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In present work, green and efficient glycerol solvent system was coupled with pulse-probe ultrasonication for one-step extraction and preservation of anthocyanin from blueberry pomace. Under optimal conditions (40 min, 174 W, 18.6 mL/g, 20% of glycerol fraction), extraction yield was 23.07 ± 0.09 mg C3GE/g DW. The extracted anthocyanins were characterized by UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS and 10 anthocyanins compounds were tentatively identified. Stability of anthocyanins influenced by solvents were evaluated in varying temperature, pH and light exposure conditions, demonstrating higher stability of anthocyanins in glycerol solvent system than methanol one. Furthermore, mechanism of high efficiency extraction and stability of anthocyanin using glycerol were investigated by quantum chemical calculation with molecular dynamic simulation. Larger solvent accessible surface area (127.16 nm

Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) has received increasing interest as a green alternative to traditional organic solvents for efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources. In this study, phytochemicals in Carya cathayensis Sarg. peels extracted with Choline chloride-Malic acid (ChCl-MA) were identified using UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS. Effect of NADES on phenolic composition, antioxidant properties and inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase were evaluated. Furthermore, extraction mechanism caused by different solvents were investigated by quantum chemical calculation combined with molecular dynamic simulation. A total of 29 phytochemicals were identified, and catechin, procyanidin B1, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, pinocembrin, procyanidin B3, myricetrin were the most abundant compounds. The extract using ChCl-MA exhibited the highest phenolic compounds content, antioxidant capacity, and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activities. Larger solvent accessible surface area, more hydrogen bonds between ChCl-MA and extract, longer lifetime of the hydrogen bonds, and lower intermolecular interaction energy account for higher extraction efficiency of ChCl-MA.

Lotus Receptaculum Nelumbinis has been sparking wide research interests due to its rich phenolic compounds. In the present work, ultrasonic-assisted extraction coupled with glycerol was employed to extract phenolic compounds from Receptaculum Nelumbinis and the process was optimized using a response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal conditions for the total phenolic content (TPC) extract were obtained: glycerol concentration of 40%, an extraction temperature of 66 &deg, C, ultrasonic time of 44 min, and the solvent-to-solid ratio of 55 mL/g. Under these optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yield of TPC was 92.84 &plusmn, 2.13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) /g. Besides, the antioxidant activities demonstrated the ability of free radical scavenging by four different methods that included 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2&prime, azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and reducing activity (RA) were 459.73 &plusmn, 7.07, 529.97 &plusmn, 7.30, 907.61 &plusmn, 20.28, and 983.66 &plusmn, 11.80 &mu, mol TE/g, respectively. Six phenolic compounds were identified by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography combined with triple-time-of-flight mass spectrophotometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS) from the extracts. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was conducted to identify the characteristic functional groups of the extracts and thus reflected the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated the microstructure difference of four treatments, which might explain the relationships between antioxidant activities and the structures of phenolic compounds.

Lotus Receptaculum Nelumbinis has been sparking wide research interests due to its rich phenolic compounds. In the present work, ultrasonic-assisted extraction coupled with glycerol was employed to extract phenolic compounds from Receptaculum Nelumbinis and the process was optimized using a response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal conditions for the total phenolic content (TPC) extract were obtained: glycerol concentration of 40%, an extraction temperature of 66 °C, ultrasonic time of 44 min, and the solvent-to-solid ratio of 55 mL/g. Under these optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yield of TPC was 92.84 ± 2.13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) /g. Besides, the antioxidant activities demonstrated the ability of free radical scavenging by four different methods that included 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and reducing activity (RA) were 459.73 ± 7.07, 529.97 ± 7.30, 907.61 ± 20.28, and 983.66 ± 11.80 μmol TE/g, respectively. Six phenolic compounds were identified by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography combined with triple-time-of-flight mass spectrophotometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS) from the extracts. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was conducted to identify the characteristic functional groups of the extracts and thus reflected the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated the microstructure difference of four treatments, which might explain the relationships between antioxidant activities and the structures of phenolic compounds.

This study proposed natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) based pulse-ultrasonication-assisted extraction (P-UAE) for green recovery of crocins from gardenia fruits (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). Choline chloride-1,2-propylene glycol (ChCl-PG, 1:2.5, mol/mol) with 35 % (v/v) water content was tailor-made to obtain the highest extraction efficiency with high surface tension, polarity, conductivity, pH, and low viscosity, density for affinity-based extraction of crocins. The optimized P-UAE conditions (extraction time 120 s, ultrasonic power 400 W, solvent-to-solid ratio 40 mL g

Plant sterols are important components of the cell membrane and lipid rafts, which play a crucial role in various physiological and biochemical processes during development and stress resistance in plants. In recent years, many studies in higher plants have been reported in the biosynthesis pathway of plant sterols, whereas the knowledge about the regulation and accumulation of sterols is not well understood. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings in the field of plant sterols, including their biosynthesis, regulation, functions, as well as the mechanism involved in abiotic stress responses. These studies provide better knowledge on the synthesis and regulation of sterols, and the review also aimed to provide new insights for the global role of sterols, which is liable to benefit future research on the development and abiotic stress tolerance in plant.

Ultrasound is an advanced non-thermal food-processing technology that has received increasing amounts of interest as an alternative to, or an adjuvant method for, conventional processing techniques. This review explores the sono-physical and sono-chemical effects of ultrasound on food processing as it reviews two typical food-processing applications that are predominantly driven by sono-physical effects, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultrasound-assisted freezing (UAF), and the components modifications to food matrices that can be triggered by sono-chemical effects. Efficiency enhancements and quality improvements in products (and extracts) using ultrasound are discussed in terms of mechanism and principles for a range of food-matrix categories, while efforts to improve existing ultrasound-assist patterns was also seen. Furthermore, the progress of experimental ultrasonic equipments for UAE and UAF as food-processing technologies, the core of the development in food-processing techniques is considered. Moreover, sono-chemical reactions that are usually overlooked, such as degradation, oxidation and other particular chemical modifications that occur in common food components under specific conditions, and the influence on bioactivity, which was also affected by food processing to varying degrees, are also summarised. Further trends as well as some challenges for, and limitations of, ultrasound technology for food processing, with UAE and UAF used as examples herein, are also taken into consideration and possible future recommendations were made.

A deep understanding upon the relation between anthocyanin extraction performance and physicochemical properties of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) was obtained, and a high-efficiency NADES (Choline chloride-Oxalic acid (ChOa)) was selected and coupled with pulse-ultrasonication for anthocyanin extraction from blueberry pomace. Response surface methodology was adopted to analyzed the significant factors’ influence, interactive effects on extraction yield and optimize the extraction conditions. The theoretical optimal conditions with highest yield of total anthocyanins content (TAC) were 3.2 min of ultrasonic time, 325 W of ultrasonic power, 349.15 K of temperature, 60 mL/g of solvent to solid ratio, under which the experimental TAC value (24.27 ± 0.05 mg C3GE/g DW) was highly correlated with theoretical result (24.28 mg C3GE/g DW). Multi-stability protective effect of ChOa on anthocyanin over acidified ethanol was revealed by stability assays in high temperature, varying pH and light exposure conditions. FT-IR and DSC analysis further characterized the influence of ChOa over acidic ethanol on typical anthocyanins functional groups and thermal behavior of anthocyanin extracts. UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis identified 10 anthocyanins that mainly consisted of delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin compounds. Overall, this study provided a green, high-efficiency and multi-stability protective strategy for the recovery of anthocyanins from plant source by-products.

Egg ovalbumin (OVA) as a prevalent dietary protein and has the potential to serve as a carrier for unstable bioactive compounds, however, understanding their interaction mechanism is the preliminary step. In this work, the interactions between cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and OVA in both acidic and neutral pH environment were investigated by spectroscopic methods and molecular docking analysis. The results revealed that fluorescence quenching mechanism of OVA-C3G was predominantly static. The main acting forces were hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces under varying pH conditions. However, the binding affinity of C3G to OVA was higher in neutral environment than that in acidic condition. The binding of C3G slightly increased the diameter of the complex, resulting in increase of α-helix, decrease of β-turn, random coil, and total main secondary structure. Moreover, the thermostability of C3G was significantly improved after OVA addition, suggesting its promising application in functional foods.