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Low family socioeconomic status (SES) is linked with adolescents’ symptoms of depression, but little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this association. Based on ecosystem theory and the organism-environment interaction model, we tested whether emotional resilience mediated the relationship between family SES and depressive symptoms, and whether parent–child relationship quality moderated the relationship. Adolescents (N = 724) from one middle school in central China completed self-reported questionnaires regarding demographic variables, family SES, emotional resilience, parent–child relationship quality, and depressive symptoms. Regression-based mediation analysis indicated that emotional resilience mediated the association between family SES and depressive symptoms. Parent–child relationship quality moderated two components of this mediation process, namely the effects of low SES on both emotional resilience and depressive symptoms. In both cases, a high quality parent–child relationship ameliorated the adverse effects of low family SES. That is, adolescents with a higher quality relationship with their parent appeared to be less affected by low family SES. The study reveals how and when family SES may affect adolescents’ depressive symptoms, and highlights the protective effect of a high quality parent–child relationship in a low SES environment.

Highlights • Mobile phone addiction was significantly and positively associated with psychological distress. • Rumination mediated the association between mobile phone addiction and psychological distress. • The direct effect of mobile phone addiction on psychological distress could be moderated by the capacity to be alone. • The capacity to be alone could also act as a buffer in the indirect effect of mobile phone addiction on psychological distress via rumination. • Both the direct effect and indirect effect of mobile phone addiction on psychological distress were stronger for adolescents with lower level of capacity to be alone., Background With the increasing incidence of mobile phone addiction, mobile phone addiction has been considered to be related to adolescents’ psychological distress. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relation were still unclear. The present study tested the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of the capacity to be alone in the relation between mobile phone addiction and psychological distress. Methods 754 middle school students were recruited to complete measures of mobile phone addiction, rumination, the capacity to be alone, psychological distress and demographic variables. Results Mobile phone addiction was significantly and positively associated with psychological distress, and this link could be mediated by rumination. Moreover, the direct effect of mobile phone addiction on psychological distress and the indirect effect of rumination in this link were moderated by the capacity to be alone. Both these two effects were stronger for adolescents with lower capacity to be alone. Limitations The present study is limited in terms of its sample selection, cross-sectional design, and self-reported instruments. Conclusions The present study advances our understanding of how and when or for whom mobile phone addiction is related to serious psychological distress. Education professionals and parents should pay special attention to the psychological distress of adolescents suffering from mobile phone addiction, particularly for those with lower capacity to be alone.

Although perceived stress has been shown to be related to online compulsive buying among women, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this association. The present study examined the mediating role of negative coping and the moderating role of self-esteem in the association between perceived stress and online compulsive buying. A sample of 548 female consumers (M age = 21.41 years, SD = 4.40) completed questionnaire measures of perceived stress, self-esteem, negative coping, and online compulsive buying. Frequency of online buying and amount of money spent online per month were used as covariates. Results indicated that perceived stress was positively associated with online compulsive buying. Negative coping partially mediated this association. In addition, the direct effect of perceived stress on online compulsive buying, and the mediating effect of negative coping, were moderated by self-esteem. Specifically, these effects were weaker for women with higher self-esteem. These findings advance our understanding of how and when perceived stress is related to online compulsive buying among women. Limitations and implications are discussed.

Researchers have developed various versions of scales to measure mobile phone addiction. Existing scales, however, focus primarily on the overall level of mobile phone addiction but do not distinguish the potential differences between different types of mobile phone addiction. There is a lack of established scales that can measure different types of mobile phone addiction. The present study aimed to uncover the specific types of mobile phone addiction and develop a Mobile Phone Addiction Type Scale (MPATS) for adolescents and young adults. Adolescents and young adults from two high schools and two universities in Central and South China participated in our study. A total of 108 mobile phone addicts (Mage = 17.60 years, SD = 3.568 years; 60.185% males) were interviewed to uncover the specific types of mobile phone addiction. Data from 876 adolescents and young adults (Mage = 16.750 years, SD = 3.159 years; 49.087% males) were tested for item discrimination and exploratory factor analysis. Data from 854 adolescents and young adults (Mage = 16.750 years, SD = 3.098 years; 50.820% males) were analyzed for construct validity, convergent validity, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency reliability. The 26-item Mobile Phone Addiction Type Scale (MPATS) was developed with four factors named mobile social networking addiction, mobile game addiction, mobile information acquisition addiction, and mobile short-form video addiction. The four-factor, 26-item MPATS revealed good construct validity, convergent validity, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency reliability. The new scale is suitable for measuring different types of mobile phone addiction in adolescents and young adults. Limitations and implications are discussed.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders without a unique or definite underlying pathogenesis. Although savant syndrome is common in ASD, few models are available for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this syndrome. In this study, we generated urinary induced pluripotent stem cells (UiPSCs) from a 13-year-old male autistic savant with exceptional memory. The UiPSC-derived neurons of the autistic savant exhibited upregulated expression levels of ASD genes/learning difficulty-related genes, namely PAX6, TBR1 and FOXP2, accompanied by hypertrophic neural somas, enlarged spines, reduced spine density, and an increased frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents. Although this study involved only a single patient and a single control because of the rarity of such cases, it provides the first autistic savant UiPSC model that elucidates the potential cellular mechanisms underlying the condition.

Mobile phone dependence has become a worldwide problem due to its high occurrence rate, fast growth rate, and serious undesirable consequences. Previous studies have found that attachment anxiety is a key antecedent of mobile phone dependence. However, little is known about the underlying psychological mechanisms. The present study tested the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating role of rumination in the link between attachment anxiety and mobile phone dependence. A sample of 908 Chinese university students aged 17 to 27 years old was recruited from four universities in Central China. They completed the Chinese version of Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory, Mobile Phone Addiction Index, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Ruminative Response Scale. After controlling for gender and age, loneliness mediated the association between attachment anxiety and mobile phone dependence. Both the direct association between attachment anxiety and mobile phone dependence and the indirect association through loneliness were moderated by rumination. These two associations were stronger for individuals with high rumination than for those with low rumination. Limitations and implications are discussed.

A growing body of research has demonstrated that mindfulness can effectively alleviate depressive symptoms. However, few studies to date have investigated how mindfulness links to depressive symptoms from the perspective of attention. Moreover, it remains unknown under what conditions mindfulness links to depressive symptoms. To fill in these gaps, this study examined boredom proneness as a possible mediator and meaning in life as a possible moderator of the link between mindfulness and depressive symptoms. A sample of 746 college students (Mage = 19.23; SDage = 1.06) in China completed the self-report questionnaires of mindfulness, boredom proneness, depression, and meaning in life. Results of mediation analysis showed that boredom proneness partially mediated the association between mindfulness and depressive symptoms. Moderated mediation analyses further revealed that the indirect effect of mindfulness on depressive symptoms via boredom proneness was moderated by presence of meaning and search for meaning (two components of meaning in life), respectively, with the indirect effect being stronger for individuals with lower levels of presence of meaning/search for meaning. These findings broaden our understanding of the psychological processes that underlie the association between mindfulness and depressive symptoms, and offer practical guidance on relieving depressive symptoms. Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.

Previous research has documented that perceived stress is negatively associated with adolescent life satisfaction. However, the mediating mechanisms underlying this relation are largely unknown. The present study tested whether self-control and rumination mediate the link between perceived stress and adolescents’ lower life satisfaction. A sample of 1196 senior high school students (ages 13–19, 54% boys) completed questionnaires regarding demographics, perceived stress, self-control, rumination and life satisfaction. After controlling for gender, the results indicated that: (a) perceived stress was negatively associated with life satisfaction; (b) both self-control and rumination partially mediated the link between perceived stress and life satisfaction in a parallel pattern; and (c) self-control and rumination also sequentially mediated the relation between perceived stress and life satisfaction. The current study advances our understanding of how perceived stress might lead to poor life satisfaction. Furthermore, the multiple mediation analysis reveals that self-control and rumination can not only in parallel, but also sequentially mediate the relation between perceived stress and life satisfaction.

Prior studies have documented that mobile phone addiction is linked to anxiety and depression. However, the underlying processes that might moderate these associations remain unclear. The present research tested whether mindfulness moderated the relations between mobile phone addiction and both anxiety and depression in adolescents. A sample of 1258 high school students (mean age = 16.76, SD = .94) in China completed the measures regarding their mobile phone addiction, anxiety, depression, and mindfulness. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that after controlling for gender and grade, mobile phone addiction was positively associated with adolescents’ anxiety and depression. In addition, the relationships between mobile phone addiction and both anxiety and depression were moderated by mindfulness, in that they were stronger for adolescents with lower levels of mindfulness. The present research contributes to a deeper understanding of whether the links between mobile phone addiction and mental health problems (i.e., anxiety, depression) are moderated by important personality traits such as mindfulness. Limitations and research implications of these findings are discussed.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection in infancy or early childhood leads to high rate of persistent infection (25-90%). The immunological basis of high rate of viral persistence in vertically acquired HBV infections is not completely understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) and play pivotal roles in the enhancement or regulation of antiviral immune reactions. Aim of the present study was to investigate whether an HBV-infected maternal environment might influence the infants’ DC phenotype and function. Monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) of neonates born to HBsAg-positive mothers were studied phenotypically by Flow Cytometry (FCM) and functionally by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An electron microscope was used to analyze the morphological changes of MoDC. MoDC from neonates whose maternal HBV DNA was>5×107 copies/ml showed a reduced surface expression of CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR as compared to that in neonates whose maternal HBV DNA was negative (CD80: t=3.238, P=0.002; CD86: t=3.543, P=0.001; HLA-DR: t=2.785, P=0.008). T-cell proliferation assays also showed an impaired allostimulatory capacity in comparison to that in neonates whose maternal HBV DNA was negative, especially in the cultures at a DC: T cell ratios of 1:5 and 1:10 (t=-5.442, P

Root exudates of banana resistant variety ('Nantianhuang') and susceptible variety ('Guijiao No. 6') to Fusarium wilt were collected为明确香蕉根系分泌物对枯萎病菌及其生防枯草芽孢杆菌的生物效应,采用离位溶液培养法收集抗枯萎病香蕉品种(南天黄)和感枯萎病香蕉品种(桂蕉6号)的根系分泌物,研究根系分泌物对土壤微生物种群数量、香蕉枯萎病菌和枯草芽孢杆菌生长的影响。结果表明: 抗病品种根系分泌物能显著减少土壤真菌的数量,抑制枯萎病菌孢子的萌发;而感病品种根系分泌物能显著促进病菌菌丝生长和孢子的萌发,两个品种根系分泌物均能显著促进枯草芽孢杆菌的生长和生物膜形成。经抗(感)病香蕉品种根系分泌物处理,病菌菌丝生长速率分别为11.28和12.28 mm·d

The present study tested the mediating role of self-control and moderating role of mindfulness in the link between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction. A sample of 899 Chinese adolescents completed measures of perceived stress, mobile phone addiction, self-control and mindfulness. Results showed that self-control partially mediated the association between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction. In addition, both the direct association between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction and the indirect effect of self-control were moderated by mindfulness, in that these effects were stronger for individuals with low mindfulness than for those with high mindfulness. These findings advance our understanding of how and when perceived stress is linked to mobile phone addiction. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

NIRS was used to predict the amino acid profile of freeze-dried pork samples. Samples (150; Longissimus thoracis et lumborum) of pork were used for analysis. After freeze drying, samples were analyzed using HPLC to find out the amino acid content. Samples were scanned and partial least squares (PLS) regression methods were used to predict the amino acid. The determination coefficient obtained by full cross-validated (80 as a sample for calibration set, 25 samples as a validation set) PLS models indicated that the NIR original spectra had an excellent ability to predict the contents of alanine, proline and methionine. Prediction of glutamic acid and glycine using standard normalized variate (SNV) pretreatment of spectral modeling was accurate. Similarly, prediction of arginine,tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine were accurate using SNV or multiplicative scattering correction (MSC) pre-processing spectra modeling. It was not possible to predict aspartic acid, serine, threonine, cystine, and histidine. These results indicated that the NIRS can be used for prediction of selected amino acids in the freeze dried pork.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Gonocephalum outreyi was determined by using next-generation sequencing approach. The full length of this mitogenome is 15,836 bp, which consists of 37 typical metazoan mitochondrial genes with an identical genome organization to ancestral insects. The majority of the protein-coding genes begin with the codon ATN, except for cox1 and cox2 with AAT and AAA, respectively. To elucidate the phylogenetic position of G. outreyi, we used various sequence coding schemes for protein-coding genes and the combined nucleotide sequences of all mitochondrial genes for tree building under the Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood inferences. The phylogenetic results consistently supported G. outreyi as a member of the family Tenebrionidae. The monophyly of both Tenebrionoidea and Tenebrionidae were strongly supported. The Scraptiidae and Melandryidae were recovered to be non-monophyletic in regards to the Osphya. Within Tenebrionidae, the subfamilies Diaperinae and Tenebrioninae were found to be non-monophyletic.

Previous studies have documented that mindfulness was positively correlated with favorable sleep quality, however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study examined the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of self-control in the association between mindfulness and sleep quality. A sample of 1196 adolescents completed a battery of self-report questionnaires measuring mindfulness, rumination, self-control and sleep quality as well as demographic information. Results showed that, in addition to the negative link between mindfulness and poor sleep quality, mindfulness was negatively associated with rumination, which in turn was positively associated with poor sleep quality. The direct link between mindfulness and poor sleep quality and the indirect link through rumination were both moderated by self-control. These two effects were stronger for adolescents with low self-control than for those with high self-control. These results coincide with the antagonistic interaction hypothesis of the protective-protective model, and indicate that mindfulness and self-control, as two important protective factors of adolescents, may mutually compensate. Limitations and implications are discussed.

Research has revealed that mobile phone addiction was a risk factor for poor sleep quality, however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that may mediate or moderate this association. This study examined the mediating role of rumination and moderating role of mindfulness in the association between mobile phone addiction and sleep quality. A sample of 1196 Chinese adolescents was recruited to complete measures of mobile phone addiction, sleep quality, rumination and mindfulness. Results showed that rumination partially mediated the relationship between mobile phone addiction and sleep quality. Besides, both the effect of mobile phone addiction on sleep quality and the mediating effect of rumination were moderated by mindfulness, and both of the two effects were stronger for individuals with lower mindfulness. The present study can advance our understanding of how and when mobile phone addiction leads to poor sleep quality. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed. Mobile phone addiction was significantly correlated with sleep quality in adolescents.Rumination partially mediated the relation between mobile phone addiction and sleep quality.Mindfulness moderated the relation between mobile phone addiction and sleep quality.Mindfulness moderated the mediating role of rumination in the relation between mobile phone addiction and sleep quality.

Studies have revealed that upward social comparison on social network sites (SNSs) was a risk factor for depressive symptoms, however, little is known about the underlying processes that may mediate or moderate this relationship. This study extended prior research by examining the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of optimism in this relationship. A sample of 1205 Chinese undergraduate students completed measures of upward social comparison on SNSs, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and optimism. Results showed that self-esteem partially mediated the relation between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms. In addition, the direct effect of upward social comparison on SNSs on depressive symptoms and the mediating effect of self-esteem were both moderated by optimism. The two effects were more potent for individuals with low optimism than for those with high optimism. The present study contributes to a better understanding of how and when upward social comparison on SNSs increases the risk of depressive symptoms. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

To study the intervention effects of Radix Hedysari, Radix Astragalus and compatibility of Angelica Sinensis on blood deficiency model mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX).The mice were randomly divided into 7 groups, 10 mice each group. The blood deficiency model was established by CTX. The blank group and model group were treated with saline by gavage, while mice in positive group were administered with Lvjiaobuxue granule. Four dosage group were administered with Radix Hedysari, Radix Hedysari-Radix Angelica Sinensis(5:1), Radix Astragalus and Radix Astragalus-Radix Angelica Sinensis(5:1) water decoction. All the drugs were administered to mice for consecutive 7 d. The contents of red blood cell (RBC), lymphocyte(LYM), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cell (WBC), platelet (PLT) were detected by hematology analyzer, while thymus index(TI), spleen index(SI), reticulocyte (RC), marrow karyocyte (MK) were calculated, and the femur by pathological section were observed by microscope.Compared with blank group, the contents of RBC, WBC, HCT, PLT, LYM were decreased in model group (The effect of enrichment blood on blood deficiency model mice in Hedysari-Angelica Sinensis (5:1) and Astragalus-Angelica Sinensis(5:1) were superior to Hedysari and Astragalus.

Although Social Network Site (SNS) usage has been shown to be related to online compulsive buying among women, little is known about the mediating mechanisms underlying this association. Based on the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model (I-PACE) for addictive behaviors and social comparison theory, the present study examined the mediating roles of upward social comparison and state anxiety in the link between passive SNS usage and online compulsive buying among female undergraduate students. A sample of 799 Chinese female undergraduate students (mean age = 19.86 years, SD = 1.63) were recruited to complete questionnaires measuring passive SNS usage, upward social comparison on SNS, state anxiety, and online compulsive buying. After controlling for online shopping experience, the results showed that passive SNS usage was positively associated with online compulsive buying; upward social comparison and state anxiety partially mediated this link, which contained three mediating pathways – the separate mediating effect of upward social comparison and state anxiety, and the sequential mediating effect of upward social comparison and state anxiety. These findings can advance our understanding of how passive SNS usage is related to online compulsive buying among female undergraduate students. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

Prior studies on the influencing factors of mobile phone addiction have mainly focused on the individual factors and family-related environmental factors. Few studies, however, have investigated the roles of peer factors, especially the interactive roles of peer factors and individual factors in adolescent mobile phone addiction. The present study examined the relationship between peer victimization and mobile phone addiction and the moderating roles of self-compassion and gender. In two high schools, cluster random sampling method was used to choose two classes in each grade from grade 7 to grade 12. A sample of 1265 adolescents completed the anonymous self-report survey. Results showed that peer victimization was positively associated with mobile phone addiction. Self-compassion moderated the association between peer victimization and mobile phone addiction, with this association being weaker for adolescents with higher levels of self-compassion. Gender also moderated the association between peer victimization and mobile phone addiction, with this association being stronger in girls than in boys. Moreover, there were significant gender differences in the protective effect of self-compassion, in that the moderating effect of self-compassion was stronger in boys than in girls. The findings highlight the unique and interactive roles of peer victimization, self-compassion, and gender in predicting adolescent mobile phone addiction. Limitations and implications are discussed.

Background Boredom proneness has been demonstrated as a salient vulnerability factor for problematic mobile phone use. However, the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship are less investigated. In the current study, we constructed an integrative moderated mediation model to test the mediating role of depression and the moderating role of attentional control in the relationship between boredom proneness and problematic mobile phone use. Method A total of 1099 college students (Mage = 20.04; SD = 1.25) were recruited to fill out the questionnaires measuring boredom proneness, depression, problematic mobile phone use, and attentional control. Results Depression partially mediated the relationship between boredom proneness and problematic mobile phone use. Attentional control moderated the indirect relationship between boredom proneness and problematic mobile phone use through depression, with the indirect relationship being weaker for college students with higher levels of attentional control. Moreover, attentional control moderated the direct relationship between boredom proneness and problematic mobile phone use, in that this relationship was stronger for college students with higher levels of attentional control. Conclusions These findings illuminate the pathway through which boredom proneness is linked to problematic mobile phone use (i.e., mediation) and the condition on which the relationship between boredom proneness and problematic mobile phone use depends (i.e., moderation). More importantly, this study revealed the potential “double-edged sword” effect of attentional control. These findings have implications for early intervention and prevention of problematic mobile phone use in college students.

Background Sleep quality plays a crucial role in children’s physical and mental health. Prior research has documented that parenting styles are closely associated with children’s sleep quality. However, the psychological processes underlying this relationship are less investigated. Objective Based on parental acceptance-rejection theory and the psychobiological inhibition model of insomnia, the current study aimed to examine the mediating roles of mindfulness and loneliness in the associations between parenting styles (i.e., parental warmth and parental rejection) and children’s sleep quality. Methods A questionnaire survey regarding parenting styles, mindfulness, loneliness, and sleep quality was administered to 475 Chinese children (Mage = 10.68 years, SDage = 1.15). Results Parental warmth was negatively associated with poor sleep quality, and parental rejection was positively associated with poor sleep quality. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that (a) loneliness, but not mindfulness, mediated the association between parental warmth and children’s sleep quality, and (b) mindfulness and loneliness exerted both unique and sequential mediating effects on the association between parental rejection and children’s sleep quality. Conclusion These findings shed light on possible mechanisms that can account for the associations between parenting styles and children’s sleep quality, and have implications for intervention strategies aimed at improving children’s sleep quality.

Mobile phone addiction has gained much research attention. Previous studies have primarily focused on college students, while there have been numerous calls for efforts to better understand mobile phone addiction in adolescents. Moreover, previous research has mainly focused on individual factors of mobile phone addiction; however, less is known about the effect of family factors and the underlying mechanisms. The present study tested the effect of family dysfunction on adolescent mobile phone addiction and explored how and when family dysfunction was associated with adolescent mobile phone addiction. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey regarding family dysfunction, mobile phone addiction, social anxiety, and mindfulness was administered to 1020 Chinese adolescents. Results showed that social anxiety partially mediated the association between family dysfunction and mobile phone addiction. In addition, both the direct association between family dysfunction and mobile phone addiction and the indirect association through social anxiety were moderated by mindfulness. These two links were weaker for adolescents with high mindfulness than for those with low mindfulness. The present study extends previous research by linking family dysfunction to adolescent mobile phone addiction and uncovering how and when family dysfunction is associated with adolescent mobile phone addiction. These results have important implications for the prevention and intervention of adolescent mobile phone addiction.

To filtrate the effective fermentation products of endophytes from Glycyrrhiza uralensis by comparing expectorant effects.Ninety Wistar rats with half males and half females were randomly divided into 9 groups(After modeling,the levels of NO, TNF-α, ICAM-1, and the concentration of COX-2 in lung tissue were increased significantly, the expressions of AQP1 and AQP5 were decreased significantly (By filtrating, JTZB005、JTZB006、JTZB063 have expectorant effects.

Purpose The soft tissue healing patterns of mandibular intracapsular condylar fracture (ICF) after closed treatment have not been well characterized. The purpose of the present study was to classify the injury and healing patterns in adult patients using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. Patients and Methods The present study represents a retrospective review of MRI examinations performed on patients treated with closed reduction of an ICF from 2010 to 2013. The MRI scans used for comparison were taken at 1 week and at least 3 months after the injury. These studies were used to identify the common patterns of hard and soft tissue derangements. The predictor variable was the type of soft tissue injuries, categorized as anteromedial displacement of both the disc and the fractured bony fragment, anteromedial displacement of the bony fragment with the disc remaining over the residual ramus, tear of the retrodiscal tissue or capsule, and joint effusion. The outcome variables were the MRI comparisons of the disc position, healing status of the retrodiscal tissue and capsule, and resolution of joint effusions. Results Twelve patients, all with ICFs, were included in the present study. Immediately after injury, all 17 fractures (100%) showed anteromedial displacement of both the disc and the fractured condylar fragment, and 10 fractures (58.8%) showed anteromedial displacement of the condylar fragment with the disc remaining over the residual condyle. Also, 11 (64.7%) showed evidence of perforation of the retrodiscal tissue, and 7 (41.2%) showed tears in the capsule. Finally, all 17 (100%) exhibited joint effusions. At 3 months after injury, all 17 fractures (100%) continued to exhibit displacement of both the disc and the condylar segments. Also, 15 fractures (88.2%) showed elongation of the disc and thickening of the retrodiscal tissue, 2 fractures (11.8%) had developed osteoid hyperplasia and meniscal perforation, and 6 fractures (35.3%) showed resolution of previous joint effusions. Finally, 17 fractures (100%) showed reactive bone formation at the condylar head. Conclusions ICFs treated with closed reduction consistently result in a specific pattern of temporomandibular joint pathologic features. These pathologic features are characterized by anteromedial displacement of the articular disc, elongation and thickening of the retrodiscal tissue, and reactive bone formation at the condylar head. The presence of a portion of the disc between the residual condyle and the fossa prevented the development of osteoarthritis and ankylosis. Perforation of the bilaminar tissue and contact between the residual condyle and the fossa promoted osteoarthritic changes and ankylosis.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in growing patients can cause both mouth opening limitation and jaw bone deformity. Lateral arthroplasty (LAP) can restore the medially displaced condyle and thus keep its growth potential. But can the condyle grow as normal is unknown. This study was to evaluate the long-term result after LAP in growing children. Patients from 2010 to 2014 were evaluated. Their CT data within 1 week after operation and during at least 1-year follow-ups were measured by ProPlan CMF 1.4 software. The condyle-ramus length of both sides and angles and the chin deviation before and after operation were compared. SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. A total of 9 patients with a mean age of 10.2 years were included in the study. The mean follow-up period was 1.94 years. The mean condyle-ramus growth was 2.90 mm in the affected side and 2.50 mm in the unaffected side (P = 0.31). All of the affected side exhibited growth and remodeling of the condyle and ramus. All 9 cases had a mean chin deviation of 3.69 mm before operation and 2.92 mm during follow-ups (P = 0.16). The residual condyle grows after LAP, which can reduce the gravity of jawbone deformity.

To reveal the influence of material composition on mechanical properties of light-weight soil, stress-strain -volumetric strain characteristics and Poisson's ratio of mixed soil were researched by consolidated drained shear tests. The results show that light-weight soil is a kind of structural soil, so its mechanical properties are affected by mixed ratio and confining pressure, and mixed soil possesses structural yield stress. When confining pressure is less than the structural yield stress, strain softening occurs; when confining pressure is more than the structural yield stress, strain hardening is observed. There are two kinds of volume change behavior: shear contraction and shear dilatancy. Shear dilatancy usually leads to strain softening, but there isn't an assured causal relationship between them. Poisson's ratio of mixed soil is a variational state parameter with the change of stress state, it decreases with increased confining pressure, and it increases with increased stress level. When axial st...

The taxonomical identification merely based on morphology is often difficult for ancient remains. Therefore, universal or specific PCR amplification followed by sequencing and BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) search has become the most frequently used genetic-based method for the species identification of biological samples, including ancient remains. However, it is challenging for these methods to process extremely ancient samples with severe DNA fragmentation and contamination. Here, we applied whole-genome sequencing data from 12 ancient samples with ages ranging from 2.7 to 700 kya to compare different mapping algorithms, and tested different reference databases, mapping similarities and query coverage to explore the best method and mapping parameters that can improve the accuracy of ancient mammal species identification. The selected method and parameters were tested using 152 ancient samples, and 150 of the samples were successfully identified. We further screened the BLAST-based mapping results according to the deamination characteristics of ancient DNA to improve the ability of ancient species identification. Our findings demonstrate a marked improvement to the normal procedures used for ancient species identification, which was achieved through defining the mapping and filtering guidelines to identify true ancient DNA sequences. The guidelines summarized in this study could be valuable in archaeology, paleontology, evolution, and forensic science. For the convenience of the scientific community, we wrote a software script with Perl, called AncSid, which is made available on GitHub.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron disease worldwide, leading to progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis. The limited success of conventional treatment for ALS has prompted investigations into complementary and alternative therapies. Herbal remedies provide good prospects of ALS prevention and treatment, with advantages such as multiple targets, multiple links, and few side effects. Studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that herbs have a great potential for treatment of ALS, with therapeutic effects against oxidative stress, excitatory amino acid toxicity, neuroinflammation, and calcium cytotoxicity. Active monomers or ingredients extracted from herbs are considered promising candidates for ALS. Therefore, we review recent experimental research on monomers and compounds isolated from herbal remedies for preventing and treating ALS.

Acute traumatic temporomandibular joint disc displacement (ATDD) and its sequelae are not familiar for most surgeons. This study is to discuss its sequelae in cases without disc reduction after failed conservative treatment. From 2010 to 2015, 26 patients with 34 joints were included in the study. All patients had at least 3 months conservative treatment. Their maximal incisor opening (MIO) was measured during follow-ups and MRI examination was used to check the condylar bone degeneration. The mean follow-up for conservative treatment after admission was 8.69 months, the patients reached an average of 25.7 mm MIO. MRI showed condylar bone intact in 8 joints (23.5%), condylar surface bone destruction (Wilks IV, V stages) in 14 joints (41.2%), and severe bone resorption in 12 joints (35.3%). 15 patients with 23 joints were asked for surgical treatment after a mean conservative treatment of 5.4 months (3–12 months) to improve mouth opening and relieve chronic pain. 12 joints had total joint replacement (TJR). 11 joints had disc repositioning. Their mean MIO before operation was 19.8 mm and significantly improved to 33.9 mm after operation (p = 0.0000). ATDD may cause severe osteoarthritis or ankylosis. Disc repositioning and TJR could significantly improve MIO.

NMDA receptors have been widely reported to be involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity through effects on long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). LTP and LTD have been implicated in learning and memory processes. Besides synaptic plasticity, it is known that the phenomenon of gamma oscillations is critical in cognitive functions. Synaptic plasticity has been widely studied, however it is still not clear, to what degree synaptic plasticity regulates the oscillations of neuronal networks. Two NMDA receptor antagonists, ketamine and memantine, have been shown to regulate LTP and LTD, to promote cognitive functions, and have even been reported to bring therapeutic effects in major depression and Alzheimer’s disease respectively. These compounds allow us to investigate the putative interrelationship between network oscillations and synaptic plasticity and to learn more about the mechanisms of their therapeutic effects. In the present study, we have identified that ketamine and memantine could inhibit LTD, without impairing LTP in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampus, which may underlie the mechanism of these drugs’ therapeutic effects. Our results suggest that NMDA-induced LTD caused a marked loss in the gamma power, and pretreatment with 10 μM ketamine prevented the oscillatory loss via its inhibitory effect on LTD. Our study provides a new understanding of the role of NMDA receptors on hippocampal plasticity and oscillations.

Silt is the dominant soil in the deposited soil in the Yellow River Delta, with special properties. In this article, based on the results of the dynamic triaxial tests, the following conclusions are drawn. Under the cycle loading, the development of dynamic pore water pressure in silt differs from the sand, and its curve can be fitted by hyperbola. In beginning silty soils' pore water pressure rose sharply, and then gradually become stable, and in this paper the causes were analyzed.

In order to reduce the hazards of earthquake disasters on human, basic principle of reducing vibration is discussed by establishing passive vibration isolation model. The calculation results show vibration can be reduced by isolation materials whose deformation modulus (stiffness) should be smaller and damping should be appropriate. Light reinforced soil is a good man-made material, its all physical mechanical parameters can be changed, and anti-pull capacity of soil can be increased. According to the basic principle of reducing vibration, reducing vibration idea using light reinforced soil is brought forward, and the idea has a very important significance for research on reducing earthquake disasters from the angle of ground and foundation.

γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) production for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, cross-inhibitory activity on the processing of Notch can cause adverse reactions. To avoid these undesirable effects, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) are being developed to selectively reduce toxic Aβ production without perturbing Notch signaling. As it is also known that GSIs can cause a paradoxical increase of plasma Aβ over the baseline after a transient reduction (known as Aβ-rebound), we asked if GSMs would cause a similar rebound and what the potential mechanism might be. Our studies were performed with one GSI (LY-450139) and two chemically distinct GSMs. Although LY-450139 caused Aβ-rebound as expected in rat plasma, the two GSMs did not. Inhibition of APP processing by LY-450139 induced an accumulation of γ-secretase substrates, α- and β-C-terminal fragments of APP, but neither GSM caused such an accumulation. In conclusion, we discover that GSMs, unlike GSIs, do not cause Aβ-rebound, possibly because of the lack of accumulation of β-C-terminal fragments. GSMs may be superior to GSIs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease not only by sparing Notch signaling but also by avoiding Aβ-rebound.

To observe the effect of "spleen-stomach needling" on changes of plasma malondialdehyde. (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO, an oxidative stress damage biomaker), 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHdG, an indicator of oxidative DNA damage) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improving diabetic nephropathy.Diabetic nephropathy patients were randomized into routine acupuncture (control) group (n = 72) and spleen-stomach needling (observation) group (n = 70) according to a random digits table and by using multi-centers, randomized and blind methods in the present study. All the patients were received routine medication. In addition, patients of the control group were treated by acupuncture stimulation of Shenshu (BL 23), Taixi (KI 3), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Xuanzhong (GB 39), Guanyuan (CV 4), Shousanli (LI 10), Waiguan (TE 5), Yangxi (LI 5), Liangqiu (ST 34), Shangjuxu (ST 37), Neiting (ST.44), Huaroumen (ST 24), and Dachangshu (BL 25), and those of the observation group treated by acupuncture stimulation of Zhongwan (CV 12), Quchi (LI 11), HQgu (LI 4), Xuehai (SP 10), Zusanli (ST 36), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Fenglong (ST 40), Diji (SP 8), Sanyinjiao (SP 6),Taichong (LR 3), Gaohuang (BL 43), Shenshu (BL 23), Baihuanshu (BL 30) and Zhongji (CV 3) with spleen-stomach needling method. The treatment of both groups was conducted twice a day for six weeks except Sundays. Plasma MDA, PCO and 8-OHdG contents were detected by using ELISA, and SOD detected using xanthine oxidase method.After 3 weeks' treatment, plasma MDA, PCO and 8-OHdG contents were significantly increased in both control and observation groups, and plasma SOD was obviously reduced in both groups (P0.05). No significant differences were found between the two groups in the plasma MDA, PCO and 8-OHdG contents (P0.05). While after 6 weeks' treatment, plasma MDA, PO and 8-OHdG contents were significantly decreased (turning to the normal levels) and plasma SOD level in the observation group was significantly up-regulated (P0.01). Following 3 weeks' treatment, of the 72 and 70 patients in the control and observation groups, 10 and 20 cases experienced marked improvement, 22 and 15 were improved, and 40 and 35 invalid, respectively. After 6 weeks' treatment, of the 72 and 70 patients in the control and observation groups, 12 and 39 experienced marked improvement, 28 and 20 cases were improved, 32 and 11 invalid, respectively. The therapeutic effect of the observation group was obviously superior to that of the control group (P0.01).Acupuncture treatment with spleen-stomach regulation needling can down-regulate plasma MDA, PCO, 8-OHdG contents and up-regulate SOD activity in diabetic nephropathy patients, which may contribute to its effect in improving the patients' symptoms probably by resisting the oxidative stress damage.

In the process of drilling well, the kinematics of drill string is quite complicated. The drill string not only vibrates in longitudinal, transverse and torsional direction, but also random impacts and contacts well wall. Considering the random load of drill bit and rock, contact impact of drill string and well wall, a model is proposed to simulate the contact-impact of drill string and formation. The results show that: in the condition of this article the first principal stress of the drill string can reach to 130 MPa, for the random impacts, the strength of drill collar will reduced under cyclic loading; contact-impact is the principal source of drill premature failure. In this paper, an explicit integration and nonlinear finite element was adopted to simulate the collision between the drill string and formation, the process of the collision between the drill string and formation can be revealed compressively and delicately. Through an example, we can obtain the foundation for nonlinear dynamic theory of drill string system collision in the actual work condition, and has important theory significance and academic value.

With the application of ANSYS finite element analysis software and environmental data in ChengDao oil field, a nonlinear finite element model of suspended submarine pipeline coupled with sea-floor soil is developed. Discarding the traditional and imprecise pipeline model with double clamped or simply supported ends, the model is founded on the theory of elastic foundation beam, in which the nonlinear effect between pipeline and sea-floor soil is considered. Base on the model we developed, the influences of span length and shear strength of soil at the ends of span on the span’s natural frequency are discussed. And the effects of span length, shear strength of soil and current velocity on the dynamic response of span are also analyzed in this paper. The model we developed in this paper fits the actual structure better, and the analysis is instructive for preventing and controlling the suspending of submarine pipeline.

An automated fluid-transport device for a chip-based capillary electrophoresis system has been developed. The device mainly consists of six peristaltic micropumps, two vacuum micropumps, microvalves, multi-way joints, titanium tubes, and a macro-to-micro connector. Various solutions used for the cleaning and activation of chip channels, and electrophoresis separation, are allowed to automatically transport to chip reservoirs by the electric control module. The performance of the whole system was characterized by the analysis of fluorescein sodium using chip electrophoresis with LED-induced fluorescence detection. The peak-height variation (RSD) was 3.8% in six cycles of analyses. Additionally, compared with conventional manual operation, the developed device can spare 60% time for chip pretreatment. This microdevice offers high-efficiency pretreatment for microchips, thereby resulting in a remarkable improvement of analytical capacity for batch samples.

Local thinning of submarine pipeline always exists due to the complexity and dynamic of marine environment loads. However, the location and extent of thinning areas are random. Mechanical research on the randomness of local thinning of submarine pipelines is significant for pipeline’s stress analysis and failure evaluation. In this paper, finite element model of locally thinned submarine pipeline is established and based on the Monte-Carlo method, the effect of input random variables on the submarine pipeline’s reliability is analyzed. Probability distribution ranges of equivalent stresses are got and further, relationship equation between confidence level and stress limit has been obtained. The result more accurately reveals the relationships of locally thinned pipeline and its elastic modulus with equivalent stress, which can provide foundation for safety analysis of locally thinned submarine pipeline with internal pressure.

The deep drill string is subjected to many kinds of loading under the condition of vibration and precession, such as tension, compression, bending and torsion, while the temperature and press are very high. Under this circumstance, the shallow drill string is more likely to failure. Based on the force analysis of the drill string, the drilling process of the deep drill string is simulated using finite element software. The stress distribution and displacement of the drill string is obtained under the interaction of drilling pressure, torque and temperature. At the same time, the effect of transverse vibration, longitudinal vibration and torsional vibration, on the stress and displacement of the drill string, is compared. The change law of the natural frequency of transverse vibration varying with the length of drill string, rotational speed and the hole size is discussed. Connected with concrete examples, the reliability and sensitivity of some influencing factors such as external diameter, wall thickness, the minimum yield strength, temperature, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, axial loading and torque is obtained. The main factors that influence the reliability of the drill string are the yield strength and torque. The reliability of the drill string increases as the increase of yield strength, and decreases as the increase of the torque.

Purpose We report a surgical method for the treatment of traumatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis with a medially displaced residual condyle and compare the long-term results with those obtained using different interpositional materials. Patients and Methods From 2001 to 2009, 60 patients and 82 joints diagnosed with traumatic TMJ ankylosis with a medially displaced residual condyle were included in the present study. Lateral arthroplasty (LAP) was performed, and either the masseter muscle flap (MMF) or the temporalis myofascial flap (TMF) was used as interpositional material to fill the lateral space. The long-term results of these treatments were compared by performing postoperative computed tomography scans and clinical follow-up examinations. Results Of the 82 joints, 22 were treated with LAP, 28 with LAP and MMF, and 32 with LAP and TMF. Of the 60 patients, 38 (48 joints) participated in long-term follow-up (from 1 to 4 yr). Of the 11 joints treated with LAP, 4 (36.4%) developed reankylosis. Of the 17 joints treated with LAP and MMF, 3 (17.6%) developed reankylosis, and none of the 20 joints treated with LAP and TMF developed reankylosis. Compared with LAP alone, LAP with TMF significantly improved the maximal incisal opening during long-term follow-up. Conclusion LAP can preserve the residual TMJ structure. The TMF is a reliable interpositional material in LAP for the prevention of reankylosis.

The first excursion failure criterion was introduced to calculate the dynamic reliability of drill string elements. Considering the random of geometry size and mechanical property parameters of drill string in deep & ultra-deep wells, the drill string system was dispersed into several basic elements according to the structure, strength and differences in the nature of formation rock in the well depth direction. And the overall dynamic reliability was quantitatively calculated through the serial theory. Through an example, the results show that the dynamic reliability of the drill string elements appeared fluctuation near the depth of 4500 meters for the inside worn of the drill string and casing, and uneven loading of drill string. The dynamic reliability of drill string in deep and complicated formation was less than any other drill strings. The drilling pressure, rotation speed and drilling depth were the main influencing factors on the dynamic reliability of drill string.