb), fasting insulin (FINS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. The histological examination of pancreatic tissues and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway was analyzed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results The study found that clearly the BACR obviously reduced the blood glucose, serum lipids, GHb and FINS. In addition, BACR treatment markedly reduced the release of inflammatory factors, including IL-6 and TNF-α, and down-regulated the expression of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Conclusion BACR has potential benefits for the treatment of diabetes by ameliorating metabolic functions and attenuating the inflammatory response via inhibition of the activation of theTLR4/NF-κB pathway.

The continuous synthesis of bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amine (BPA) by hydrogenation of 3-(dimethylamino)-propionitrile (PN) in the presence of 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propylamine (PA) over copper-based catalysts was investigated. It was found that Cu-Cr2O3-CoO/γ-Al2O3 yielded satisfactory results with almost 100% PN conversion and 88.5% BPA selectivity (H2 pressure: 1 Mpa, temperature: 100 °C, PN/PA ratio: 2:1). All catalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, and TEM, the obtained results indicated that Cr could improve the catalytic activity. Moreover, Co dispersed around Cu particles promoted the catalytic nature, which could further enhance the activity and stability of the catalyst.

Monometallic Pd@ZIF-8, Ni@ZIF-8 and bimetallic PdxNiy@ZIF-8 catalysts have been successfully synthesized by a simple liquid impregnation-reduction method. The structure of catalysts and the electronic states of introduced metals were characterized and their catalytic performances were evaluated in Cu free and ligands free Sonogashira coupling reaction under atmosphere. Compared with monometallic catalyst, the as-synthesized bimetallic Pd5Ni95@ZIF-8 catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance with 94.50% yield. Therefore, the above experimental results suggested a synergistic effect derived from palladium and nickel, which enhanced Sonogashira coupling reaction obviously. Moreover, modification of Ni@ZIF-8 with trace of palladium can effectively promote its catalytic activity, indicating an economical way to develop efficient catalysts.

Two D-A type phenothiazine derivatives were successfully designed and synthesized. Their typical solvatochromism was confirmed by spectroscopy. Experimental result also revealed that aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect may be ascribed to the restriction of intramolecular rotation (RIR). Furthermore, both of them displayed blue-shifted mechanochromic behavior, which is clearly distinguished from their red-shifted precursor aldehyde. This kind of compound has a certain significance in the development and application of organic mechanochromic materials.

A DN model was established by streptozotocin (STZ, 100 mg/kg body weight) in TLR4 knockout (TLR4-/-, KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Body weight and blood glucose were evaluated after oral administration of DMDD (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg body weight/d) in diabetic mice. The levels of serum lipids, including TC, TG, HDL, and LDL and kidney function indexes Scr and BUN, were detected by biochemical equipment. The levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α, were determined by ELISA kits. Furthermore, changes in renal ultrastructure were observed by electron microscopy. Western blot analysis and RT-PCR were used to assess the protein expression and mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB.DMDD treatment attenuated diabetic nephropathy, as a result of a decline in blood glucose, serum creatinine, and blood urine nitrogen levels and an increase in the quantity and density of podocytes, combined with improved dyslipidaemia. DMDD treatment inhibited the inflammatory response and downregulated the expression of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in diabetic mice, and these changes were significantly different in TLR4-/- mice.DMDD alleviates diabetic nephropathy by mitigating kidney damage and inflammation via the inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Four derivatives of 9,10-bis[2-(2-alkoxynaphthalen-1-yl)vinyl]anthracene (BNAs) were designed, successfully synthesized and characterized by spectrofluorometer, powder wide-angle X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry experiments (DSC), etc. It was found that these compounds exhibited aggregation-induced emission phenomenon. Moreover, these target compounds displayed reversible color change from yellow to orange upon pressing and annealing process. Interestingly, all of BNAs obviously presented red-shifted piezofluorochromic (PFC) properties and behaved mainly length dependence of alkoxy group, in which, BNA displayed the largest PFC spectral shift (ΔlPFC = 26 nm). The PXRD profiles demonstrated the transformation from crystalline to amorphous state upon grinding, and the mechanism of PFC behaviors was proposed. Thus, changing the length of alkoxyl chain could be an alternative way to tune their PFC behaviors.

Objective: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of death and disability of diabetes mellitus. However, there is still a lack of specific drugs for the treatment of DKD. Objective: The chief aim of this research is to investigate the role and mechanism of DMDD for DKD. Methods: Wild type and TLR4 knockout mice were induced to diabetes. After 4-week treatment with DMDD, blood sugar, renal function, blood lipid and pathological changes were assessed. Real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect the expressions of TLR4, TGFβ1 and Smad2/3 in the renal tissue. Results: DMDD improved the serum lipid and decreased fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. CysC and urinary albumin levels increased markedly in the diabetic group, and they were obviously decreased after 4 weeks of DMDD treatment. Compared with the WT diabetic mice, the urinary albumin and CysC in the TLR4-/- mice were expressed at lower levels. HE and Masson's staining revealed that DMDD clearly ameliorated pathological changes and renal fibrosis. When TLR4 gene was knock out, the pathological was improved. Mechanistically, TLR4, TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 were obvious up-regulation in the renal tissues of diabetic mice. The expressions of these proteins were significantly down-regulated after DMDD treatment (p< 0.05). In the TLR4-/- mice, mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 were obviously lower than those in the WT mice. In addition, IHC revealed that a strong in situ expressions of TLR4, TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 were seen in the kidney tissues of diabetic mice, which were distinctly weakened in the DMDD-treated mice. In the TLR4-/- mice, however, expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 were not remarkable increase in the diabetic mice compared with normal mice. Conclusions: These results strongly indicate that TLR4 is essential for DMDD protection against renal dysfunction in diabetic mice. Its hypoglycemic and anti-fibrosis effects were likely mediated by inhibiting of the TLR4/TGFβ signaling pathway, and the downregulation of Smads in the renal interstitium. Funding Statement: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81760665, 81460205), and Guangxi Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 2017GXNSFBA198177. In addition, this project was financially supported by the project of improving the basic ability of young teachers in colleges and universities in Guangxi (KY2016YB098). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work. Ethics Approval Statement: All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Guangxi Medical University.

Using direct current-magnetron sputtering, Helium-trapped Ti films with a He/Ar mixture was studied. The relative helium content, helium depth profiles for the Ti films and crystallization capacity were analyzed by Enhanced Proton Backscattering Spectrometry (EPBS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that helium diffusion enhanced as more helium trapping into Ti films, and the He holding ratios were 95.9%, 94.9%, 93.9%, 82.8% when the Ti films with the He/Ti of concentrations of 9.7 at.%, 19.5 at.%, 19.7 at.%, 48.3 at.% were measured again 4 months later, respectively. The diffraction peaks became weak and wider, the peak of (002) plane was shifted to smaller diffraction angles and the relevant interplanar spacing d (hkl) increased gradually as more helium trapping into Ti films. The main peak was made trending to the (101) plane by both higher deposition temperature and more helium trapping.

Effective connectivity of brain regions based on brain data (e.g. EEG, fMRI, etc.) is a focused research at present. Many researchers tried to investigate it using different methods. Granger causality model (GCM) is presently used to investigate effective connectivity of brain regions more and more. It can explore causal relationship between time series, meaning that if a time-series y causes x, then knowledge of y should help predict future values of x. In present work, time invariant GCM was applied to fMRI data considering slow changing of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD). The time invariant GCM often requires determining model order, estimating model parameters and significance test. In particular, we extended significance test method to make results more reasonable. The fMRI data were acquired from finger movement experiment of two right-handed subjects. We obtained the activation maps of two subjects using SPM'2 software firstly. Then we chose left SMA and left SMC as regions of interest (ROIs) with different radiuses, and calculated causality from left SMA to left SMC using the mean time courses of the two ROIs. The results from both subjects showed that left SMA influenced on left SMC. Hence GCM was suggested to be an effective approach in investigation of effective connectivity based on fMRI data.

Spatial normalization is a very important step in the processing of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. So the quality of brain templates is crucial for the accuracy of MRI analysis. In this paper, using the classical protocol and the optimized protocol plus nonlinear deformation, we constructed the T1 whole brain templates and apriori brain tissue data from 69 Chinese pediatric MRI data (age 7-16 years). Then we proposed a new assessment method to evaluate our templates. 10 pediatric subjects were chosen to do the assessment as the following steps. First, the cerebellum region, the region of interest (ROI), was located on both the pediatric volume and the template volume by an experienced neuroanatomist. Second, the pediatric whole brain was mapped to the template with affine and nonlinear deformation. Third, the parameter, derived from the second step, was used to only normalize the ROI of the child to the ROI of the template. Last, the overlapping ratio, which described the overlapping rate between the ROI of the template and the normalized ROI of the child, was calculated. The mean of overlapping ratio normalized to the classical template was 0.9687, and the mean normalized to the optimized template was 0.9713. The results show that the two Chinese pediatric brain templates are comparable and their accuracy is adequate to our studies.

Effect of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation (280-320 nm) on growth, development and yield formation in the three rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) under pot conditions were investigated. The results showed that enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation decreased rice height, tiller number, total leaf area and biomass, but the inhibitory rate varied in different cultivars and developmental stages. Plant height was decreased by 9.4%-12.2% in seedling stage, plant shoot and root of dry matter were decreased by 45.3%-59.8% and 54.9%-59.0% respectively in tillering period. The leaf emergence delayed, resulting in delayed time of flowering in Shanyou 63, Nanchuan and IR65600-85 by 2d, 3d and 7d, prolonged total growth period by 3d, 4d and 9d. Net photosynthesis rate of Shanyou 63, Nanchuan and IR65600-85 were decreased by 11.9%, 12.8% and 29.7%, respectively. Attributed to decreased contents of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and induction kinetics parameters of Fv, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo. Effective panicle per plant, total grain number per panicle, filled grain rate and 1000-grain weight were decreased by enhanced UV-B radiation. Consequently the grain yields were reduced by 25.2%-31.1%.

The results showed that the activities of Agrinine decarboxylase(ADC), Ornithine decarboxylase(ODC) and s-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase(SAMDC) were increased by 165.74%, 104.60% and 89.60% in the leaves of Shan You63(Sy63) and by 59.91%, 41.30% and 23.68% in the leaves of Nancheum(NC). Only ADC and ODC activities were increase by 115.93%, 14.45%, but SAMDC activity was decreased by 33.01% in the leaves of IR65600-85 respectively in the exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation for 7-14 days. In late treatment time course(21-28 d), the activities of ADC and ODC were increased by 89.72% and 3.71% in the leaves of Sy63 exposed to UV-B radiation for 21-28 days and by 73.95% and 27.38% in the leaves of NC. The activity of ADC was also increased by 94.41%, but ODC activity was decreased by 13.57% in the leaves of IR65600-85 compared with the controls. As far as SAMDC was concerned, the enzymic activities in the leaves of Sy63, NC and IR65600-85 were reduced by 40.06%, 19.20% and 38.21% respectively in the exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation for 21-28 days. The reverse was true in the case of Polyamine Oxidase (PAO), this in turn resulted in increased contents of Polyamine(PA) especially putrescine(Put). In addition, the result also indicated that the contents of IAA and GA1/3 were significantly reduced in all rice cultivars used for this experiments with enhanced UV-B radiation treatments for 7-28 days, in which the contents of IAA and GA1/3 were decreased by 58.92% and 45.48% in the leaves of Sy63, by 43.31% and 56.20% in the leaves of NC, and by 38.60% and 47.33% in the leaves of IR65600-85. The contents of ZRs in the leaves of the three cultivars concerned were lower in earlier treatment time courses (7-14 d), but much higher in late courses(21-28 d) compared with the their counterparts. With regard to the endogenous hormone of ABA, the content was significantly increased by 14.4%, 99.6% and 56.7% respectively in the three rice cultivars concerned exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation for 7-28 days, thereby led to decreased values of IAA/ABA, GA1/3/ABA and ZRs/ABA, consequently suppressed growth and development of rice.

The growth of helium cluster in titanium crystals is simulated in great detailed approach using molecular dynamics. We observe that, as the helium cluster grows, defects around the cluster are formed and the local pressure increases. However, at certain point in the growth process, the defects are found to rapidly escape as a whole from the helium cluster, accompanied by the relief of local high pressure and the recovery of Ti crystal structure around the helium cluster.