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This paper investigates a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled wireless powered communication network (WPCN). In the system, a UAV acts as a hybrid access point (HAP) to charge users in the downlink (DL) and receive messages in the uplink (UL). In particular, the RIS is exploited to significantly enhance the efficiency of both the DL and UL transmission. Our objective is to enhance the minimum throughput among all ground users by jointly optimizing the horizontal location of UAVs, the transmit power of users, transmission time allocation, and passive beamforming vectors at the RIS. To address this problem, we present an alternating optimization-based algorithm with low complexity to decompose the problem into four subproblems and solve them sequentially. In particular, we derive a lower bound of the composite channel gain to tighten the constraints and employ successive convex approximation (SCA) to optimize the horizontal location of the UAV. The transmit power closed-form optimum solutions are then obtained, and the problem of time allocation is reformulated as a linear programming problem. Finally, we optimize the passive beamforming vectors by adopting semi-definite relaxation (SDR). The effectiveness of the algorithm is supported by numerical results, which also demonstrate that the RIS-assisted UAV-enabled WPCN outperforms the traditional WPCN in terms of the minimum throughput.

Lily bulbs (Lilium lancifolium Thunb.) are rich in phytochemicals and have many potential biological activities which could be deep-processed for food or medicine purposes. This study investigated the effects of microwaves combined with hot-air drying on phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities in lily bulbs. The results showed that six characteristic phytochemicals were identified in lily bulbs. They also showed that with an increase in microwave power and treatment time, regaloside A, regaloside B, regaloside E, and chlorogenic acid increased dramatically in lily bulbs. The 900 W (2 min) and the 500 W (5 min) groups could significantly suppress the browning of lily bulbs, with total color difference values of 28.97 ± 4.05 and 28.58 ± 3.31, respectively, and increase the content of detected phytochemicals. The highest oxygen radical absorbance activity was found in the 500 W, 5 min group, a 1.6-fold increase as compared with the control (57.16 ± 1.07 μmol TE/g DW), which was significantly relevant to the group’s phytochemical composition. Microwaves enhanced the phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of lily bulbs, which could be an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy for improving the nutrition quality of lily bulbs during dehydration processing.

The design of piezochromic luminescent materials with desirable stimuliresponsive properties remains challenging. Here, the authors report the insertion of a non-emissive molecule into a donor and acceptor binary cocrystal and realize desirable piezochromic luminescent properties by manipulation of intermolecular interactions between the donor and acceptor molecules.

CD248, also known as endosialin or tumor endothelial marker 1, is a type I single transmembrane glycoprotein. CD248 has been demonstrated to be upregulated in cancers, tumors and many fibrotic diseases in human and mice, such as liver damage, pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, arthritis and tumor neovascularization. However, no definite CD248 orthologs in fish have been documented so far. In this study, we report the identification of cd248a and cd248b in the zebrafish. Both the phylogenetic analysis and the conserved synteny strongly suggested that zebrafish cd248a and cd248b are orthologs of the human CD248. Both cd248a and cd248b exhibited similar and dynamic expression pattern in early development, both genes had weak maternal expression, the zygotic transcripts were first seen in anterior somites and head mesenchyme, then shifted to eyes and head mesenchyme, later expanded to branchial arches, and gradually declined with development. The expression profiles of cd248a and cd248b were upregulated upon LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) challenge. Both Cd248a protein and Cd248b protein were localized on the cell membrane and cytoplasm, and overexpression of cd248a and cd248b induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, deficiency of cd248a or cd248b both downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine. Additionally, loss of cd248a or cd248b both downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS treatment. Taken together, these results indicated that cd248a and cd248b in zebrafish were involved in immune response and would provide further information to understand functions of Cd248 protein in innate immunity of fish.

Codonopsisconvolvulacea Kurz. var. vinciflora (Kom.) L.T. Shen is a member of Campanulaceae, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, apart from a few Codonopsis species, no detailed knowledge is available on the metabolite composition and respective transcriptome signatures. We performed a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the tuber, stem, and leaf of C. convolvulacea and found 1,144 metabolites and 231,840 unigenes in three experimental groups. The analysis revealed considerable variations in the three tissues. Tubers were rich in amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, and organic acids, whereas the stems and leaves were rich in alkaloids and flavonoids, respectively. Transcriptome sequencing revealed candidate genes being involved in flavonoid, tryptophan, and alkaloid biosyntheses. In particular, we indicated that the variation in the isoflavone content is linked to the expressions of CHI, CYP73A, C3′H, F3H, CYP75B1, anthocyanidin synthase, and FLS. In a similar way, the levels of indole, L-tyrosine, and tryptamine were also consistent with the expressions of TDC/DDCs in the respective tissues. In addition, the expression levels of ASP5, ARO8, GOT, and AOC3 indicated that L-tryptophan is being converted to downstream metabolites. Overall, our datasets present a useful resource for future research on the uses of this medicinal plant and put forward many research questions.

Ubiquitination is a critical type of protein post-translational modification playing an essential role in many cellular processes. To date, more than eight types of ubiquitination exist, all of which are involved in distinct cellular processes based on their structural differences. Studies have indicated that activation of the ubiquitination pathway is tightly connected with inflammation-related diseases as well as cancer, especially in the non-proteolytic canonical pathway, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in metabolic programming. Studies relating degradable ubiquitination through lys48 or lys11-linked pathways to cellular signaling have been well-characterized. However, emerging evidence shows that non-degradable ubiquitination (linked to lys6, lys27, lys29, lys33, lys63, and Met1) remains to be defined. In this review, we summarize the non-proteolytic ubiquitination involved in tumorigenesis and related signaling pathways, with the aim of providing a reference for future exploration of ubiquitination and the potential targets for cancer therapies.

Abstract Paeonia ludlowii, a plant of the Paeoniaceae family, has abundant genetic diversity in different populations, and the seed oil can be used in a diverse number of activities. However, its neuroprotective effect is not clear. We investigated the memory‐improving effects and associated mechanisms of Paeonia ludlowii seed oil (PLSO) on amyloid beta (Aβ)25–35‐induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) in rats. The Morris water maze test was undertaken, and subsequently, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) in the hippocampus was detected by biochemical analyses. To further study PLSO, we examined the pathologic structure and apoptosis of hippocampal tissue by staining. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect expression of IBA‐1 and GFAP in the hippocampus. Detection of proinflammatory factors was achieved by reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. High‐dose PLSO inhibited expression of GFAP and IBA‐1. We demonstrated that high‐dose PLSO can regulate activation of glial cells and mediate apoptosis of hippocampal cells, and significantly improve learning and memory deficits in AD rats. PLSO could be developed as a nutritional supplement and sold as a drug for AD prevention and/or treatment.

The paper presents the design and fabrication of lateral-field-excited (LFE) resonators based on 42° Y-cut single-crystal LiTaO3 (LT) on silicon dioxide (SiO2). A simple coplanar top electrode is defined to excite the bulk acoustic wave modes in the suspended LT/SiO2 structure, and the fabrication process that only involves two lithography steps is more simplified compared to that of commercial film bulk acoustic wave resonators. For a model structure consisting of LT(670 nm)/SiO2 (1500 nm) thin film, two types of acoustic modes are both piezoelectrically active in the LT film: the first one is the thickness-shear mode with a resonance frequency of 2.46 GHz, an electromechanical coupling ( $k_{eff}^{2}$ ) of 1.4%, a high quality factor ( ${Q}$ ) of 1690, and the second one corresponds to longitudinal mode with a resonance frequency of 4.39 GHz, ${k} _{eff}^{2}$ of 1.2%, a high ${Q}$ of 1590, which is among the highest reported for piezoelectric MEMS resonators operating at this frequency range. The excellent performance would enable application scenarios including high-resolution sensors, low-phase-noise oscillators, and low-loss, high selectivity filters in the sub-6 GHz range for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication.

In this paper, a wideband diplexer with narrow channel spacing is designed by using hybrid bandpass-bandstop structures. Two wideband bandpass structures are designed with the transmission zeros at the upper or lower passband edges to achieve high skirt selectivity. Two bandstop structures based on half-wavelength coupled lines are integrated to the two bandpass structures to introduce additional transmission zeros and thus the skirt selectivity is further improved. Accordingly, two channel filters with high skirt selectivity and high stopband rejection are designed to realize a wideband microstrip diplexer with very narrow channel spacing. For verification, a wideband diplexer operating at 1.71-2.17 GHz and 2.30-2.70 GHz is implemented, which covers multiple frequency bands for different mobile systems. The measured results show excellent performance of passband flatness, high in-band isolation of better than 35 dB and low minimum insertion losses of 0.46 and 0.50 dB for the two channels.

This paper presents a broadband high-efficiency harmonic-tuned power amplifier (PA) with quasi-elliptic low-pass responses. A combination of continuous Class-F-1 and extended continuous Class-F PA modes is employed to significantly expand the design space. A quasi-elliptic low-pass matching network is proposed, which can realize a broadband impedance matching in the predefined optimal impedance region desired by the combination of PA modes. Furthermore, two transmission zeros are generated near the passband, exhibiting high skirt selectivity and providing rapid impedance transition from the passband to the stopband. A wide stopband covering up to the third harmonic is achieved which shows good harmonic suppression. Design procedures of the proposed broadband PA are presented. To verify the proposed methodology, the broadband PA is fabricated and measured. The implemented PA achieves a bandwidth of 145.2% from 0.5 to 3.15 GHz. Over this frequency range, the drain efficiency is measured as 58-74.9% with the output power of greater than 39.03 dBm and a large signal gain ranging from 8.43 to 15.67 dB. A wide stopband is realized from 3.4 to 10 GHz, showing excellent quasi-elliptic low-pass responses. The measured adjacent leakage ratios (ACLRs) using a 20-MHz LTE signal with digital pre-distortion are below -45.06 dBc.

This paper presents a circularly polarized (CP) rectenna with the advantage of achieving high efficiency in both wide operating power and frequency ranges. The proposed rectenna is composed of a high-efficiency rectifier and broadband CP antenna. In the proposed rectifier, a novel wideband resistance compression technique is presented, highly improving the matching performance of the circuit in a wide range of input power and frequency. The technique is achieved by an impedance manipulation network and a coupled-lines-based resistance compression network (RCN). Theoretical analysis is carried out and closed-form equations are derived for the design of the rectifier. Simulated and measured results show that over 60% (up to 76%) conversion efficiency is achieved for the input power range of 5-17 dBm and frequency band of 1.7-2.9 GHz (mobile, Wi-Fi and ISM bands). Subsequently, unlike the conventional half-wavelength slot antenna, a compact CP antenna with a side length of quarter wavelength is designed by using a 1-wavelength loop slot and a coupled-line-based phase shifter. It has wide axial-ratio bandwidth and good radiation pattern. At last, by integrating the proposed rectifier together with the CP slot antenna, a broadband CP rectenna is completed with higher efficiency by about 18.6% than that without wideband RCN.

The fuzzy reasoning numerical spiking neural P systems (FRNSN P systems) are proposed by introducing the interval-valued triangular fuzzy numbers into the numerical spiking neural P systems (NSN P systems). The NSN P systems were applied to the SAT problem and the FRNSN P systems were applied to induction motor fault diagnosis. The FRNSN P system can easily model fuzzy production rules for motor faults and perform fuzzy reasoning. To perform the inference process, a FRNSN P reasoning algorithm was designed. During inference, the interval-valued triangular fuzzy numbers were used to characterize the incomplete and uncertain motor fault information. The relative preference relationship was used to estimate the severity of various faults, so as to warn and repair the motors in time when minor faults occur. The results of the case studies showed that the FRNSN P reasoning algorithm can successfully diagnose single and multiple induction motor faults and has certain advantages over other existing methods.

MOV10 and MOV10L1 both encode ATP-dependent RNA helicases. In mammals, MOV10 and MOV10L1 participate in various kinds of biological contexts, such as defense of RNA virus invasion, neuron system, germ cell and early development. However, mov10 and mov10l1 in zebrafish are obscure and the evolutionary relationships of mov10 among different species remain unclear. In this study, we found MOV10 and MOV10L1 had some variations despite they possessed the conserved feature of RNA helicase, however, they may originate from a single ancestor although they shared limited homology. A single MOV10L1 gene existed among all species, while MOV10 gene experienced lineage-specific intra-chromosomal gene duplication in several species. Interestingly, the mov10 gene expanded to three in zebrafish, which originating from a duplication by whole genome specific duplication of teleost lineage followed by a specific intra-chromosome tandem duplication. The mov10 and mov10l1 showed distinct expression profiles in early stages, however, in adult zebrafish, three mov10 genes exhibited similar diverse expression patterns in almost all tissues. We also demonstrated mov10 genes were upregulated upon virus challenge, highlighting they had redundant conserved roles in virus infection. These results provide valuable data for the evolution of MOV10 and MOV10L1 and they are important to the further functional exploration.

The Anaphase Promoting Complex adaptor protein Cdh1 tightly controls cell cycle progression to restrain tumorigenesis but the mechanism is not completely known. Here, the authors show that reciprocal inhibition between Cdh1 and the c-Src signaling pathway regulate breast cancer tumorigenesis.

BRAF drives MEK/ERK activation to facilitate tumorigenesis. Here, the authors show that in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, ITCH mediates a non-proteolytic ubiquitination and activation of BRAF, which in turn sustains MEK/ERK signaling to facilitate melanoma cell growth.

A compact rectifier with high efficiency at wide input power dynamic range is proposed in this paper. The circuit consists of a matching network, two shunt connected diodes with an integrated impedance compression network (IICN) and a dc-pass filter. The IICN significantly reduces the diode impedance variation when input power changes, hence improves matching as well as efficiency of the rectifier at wide input power dynamic range. Different from the conventional resistance/impedance compression networks, which can only work under certain impedance condition with dual-branch topology, the IICN can directly operate two diodes in parallel in a single-branch with no impedance limitation. Thus, less components and branch are needed, resulting in size reduction and lower circuit complexity. The design flexibility is also enhanced. Mechanism of the IICN is analyzed. A prototype operating at 2.45 GHz is optimized, fabricated and measured. The total size of the prototype is 0.18λ2. The efficiency higher than 70% of the peak value is realized at input power ranging from 0.8 dBm to 18.0 dBm.

This paper presents a compact dual-band ±45° dual-polarized base-station array based on embedded filtering elements. The proposed antenna array consists of 9 dual-band antenna units, which operate at the lower band (LB) of 790-862 MHz and the higher band (HB) of 880-960 MHz with a small frequency spacing. In each unit, one antenna element is embedded into the other one, featuring a very compact size. To alleviate the serious cross-band mutual coupling between the two elements, the LB patch antenna generates a boresight radiation null at its higher band edge, and the HB element is designed with a band-stop response at its lower band edge. In this way, high cross-band isolation between the two embedded elements can be obtained. For demonstration, a compact dual-band ±45° dual-polarized filtering antenna array with 9 units is designed and fabricated to fit the specification of LB and HB bands (|S11|

A novel simulation technique is proposed for the radiation properties of time-varying media. This method divides the time-variation process into finite discrete time steps. The radiation field of the media at each instant in time is simulated by using commercially available frequency-domain solvers, and then these results are processed and synthesized to obtain the radiation field of the time-varying media. In other words, by using this technique, the radiation field of the time-varying media can be obtained based on the frequency-domain simulation results. The proposed technique is introduced with a time-varying grating, and the scattered wave and radiation pattern are illustrated. Moreover, an analytical model of the time-varying grating is also introduced to further explore the proposed technique. This simulation technique can be used to analyze many applications such as the radiation properties of time-modulated media, especially space-time-modulated metamaterials. It fills the gap of existing simulation methods and provides a new way for direct EM simulation of time-varying structures.

Abstract Hierarchical SnO2 blooming nanoflowers were successfully fabricated via a simple yet facile hydrothermal method with the help of different surfactants. Here we focus on exploring the promotion effects of surfactants on the self-assembly of 2D SnO2 nanosheets into 3D SnO2 flower-like structures as well as their gas-sensing performances. The polyporous flower-like SnO2 sensor exhibits excellent gas-sensing performances to ethanol and H2S gas due to high porosity when polyvinyl pyrrolidone is added into the precursor solution as a surfactant. The response/recovery times were about 5 s/8 s for 100 ppm ethanol and 4 s/20 s for 100 ppm H2S, respectively. Especially, the maximum response value of H2S is estimated to be 368 at 180 °C, which is one or two orders of magnitude higher than that of other test gases in this study. That indicates that the sensor fabricated with the help of polyvinyl pyrrolidone has good selectivity to H2S.

In this paper, we study secrecy simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) in downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems comprising a base station (BS), multiple information receivers (IRs), and multiple energy receivers (ERs) that have potential to wiretap the IRs. The goal of this paper is to maximize the sum secrecy rate (SSR) of the system subject to the individual IR's minimum data rate requirement and the individual ER's minimum harvested energy requirement. The corresponding problem involves resource allocation via max-min function, which is non-convex and difficult to solve directly. In order to tackle this, we first transform the original non-convex problem to a sequence of convex sub-problems which can be solved simultaneously. Hence, a closed-form solution of the optimal power allocation policy is derived based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Numerical results validate the theoretical findings and demonstrate that the significant performance gain over the orthogonal multiple access scheme in terms of SSR can be achieved by the proposed algorithm in a SWIPT-enabled NOMA system.

In this paper, a triple-band impedance matching network is introduced and applied to rectifier design. It can be used to realize impedance matching at three frequencies simultaneously. Theoretical analysis of the triple-band matching network is carried out, and a rectifier operating at 0.85, 1.77, and 2.07 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. Measurement results show that when the input power is 0 dBm, the measured maximum RF-to-dc power conversion efficiencies are 61.9%, 71.5%, and 60.5% at the frequencies of 0.85, 1.77, and 2.07 GHz, respectively. Compared with other related designs, the proposed rectifier features high efficiency and compactness. Thus, it is suitable for ambient RF energy harvesting application.

Patch antennas with multiple feeds are proposed in this paper. The antennas consist of a traditional square patch and feeding probes that are set in a line orthogonal to the polarization direction. In addition to radiating EM energy just like the conventional antennas, the proposed multi-port antennas can also realize on-antenna power combining without power combiner. Thanks to this, high-line losses and large system size caused by extra power combiner can be avoided. Moreover, since the location and the number of ports have a limited effect on the antenna performances, flexible feeding strategies can be chosen in different applications. For demonstration, four patch antennas with a different number of ports (one port, two ports, three ports, and four ports) are designed at the center frequency of 1.5 GHz. Compared with the traditional one-port patch antenna, the proposed three multi-port patch antennas can achieve nearly the same antenna performance, including bandwidth, polarization, efficiency, and radiation pattern. Besides, one-port antenna and two-port antenna integrated with a two-way power amplifier are designed and measured, respectively. Then, they are compared to further prove the proposed power combining method in multi-port antennas.

In this paper, a narrowband filtering switch with low loss and high selectivity is presented based on coaxial resonators for the first time. PIN diodes mounted on the printed circuit boards are embedded into a coaxial filter to enable ON and OFF states. In the ON-state, the PIN diodes are turned OFF, which do not introduce the loss and affect the linearity. Two transmission zeros are generated by a novel feeding structure, which improves the skirt selectivity. In the OFF-state, the PIN diodes are turned on. Then, lumped capacitors are loaded to the coaxial resonators so that the resonant frequencies of the resonators are changed. The passband at the operating frequency cannot be formed, resulting in high isolation. For demonstration, the coaxial-resonator-based filtering switch is designed and fabricated. Good agreement between simulated and measured results verifies the proposed ideas. Comparison with other reported filtering switches is given. The proposed filtering switch shows the advantages of high Q-factor, relatively compact size, and wide stopband responses, which is attractive in wireless systems.

A compact filtering switch with wide-stopband responses is presented in this paper. The resonator is designed using microstrip transmission lines and lumped capacitors. It is utilized to shift up the second harmonic frequency for wide-stopband performance and miniaturize the circuit size. In the ON-state, the circuit is the same as the bandpass filter without signals passing through the p-i-n diode, which avoids additional loss introduced by p-i-n diode. Two transmission zeros are generated near the passband to enhance the skirt selectivity. In the off-state, the signals from port 1 to port 2 passing through different transmission path are cancelled out, resulting in high isolation. For demonstration, a filtering switch operating at 780 MHz is implemented with the compact size of 0.072λg×0.066λg. More than 20-dB suppression levels are measured from 0.89 to 5.3 GHz (6.8 f0), featuring wide-stopband responses.