Search

Diffusion-based re-ranking is a common method used for retrieving instances by performing similarity propagation in a nearest neighbor graph. However, existing techniques that construct the affinity graph based on pairwise instances can lead to the propagation of misinformation from outliers and other manifolds, resulting in inaccurate results. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel Cluster-Aware Similarity (CAS) diffusion for instance retrieval. The primary concept of CAS is to conduct similarity diffusion within local clusters, which can reduce the influence from other manifolds explicitly. To obtain a symmetrical and smooth similarity matrix, our Bidirectional Similarity Diffusion strategy introduces an inverse constraint term to the optimization objective of local cluster diffusion. Additionally, we have optimized a Neighbor-guided Similarity Smoothing approach to ensure similarity consistency among the local neighbors of each instance. Evaluations in instance retrieval and object re-identification validate the effectiveness of the proposed CAS, our code is publicly available., Comment: This paper has been accepted by ICML2024

Prompt tuning based on Context Optimization (CoOp) effectively adapts visual-language models (VLMs) to downstream tasks by inferring additional learnable prompt tokens. However, these tokens are less discriminative as they are independent of the pre-trained tokens and fail to capture input-specific knowledge, such as class-aware textual or instance-aware visual knowledge. Leveraging the discriminative and generalization capabilities inherent in pre-trained tokens, we introduce a novel approach named Self-Enhanced Prompt Tuning (SEP). The core principle of SEP involves adapting the learnable prompt tokens at each encoder layer from the corresponding self-pretrained tokens, thereby explicitly incorporating discriminative prior knowledge to enhance both textual-level and visual-level embeddings. Furthermore, SEP's self-enhanced tokens not only boost discrimination but also mitigate domain shifts in unseen domains, enhancing generalization. In practice, SEP selects several representative tokens from all pre-trained tokens for each input data at every layer of the text/visual encoders. Subsequently, a Token Fusion Module (TFM) is introduced to generate a self-enhanced token by merging these representative tokens with the learnable tokens using a cross-attention mechanism. This self-enhanced token is then concatenated with all pre-trained tokens, serving as input for subsequent encoder layers to produce the relevant embeddings. Comprehensive evaluations across various benchmarks and tasks confirm SEP's efficacy in prompt tuning. Code: \href{Code}{https://github.com/htyao89/SEP}.

In this work, we introduce Libra, a prototype model with a decoupled vision system on a large language model (LLM). The decoupled vision system decouples inner-modal modeling and cross-modal interaction, yielding unique visual information modeling and effective cross-modal comprehension. Libra is trained through discrete auto-regressive modeling on both vision and language inputs. Specifically, we incorporate a routed visual expert with a cross-modal bridge module into a pretrained LLM to route the vision and language flows during attention computing to enable different attention patterns in inner-modal modeling and cross-modal interaction scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the dedicated design of Libra achieves a strong MLLM baseline that rivals existing works in the image-to-text scenario with merely 50 million training data, providing a new perspective for future multimodal foundation models. Code is available at https://github.com/YifanXu74/Libra., Comment: ICML2024

Visual grounding, which aims to ground a visual region via natural language, is a task that heavily relies on cross-modal alignment. Existing works utilized uni-modal pre-trained models to transfer visual/linguistic knowledge separately while ignoring the multimodal corresponding information. Motivated by recent advancements in contrastive language-image pre-training and low-rank adaptation (LoRA) methods, we aim to solve the grounding task based on multimodal pre-training. However, there exists significant task gaps between pre-training and grounding. Therefore, to address these gaps, we propose a concise and efficient hierarchical multimodal fine-grained modulation framework, namely HiVG. Specifically, HiVG consists of a multi-layer adaptive cross-modal bridge and a hierarchical multimodal low-rank adaptation (Hi LoRA) paradigm. The cross-modal bridge can address the inconsistency between visual features and those required for grounding, and establish a connection between multi-level visual and text features. Hi LoRA prevents the accumulation of perceptual errors by adapting the cross-modal features from shallow to deep layers in a hierarchical manner. Experimental results on five datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and showcase the significant grounding capabilities as well as promising energy efficiency advantages. The project page: https://github.com/linhuixiao/HiVG., Comment: The project page: https://github.com/linhuixiao/HiVG

Story visualization aims to generate a series of realistic and coherent images based on a storyline. Current models adopt a frame-by-frame architecture by transforming the pre-trained text-to-image model into an auto-regressive manner. Although these models have shown notable progress, there are still three flaws. 1) The unidirectional generation of auto-regressive manner restricts the usability in many scenarios. 2) The additional introduced story history encoders bring an extremely high computational cost. 3) The story visualization and continuation models are trained and inferred independently, which is not user-friendly. To these ends, we propose a bidirectional, unified, and efficient framework, namely StoryImager. The StoryImager enhances the storyboard generative ability inherited from the pre-trained text-to-image model for a bidirectional generation. Specifically, we introduce a Target Frame Masking Strategy to extend and unify different story image generation tasks. Furthermore, we propose a Frame-Story Cross Attention Module that decomposes the cross attention for local fidelity and global coherence. Moreover, we design a Contextual Feature Extractor to extract contextual information from the whole storyline. The extensive experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance of our StoryImager. The code is available at https://github.com/tobran/StoryImager., Comment: 17 pages

With the development of diffusion models, text-guided image style transfer has demonstrated high-quality controllable synthesis results. However, the utilization of text for diverse music style transfer poses significant challenges, primarily due to the limited availability of matched audio-text datasets. Music, being an abstract and complex art form, exhibits variations and intricacies even within the same genre, thereby making accurate textual descriptions challenging. This paper presents a music style transfer approach that effectively captures musical attributes using minimal data. We introduce a novel time-varying textual inversion module to precisely capture mel-spectrogram features at different levels. During inference, we propose a bias-reduced stylization technique to obtain stable results. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can transfer the style of specific instruments, as well as incorporate natural sounds to compose melodies. Samples and source code are available at https://lsfhuihuiff.github.io/MusicTI/., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, AAAI 2024

The harmonious integration of music with dance movements is pivotal in vividly conveying the artistic essence of dance. This alignment also significantly elevates the immersive quality of gaming experiences and animation productions. While there has been remarkable advancement in creating high-fidelity music from textual descriptions, current methodologies mainly concentrate on modulating overarching characteristics such as genre and emotional tone. They often overlook the nuanced management of temporal rhythm, which is indispensable in crafting music for dance, since it intricately aligns the musical beats with the dancers' movements. Recognizing this gap, we propose an encoder-based textual inversion technique for augmenting text-to-music models with visual control, facilitating personalized music generation. Specifically, we develop dual-path rhythm-genre inversion to effectively integrate the rhythm and genre of a dance motion sequence into the textual space of a text-to-music model. Contrary to the classical textual inversion method, which directly updates text embeddings to reconstruct a single target object, our approach utilizes separate rhythm and genre encoders to obtain text embeddings for two pseudo-words, adapting to the varying rhythms and genres. To achieve a more accurate evaluation, we propose improved evaluation metrics for rhythm alignment. We demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods across multiple evaluation metrics. Furthermore, our method seamlessly adapts to in-the-wild data and effectively integrates with the inherent text-guided generation capability of the pre-trained model. Samples are available at \url{https://youtu.be/D7XDwtH1YwE}., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures

Large-scale text-to-image generative models have made impressive strides, showcasing their ability to synthesize a vast array of high-quality images. However, adapting these models for artistic image editing presents two significant challenges. Firstly, users struggle to craft textual prompts that meticulously detail visual elements of the input image. Secondly, prevalent models, when effecting modifications in specific zones, frequently disrupt the overall artistic style, complicating the attainment of cohesive and aesthetically unified artworks. To surmount these obstacles, we build the innovative unified framework CreativeSynth, which is based on a diffusion model with the ability to coordinate multimodal inputs and multitask in the field of artistic image generation. By integrating multimodal features with customized attention mechanisms, CreativeSynth facilitates the importation of real-world semantic content into the domain of art through inversion and real-time style transfer. This allows for the precise manipulation of image style and content while maintaining the integrity of the original model parameters. Rigorous qualitative and quantitative evaluations underscore that CreativeSynth excels in enhancing artistic images' fidelity and preserves their innate aesthetic essence. By bridging the gap between generative models and artistic finesse, CreativeSynth becomes a custom digital palette.

Continual learning endeavors to equip the model with the capability to integrate current task knowledge while mitigating the forgetting of past task knowledge. Inspired by prompt tuning, prompt-based methods maintain a frozen backbone and train with slight learnable prompts to minimize the catastrophic forgetting that arises due to updating a large number of backbone parameters. Nonetheless, these learnable prompts tend to concentrate on the discriminatory knowledge of the current task while ignoring past task knowledge, leading to that learnable prompts still suffering from catastrophic forgetting. This paper introduces a novel rehearsal-free paradigm for continual learning termed Hierarchical Prompts (H-Prompts), comprising three categories of prompts -- class prompt, task prompt, and general prompt. To effectively depict the knowledge of past classes, class prompt leverages Bayesian Distribution Alignment to model the distribution of classes in each task. To reduce the forgetting of past task knowledge, task prompt employs Cross-task Knowledge Excavation to amalgamate the knowledge encapsulated in the learned class prompts of past tasks and current task knowledge. Furthermore, general prompt utilizes Generalized Knowledge Exploration to deduce highly generalized knowledge in a self-supervised manner. Evaluations on two benchmarks substantiate the efficacy of the proposed H-Prompts, exemplified by an average accuracy of 87.8% in Split CIFAR-100 and 70.6% in Split ImageNet-R., Comment: Submitted to TPAMI

Audio-visual video recognition (AVVR) aims to integrate audio and visual clues to categorize videos accurately. While existing methods train AVVR models using provided datasets and achieve satisfactory results, they struggle to retain historical class knowledge when confronted with new classes in real-world situations. Currently, there are no dedicated methods for addressing this problem, so this paper concentrates on exploring Class Incremental Audio-Visual Video Recognition (CIAVVR). For CIAVVR, since both stored data and learned model of past classes contain historical knowledge, the core challenge is how to capture past data knowledge and past model knowledge to prevent catastrophic forgetting. We introduce Hierarchical Augmentation and Distillation (HAD), which comprises the Hierarchical Augmentation Module (HAM) and Hierarchical Distillation Module (HDM) to efficiently utilize the hierarchical structure of data and models, respectively. Specifically, HAM implements a novel augmentation strategy, segmental feature augmentation, to preserve hierarchical model knowledge. Meanwhile, HDM introduces newly designed hierarchical (video-distribution) logical distillation and hierarchical (snippet-video) correlative distillation to capture and maintain the hierarchical intra-sample knowledge of each data and the hierarchical inter-sample knowledge between data, respectively. Evaluations on four benchmarks (AVE, AVK-100, AVK-200, and AVK-400) demonstrate that the proposed HAD effectively captures hierarchical information in both data and models, resulting in better preservation of historical class knowledge and improved performance. Furthermore, we provide a theoretical analysis to support the necessity of the segmental feature augmentation strategy., Comment: Accepted by TPAMI

We address the challenging problem of Long-Tailed Semi-Supervised Learning (LTSSL) where labeled data exhibit imbalanced class distribution and unlabeled data follow an unknown distribution. Unlike in balanced SSL, the generated pseudo-labels are skewed towards head classes, intensifying the training bias. Such a phenomenon is even amplified as more unlabeled data will be mislabeled as head classes when the class distribution of labeled and unlabeled datasets are mismatched. To solve this problem, we propose a novel method named ComPlementary Experts (CPE). Specifically, we train multiple experts to model various class distributions, each of them yielding high-quality pseudo-labels within one form of class distribution. Besides, we introduce Classwise Batch Normalization for CPE to avoid performance degradation caused by feature distribution mismatch between head and non-head classes. CPE achieves state-of-the-art performances on CIFAR-10-LT, CIFAR-100-LT, and STL-10-LT dataset benchmarks. For instance, on CIFAR-10-LT, CPE improves test accuracy by over 2.22% compared to baselines. Code is available at https://github.com/machengcheng2016/CPE-LTSSL., Comment: Accepted by AAAI2024

Researchers have recently found that Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) is vulnerable to backdoor attacks. The attacker can embed hidden SSL backdoors via a few poisoned examples in the training dataset and maliciously manipulate the behavior of downstream models. To defend against SSL backdoor attacks, a feasible route is to detect and remove the poisonous samples in the training set. However, the existing SSL backdoor defense method fails to detect the poisonous samples precisely. In this paper, we propose to erase the SSL backdoor by cluster activation masking and propose a novel PoisonCAM method. After obtaining the threat model trained on the poisoned dataset, our method can precisely detect poisonous samples based on the assumption that masking the backdoor trigger can effectively change the activation of a downstream clustering model. In experiments, our PoisonCAM achieves 96% accuracy for backdoor trigger detection compared to 3% of the state-of-the-art method on poisoned ImageNet-100. Moreover, our proposed PoisonCAM significantly improves the performance of the trained SSL model under backdoor attacks compared to the state-of-the-art method. Our code will be available at https://github.com/LivXue/PoisonCAM.

The essence of a video lies in its dynamic motions, including character actions, object movements, and camera movements. While text-to-video generative diffusion models have recently advanced in creating diverse contents, controlling specific motions through text prompts remains a significant challenge. A primary issue is the coupling of appearance and motion, often leading to overfitting on appearance. To tackle this challenge, we introduce MotionCrafter, a novel one-shot instance-guided motion customization method. MotionCrafter employs a parallel spatial-temporal architecture that injects the reference motion into the temporal component of the base model, while the spatial module is independently adjusted for character or style control. To enhance the disentanglement of motion and appearance, we propose an innovative dual-branch motion disentanglement approach, comprising a motion disentanglement loss and an appearance prior enhancement strategy. During training, a frozen base model provides appearance normalization, effectively separating appearance from motion and thereby preserving diversity. Comprehensive quantitative and qualitative experiments, along with user preference tests, demonstrate that MotionCrafter can successfully integrate dynamic motions while preserving the coherence and quality of the base model with a wide range of appearance generation capabilities. Project page: https://zyxelsa.github.io/homepage-motioncrafter. Codes are available at https://github.com/zyxElsa/MotionCrafter.

Prompt tuning represents a valuable technique for adapting pre-trained visual-language models (VLM) to various downstream tasks. Recent advancements in CoOp-based methods propose a set of learnable domain-shared or image-conditional textual tokens to facilitate the generation of task-specific textual classifiers. However, those textual tokens have a limited generalization ability regarding unseen domains, as they cannot dynamically adjust to the distribution of testing classes. To tackle this issue, we present a novel Textual-based Class-aware Prompt tuning(TCP) that explicitly incorporates prior knowledge about classes to enhance their discriminability. The critical concept of TCP involves leveraging Textual Knowledge Embedding (TKE) to map the high generalizability of class-level textual knowledge into class-aware textual tokens. By seamlessly integrating these class-aware prompts into the Text Encoder, a dynamic class-aware classifier is generated to enhance discriminability for unseen domains. During inference, TKE dynamically generates class-aware prompts related to the unseen classes. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate that TKE serves as a plug-and-play module effortlessly combinable with existing methods. Furthermore, TCP consistently achieves superior performance while demanding less training time. Code:https://github.com/htyao89/Textual-based_Class-aware_prompt_tuning/, Comment: accepted by CVPR24

The ability to accurately comprehend natural language instructions and navigate to the target location is essential for an embodied agent. Such agents are typically required to execute user instructions in an online manner, leading us to explore the use of unlabeled test samples for effective online model adaptation. However, for online Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN), due to the intrinsic nature of inter-sample online instruction execution and intra-sample multi-step action decision, frequent updates can result in drastic changes in model parameters, while occasional updates can make the model ill-equipped to handle dynamically changing environments. Therefore, we propose a Fast-Slow Test-Time Adaptation (FSTTA) approach for online VLN by performing joint decomposition-accumulation analysis for both gradients and parameters in a unified framework. Extensive experiments show that our method obtains impressive performance gains on four popular benchmarks. Code is available at https://github.com/Feliciaxyao/ICML2024-FSTTA., Comment: Accepted by International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2024)

Despite the great progress of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) with the deep neural networks, current UDA models are opaque and cannot provide promising explanations, limiting their applications in the scenarios that require safe and controllable model decisions. At present, a surge of work focuses on designing deep interpretable methods with adequate data annotations and only a few methods consider the distributional shift problem. Most existing interpretable UDA methods are post-hoc ones, which cannot facilitate the model learning process for performance enhancement. In this paper, we propose an inherently interpretable method, named Transferable Conceptual Prototype Learning (TCPL), which could simultaneously interpret and improve the processes of knowledge transfer and decision-making in UDA. To achieve this goal, we design a hierarchically prototypical module that transfers categorical basic concepts from the source domain to the target domain and learns domain-shared prototypes for explaining the underlying reasoning process. With the learned transferable prototypes, a self-predictive consistent pseudo-label strategy that fuses confidence, predictions, and prototype information, is designed for selecting suitable target samples for pseudo annotations and gradually narrowing down the domain gap. Comprehensive experiments show that the proposed method can not only provide effective and intuitive explanations but also outperform previous state-of-the-arts., Comment: Submitted to IEEE TIP

In recent years, cross-modal reasoning (CMR), the process of understanding and reasoning across different modalities, has emerged as a pivotal area with applications spanning from multimedia analysis to healthcare diagnostics. As the deployment of AI systems becomes more ubiquitous, the demand for transparency and comprehensibility in these systems' decision-making processes has intensified. This survey delves into the realm of interpretable cross-modal reasoning (I-CMR), where the objective is not only to achieve high predictive performance but also to provide human-understandable explanations for the results. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of the typical methods with a three-level taxonomy for I-CMR. Furthermore, this survey reviews the existing CMR datasets with annotations for explanations. Finally, this survey summarizes the challenges for I-CMR and discusses potential future directions. In conclusion, this survey aims to catalyze the progress of this emerging research area by providing researchers with a panoramic and comprehensive perspective, illuminating the state of the art and discerning the opportunities. The summarized methods, datasets, and other resources are available at https://github.com/ZuyiZhou/Awesome-Interpretable-Cross-modal-Reasoning.

In this paper, we for the first time explore helpful multi-modal contextual knowledge to understand novel categories for open-vocabulary object detection (OVD). The multi-modal contextual knowledge stands for the joint relationship across regions and words. However, it is challenging to incorporate such multi-modal contextual knowledge into OVD. The reason is that previous detection frameworks fail to jointly model multi-modal contextual knowledge, as object detectors only support vision inputs and no caption description is provided at test time. To this end, we propose a multi-modal contextual knowledge distillation framework, MMC-Det, to transfer the learned contextual knowledge from a teacher fusion transformer with diverse multi-modal masked language modeling (D-MLM) to a student detector. The diverse multi-modal masked language modeling is realized by an object divergence constraint upon traditional multi-modal masked language modeling (MLM), in order to extract fine-grained region-level visual contexts, which are vital to object detection. Extensive experiments performed upon various detection datasets show the effectiveness of our multi-modal context learning strategy, where our approach well outperforms the recent state-of-the-art methods.

Recently, the no-box adversarial attack, in which the attacker lacks access to the model's architecture, weights, and training data, become the most practical and challenging attack setup. However, there is an unawareness of the potential and flexibility inherent in the surrogate model selection process on no-box setting. Inspired by the burgeoning interest in utilizing foundational models to address downstream tasks, this paper adopts an innovative idea that 1) recasting adversarial attack as a downstream task. Specifically, image noise generation to meet the emerging trend and 2) introducing foundational models as surrogate models. Harnessing the concept of non-robust features, we elaborate on two guiding principles for surrogate model selection to explain why the foundational model is an optimal choice for this role. However, paradoxically, we observe that these foundational models underperform. Analyzing this unexpected behavior within the feature space, we attribute the lackluster performance of foundational models (e.g., CLIP) to their significant representational capacity and, conversely, their lack of discriminative prowess. To mitigate this issue, we propose the use of a margin-based loss strategy for the fine-tuning of foundational models on target images. The experimental results verify that our approach, which employs the basic Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) attack algorithm, outstrips the performance of other, more convoluted algorithms. We conclude by advocating for the research community to consider surrogate models as crucial determinants in the effectiveness of adversarial attacks in no-box settings. The implications of our work bear relevance for improving the efficacy of such adversarial attacks and the overall robustness of AI systems.

Weakly-supervised audio-visual video parsing (WS-AVVP) aims to localize the temporal extents of audio, visual and audio-visual event instances as well as identify the corresponding event categories with only video-level category labels for training. Most previous methods pay much attention to refining the supervision for each modality or extracting fruitful cross-modality information for more reliable feature learning. None of them have noticed the imbalanced feature learning between different modalities in the task. In this paper, to balance the feature learning processes of different modalities, a dynamic gradient modulation (DGM) mechanism is explored, where a novel and effective metric function is designed to measure the imbalanced feature learning between audio and visual modalities. Furthermore, principle analysis indicates that the multimodal confusing calculation will hamper the precise measurement of multimodal imbalanced feature learning, which further weakens the effectiveness of our DGM mechanism. To cope with this issue, a modality-separated decision unit (MSDU) is designed for more precise measurement of imbalanced feature learning between audio and visual modalities. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on public benchmarks and the corresponding experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

We introduce MQ-Det, an efficient architecture and pre-training strategy design to utilize both textual description with open-set generalization and visual exemplars with rich description granularity as category queries, namely, Multi-modal Queried object Detection, for real-world detection with both open-vocabulary categories and various granularity. MQ-Det incorporates vision queries into existing well-established language-queried-only detectors. A plug-and-play gated class-scalable perceiver module upon the frozen detector is proposed to augment category text with class-wise visual information. To address the learning inertia problem brought by the frozen detector, a vision conditioned masked language prediction strategy is proposed. MQ-Det's simple yet effective architecture and training strategy design is compatible with most language-queried object detectors, thus yielding versatile applications. Experimental results demonstrate that multi-modal queries largely boost open-world detection. For instance, MQ-Det significantly improves the state-of-the-art open-set detector GLIP by +7.8% AP on the LVIS benchmark via multi-modal queries without any downstream finetuning, and averagely +6.3% AP on 13 few-shot downstream tasks, with merely additional 3% modulating time required by GLIP. Code is available at https://github.com/YifanXu74/MQ-Det.

Object Re-identification (ReID) aims to retrieve the probe object from many gallery images with the ReID model inferred based on a stationary camera-free dataset by associating and collecting the identities across all camera views. When deploying the ReID algorithm in real-world scenarios, the aspect of storage, privacy constraints, and dynamic changes of cameras would degrade its generalizability and applicability. Treating each camera's data independently, we introduce a novel ReID task named Camera-Incremental Object Re-identification (CIOR) by continually optimizing the ReID mode from the incoming stream of the camera dataset. Since the identities under different camera views might describe the same object, associating and distilling the knowledge of common identities would boost the discrimination and benefit from alleviating the catastrophic forgetting. In this paper, we propose a novel Identity Knowledge Evolution (IKE) framework for CIOR, consisting of the Identity Knowledge Association (IKA), Identity Knowledge Distillation (IKD), and Identity Knowledge Update (IKU). IKA is proposed to discover the common identities between the current identity and historical identities. IKD has applied to distillate historical identity knowledge from common identities and quickly adapt the historical model to the current camera view. After each camera has been trained, IKU is applied to continually expand the identity knowledge by combining the historical and current identity memories. The evaluation of Market-CL and Veri-CL shows the Identity Knowledge Evolution (IKE) effectiveness for CIOR. code:https://github.com/htyao89/Camera-Incremental-Object-ReID

Personalizing generative models offers a way to guide image generation with user-provided references. Current personalization methods can invert an object or concept into the textual conditioning space and compose new natural sentences for text-to-image diffusion models. However, representing and editing specific visual attributes such as material, style, and layout remains a challenge, leading to a lack of disentanglement and editability. To address this problem, we propose a novel approach that leverages the step-by-step generation process of diffusion models, which generate images from low to high frequency information, providing a new perspective on representing, generating, and editing images. We develop the Prompt Spectrum Space P*, an expanded textual conditioning space, and a new image representation method called \sysname. ProSpect represents an image as a collection of inverted textual token embeddings encoded from per-stage prompts, where each prompt corresponds to a specific generation stage (i.e., a group of consecutive steps) of the diffusion model. Experimental results demonstrate that P* and ProSpect offer better disentanglement and controllability compared to existing methods. We apply ProSpect in various personalized attribute-aware image generation applications, such as image-guided or text-driven manipulations of materials, style, and layout, achieving previously unattainable results from a single image input without fine-tuning the diffusion models. Our source code is available athttps://github.com/zyxElsa/ProSpect.

Visual Grounding (VG) is a crucial topic in the field of vision and language, which involves locating a specific region described by expressions within an image. To reduce the reliance on manually labeled data, unsupervised visual grounding have been developed to locate regions using pseudo-labels. However, the performance of existing unsupervised methods is highly dependent on the quality of pseudo-labels and these methods always encounter issues with limited diversity. In order to utilize vision and language pre-trained models to address the grounding problem, and reasonably take advantage of pseudo-labels, we propose CLIP-VG, a novel method that can conduct self-paced curriculum adapting of CLIP with pseudo-language labels. We propose a simple yet efficient end-to-end network architecture to realize the transfer of CLIP to the visual grounding. Based on the CLIP-based architecture, we further propose single-source and multi-source curriculum adapting algorithms, which can progressively find more reliable pseudo-labels to learn an optimal model, thereby achieving a balance between reliability and diversity for the pseudo-language labels. Our method outperforms the current state-of-the-art unsupervised method by a significant margin on RefCOCO/+/g datasets in both single-source and multi-source scenarios, with improvements ranging from 6.78$\%$ to 10.67$\%$ and 11.39$\%$ to 14.87$\%$, respectively. The results even outperform existing weakly supervised visual grounding methods. Furthermore, our method is also competitive in fully supervised setting. The code and models are available at https://github.com/linhuixiao/CLIP-VG., Comment: Accepted by IEEE Transaction on Multimedia (2023), Paper page: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10269126. Code are available at https://github.com/linhuixiao/CLIP-VG

Prompt tuning is an effective way to adapt the pre-trained visual-language model (VLM) to the downstream task using task-related textual tokens. Representative CoOp-based work combines the learnable textual tokens with the class tokens to obtain specific textual knowledge. However, the specific textual knowledge is the worse generalization to the unseen classes because it forgets the essential general textual knowledge having a strong generalization ability. To tackle this issue, we introduce a novel Knowledge-guided Context Optimization (KgCoOp) to enhance the generalization ability of the learnable prompt for unseen classes. The key insight of KgCoOp is that forgetting about essential knowledge can be alleviated by reducing the discrepancy between the learnable prompt and the hand-crafted prompt. Especially, KgCoOp minimizes the discrepancy between the textual embeddings generated by learned prompts and the hand-crafted prompts. Finally, adding the KgCoOp upon the contrastive loss can make a discriminative prompt for both seen and unseen tasks. Extensive evaluation of several benchmarks demonstrates that the proposed Knowledge-guided Context Optimization is an efficient method for prompt tuning, \emph{i.e.,} achieves better performance with less training time., Comment: accepted by CVPR23

We present Unified Contrastive Arbitrary Style Transfer (UCAST), a novel style representation learning and transfer framework, which can fit in most existing arbitrary image style transfer models, e.g., CNN-based, ViT-based, and flow-based methods. As the key component in image style transfer tasks, a suitable style representation is essential to achieve satisfactory results. Existing approaches based on deep neural network typically use second-order statistics to generate the output. However, these hand-crafted features computed from a single image cannot leverage style information sufficiently, which leads to artifacts such as local distortions and style inconsistency. To address these issues, we propose to learn style representation directly from a large amount of images based on contrastive learning, by taking the relationships between specific styles and the holistic style distribution into account. Specifically, we present an adaptive contrastive learning scheme for style transfer by introducing an input-dependent temperature. Our framework consists of three key components, i.e., a parallel contrastive learning scheme for style representation and style transfer, a domain enhancement module for effective learning of style distribution, and a generative network for style transfer. We carry out qualitative and quantitative evaluations to show that our approach produces superior results than those obtained via state-of-the-art methods., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2205.09542

Image manipulation under the guidance of textual descriptions has recently received a broad range of attention. In this study, we focus on the regional editing of images with the guidance of given text prompts. Different from current mask-based image editing methods, we propose a novel region-aware diffusion model (RDM) for entity-level image editing, which could automatically locate the region of interest and replace it following given text prompts. To strike a balance between image fidelity and inference speed, we design the intensive diffusion pipeline by combing latent space diffusion and enhanced directional guidance. In addition, to preserve image content in non-edited regions, we introduce regional-aware entity editing to modify the region of interest and preserve the out-of-interest region. We validate the proposed RDM beyond the baseline methods through extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments. The results show that RDM outperforms the previous approaches in terms of visual quality, overall harmonization, non-editing region content preservation, and text-image semantic consistency. The codes are available at https://github.com/haha-lisa/RDM-Region-Aware-Diffusion-Model.

Synthesizing high-fidelity complex images from text is challenging. Based on large pretraining, the autoregressive and diffusion models can synthesize photo-realistic images. Although these large models have shown notable progress, there remain three flaws. 1) These models require tremendous training data and parameters to achieve good performance. 2) The multi-step generation design slows the image synthesis process heavily. 3) The synthesized visual features are difficult to control and require delicately designed prompts. To enable high-quality, efficient, fast, and controllable text-to-image synthesis, we propose Generative Adversarial CLIPs, namely GALIP. GALIP leverages the powerful pretrained CLIP model both in the discriminator and generator. Specifically, we propose a CLIP-based discriminator. The complex scene understanding ability of CLIP enables the discriminator to accurately assess the image quality. Furthermore, we propose a CLIP-empowered generator that induces the visual concepts from CLIP through bridge features and prompts. The CLIP-integrated generator and discriminator boost training efficiency, and as a result, our model only requires about 3% training data and 6% learnable parameters, achieving comparable results to large pretrained autoregressive and diffusion models. Moreover, our model achieves 120 times faster synthesis speed and inherits the smooth latent space from GAN. The extensive experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance of our GALIP. Code is available at https://github.com/tobran/GALIP., Comment: 11 pages

There is a growing interest in developing unlearnable examples (UEs) against visual privacy leaks on the Internet. UEs are training samples added with invisible but unlearnable noise, which have been found can prevent unauthorized training of machine learning models. UEs typically are generated via a bilevel optimization framework with a surrogate model to remove (minimize) errors from the original samples, and then applied to protect the data against unknown target models. However, existing UE generation methods all rely on an ideal assumption called label-consistency, where the hackers and protectors are assumed to hold the same label for a given sample. In this work, we propose and promote a more practical label-agnostic setting, where the hackers may exploit the protected data quite differently from the protectors. E.g., a m-class unlearnable dataset held by the protector may be exploited by the hacker as a n-class dataset. Existing UE generation methods are rendered ineffective in this challenging setting. To tackle this challenge, we present a novel technique called Unlearnable Clusters (UCs) to generate label-agnostic unlearnable examples with cluster-wise perturbations. Furthermore, we propose to leverage VisionandLanguage Pre-trained Models (VLPMs) like CLIP as the surrogate model to improve the transferability of the crafted UCs to diverse domains. We empirically verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach under a variety of settings with different datasets, target models, and even commercial platforms Microsoft Azure and Baidu PaddlePaddle. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/jiamingzhang94/Unlearnable-Clusters}., Comment: CVPR2023

Although significant progress has been made in few-shot learning, most of existing few-shot image classification methods require supervised pre-training on a large amount of samples of base classes, which limits their generalization ability in real world application. Recently, large-scale Vision-Language Pre-trained models (VLPs) have been gaining increasing attention in few-shot learning because they can provide a new paradigm for transferable visual representation learning with easily available text on the Web. However, the VLPs may neglect detailed visual information that is difficult to describe by language sentences, but important for learning an effective classifier to distinguish different images. To address the above problem, we propose a new framework, named Semantic-guided Visual Adapting (SgVA), which can effectively extend vision-language pre-trained models to produce discriminative adapted visual features by comprehensively using an implicit knowledge distillation, a vision-specific contrastive loss, and a cross-modal contrastive loss. The implicit knowledge distillation is designed to transfer the fine-grained cross-modal knowledge to guide the updating of the vision adapter. State-of-the-art results on 13 datasets demonstrate that the adapted visual features can well complement the cross-modal features to improve few-shot image classification.

The artistic style within a painting is the means of expression, which includes not only the painting material, colors, and brushstrokes, but also the high-level attributes including semantic elements, object shapes, etc. Previous arbitrary example-guided artistic image generation methods often fail to control shape changes or convey elements. The pre-trained text-to-image synthesis diffusion probabilistic models have achieved remarkable quality, but it often requires extensive textual descriptions to accurately portray attributes of a particular painting. We believe that the uniqueness of an artwork lies precisely in the fact that it cannot be adequately explained with normal language. Our key idea is to learn artistic style directly from a single painting and then guide the synthesis without providing complex textual descriptions. Specifically, we assume style as a learnable textual description of a painting. We propose an inversion-based style transfer method (InST), which can efficiently and accurately learn the key information of an image, thus capturing and transferring the artistic style of a painting. We demonstrate the quality and efficiency of our method on numerous paintings of various artists and styles. Code and models are available at https://github.com/zyxElsa/InST., Comment: accepted by CVPR 2023

Despite the impressive results of arbitrary image-guided style transfer methods, text-driven image stylization has recently been proposed for transferring a natural image into a stylized one according to textual descriptions of the target style provided by the user. Unlike the previous image-to-image transfer approaches, text-guided stylization progress provides users with a more precise and intuitive way to express the desired style. However, the huge discrepancy between cross-modal inputs/outputs makes it challenging to conduct text-driven image stylization in a typical feed-forward CNN pipeline. In this paper, we present DiffStyler, a dual diffusion processing architecture to control the balance between the content and style of the diffused results. The cross-modal style information can be easily integrated as guidance during the diffusion process step-by-step. Furthermore, we propose a content image-based learnable noise on which the reverse denoising process is based, enabling the stylization results to better preserve the structure information of the content image. We validate the proposed DiffStyler beyond the baseline methods through extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/haha-lisa/Diffstyler}.

Pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP have shown impressive generalization capability in downstream vision tasks with appropriate text prompts. Instead of designing prompts manually, Context Optimization (CoOp) has been recently proposed to learn continuous prompts using taskspecific training data. Despite the performance improvements on downstream tasks, several studies have reported that CoOp suffers from the overfitting issue in two aspects: (i) the test accuracy on base classes first improves and then worsens during training;(ii) the test accuracy on novel classes keeps decreasing. However, none of the existing studies can understand and mitigate such overfitting problems. In this study, we first explore the cause of overfitting by analyzing the gradient flow. Comparative experiments reveal that CoOp favors generalizable and spurious features in the early and later training stages, respectively, leading to the non-overfitting and overfitting phenomena. Given those observations, we propose Subspace Prompt Tuning (SubPT) to project the gradients in back-propagation onto the low-rank subspace spanned by the early-stage gradient flow eigenvectors during the entire training process and successfully eliminate the overfitting problem. In addition, we equip CoOp with a Novel Feature Learner (NFL) to enhance the generalization ability of the learned prompts onto novel categories beyond the training set, needless of image training data. Extensive experiments on 11 classification datasets demonstrate that SubPT+NFL consistently boost the performance of CoOp and outperform the state-of-the-art CoCoOp approach. Experiments on more challenging vision downstream tasks, including open-vocabulary object detection and zero-shot semantic segmentation, also verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Codes can be found at https://tinyurl.com/mpe64f89.

Digital art synthesis is receiving increasing attention in the multimedia community because of engaging the public with art effectively. Current digital art synthesis methods usually use single-modality inputs as guidance, thereby limiting the expressiveness of the model and the diversity of generated results. To solve this problem, we propose the multimodal guided artwork diffusion (MGAD) model, which is a diffusion-based digital artwork generation approach that utilizes multimodal prompts as guidance to control the classifier-free diffusion model. Additionally, the contrastive language-image pretraining (CLIP) model is used to unify text and image modalities. Extensive experimental results on the quality and quantity of the generated digital art paintings confirm the effectiveness of the combination of the diffusion model and multimodal guidance. Code is available at https://github.com/haha-lisa/MGAD-multimodal-guided-artwork-diffusion., Comment: Accepted by ACM MM 2022

Most existing state-of-the-art video classification methods assume that the training data obey a uniform distribution. However, video data in the real world typically exhibit an imbalanced long-tailed class distribution, resulting in a model bias towards head class and relatively low performance on tail class. While the current long-tailed classification methods usually focus on image classification, adapting it to video data is not a trivial extension. We propose an end-to-end multi-expert distribution calibration method to address these challenges based on two-level distribution information. The method jointly considers the distribution of samples in each class (intra-class distribution) and the overall distribution of diverse data (inter-class distribution) to solve the issue of imbalanced data under long-tailed distribution. By modeling the two-level distribution information, the model can jointly consider the head classes and the tail classes and significantly transfer the knowledge from the head classes to improve the performance of the tail classes. Extensive experiments verify that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on the long-tailed video classification task.

In this work, we tackle the challenging problem of arbitrary image style transfer using a novel style feature representation learning method. A suitable style representation, as a key component in image stylization tasks, is essential to achieve satisfactory results. Existing deep neural network based approaches achieve reasonable results with the guidance from second-order statistics such as Gram matrix of content features. However, they do not leverage sufficient style information, which results in artifacts such as local distortions and style inconsistency. To address these issues, we propose to learn style representation directly from image features instead of their second-order statistics, by analyzing the similarities and differences between multiple styles and considering the style distribution. Specifically, we present Contrastive Arbitrary Style Transfer (CAST), which is a new style representation learning and style transfer method via contrastive learning. Our framework consists of three key components, i.e., a multi-layer style projector for style code encoding, a domain enhancement module for effective learning of style distribution, and a generative network for image style transfer. We conduct qualitative and quantitative evaluations comprehensively to demonstrate that our approach achieves significantly better results compared to those obtained via state-of-the-art methods. Code and models are available at https://github.com/zyxElsa/CAST_pytorch, Comment: Accepted by SIGGRAPH 2022

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have recently been utilized to build Collaborative Filtering (CF) models to predict user preferences based on historical user-item interactions. However, there is relatively little understanding of how GNN-based CF models relate to some traditional Network Representation Learning (NRL) approaches. In this paper, we show the equivalence between some state-of-the-art GNN-based CF models and a traditional 1-layer NRL model based on context encoding. Based on a Markov process that trades off two types of distances, we present Markov Graph Diffusion Collaborative Filtering (MGDCF) to generalize some state-of-the-art GNN-based CF models. Instead of considering the GNN as a trainable black box that propagates learnable user/item vertex embeddings, we treat GNNs as an untrainable Markov process that can construct constant context features of vertices for a traditional NRL model that encodes context features with a fully-connected layer. Such simplification can help us to better understand how GNNs benefit CF models. Especially, it helps us realize that ranking losses play crucial roles in GNN-based CF tasks. With our proposed simple yet powerful ranking loss InfoBPR, the NRL model can still perform well without the context features constructed by GNNs. We conduct experiments to perform detailed analysis on MGDCF., Comment: Accepted by IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (TKDE)

Grounding temporal video segments described in natural language queries effectively and efficiently is a crucial capability needed in vision-and-language fields. In this paper, we deal with the fast video temporal grounding (FVTG) task, aiming at localizing the target segment with high speed and favorable accuracy. Most existing approaches adopt elaborately designed cross-modal interaction modules to improve the grounding performance, which suffer from the test-time bottleneck. Although several common space-based methods enjoy the high-speed merit during inference, they can hardly capture the comprehensive and explicit relations between visual and textual modalities. In this paper, to tackle the dilemma of speed-accuracy tradeoff, we propose a commonsense-aware cross-modal alignment (CCA) framework, which incorporates commonsense-guided visual and text representations into a complementary common space for fast video temporal grounding. Specifically, the commonsense concepts are explored and exploited by extracting the structural semantic information from a language corpus. Then, a commonsense-aware interaction module is designed to obtain bridged visual and text features by utilizing the learned commonsense concepts. Finally, to maintain the original semantic information of textual queries, a cross-modal complementary common space is optimized to obtain matching scores for performing FVTG. Extensive results on two challenging benchmarks show that our CCA method performs favorably against state-of-the-arts while running at high speed. Our code is available at https://github.com/ZiyueWu59/CCA., Comment: Submitted to IEEE TMM; Code is available at https://github.com/ZiyueWu59/CCA

We target at the task of weakly-supervised action localization (WSAL), where only video-level action labels are available during model training. Despite the recent progress, existing methods mainly embrace a localization-by-classification paradigm and overlook the fruitful fine-grained temporal distinctions between video sequences, thus suffering from severe ambiguity in classification learning and classification-to-localization adaption. This paper argues that learning by contextually comparing sequence-to-sequence distinctions offers an essential inductive bias in WSAL and helps identify coherent action instances. Specifically, under a differentiable dynamic programming formulation, two complementary contrastive objectives are designed, including Fine-grained Sequence Distance (FSD) contrasting and Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) contrasting, where the first one considers the relations of various action/background proposals by using match, insert, and delete operators and the second one mines the longest common subsequences between two videos. Both contrasting modules can enhance each other and jointly enjoy the merits of discriminative action-background separation and alleviated task gap between classification and localization. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on two popular benchmarks. Our code is available at https://github.com/MengyuanChen21/CVPR2022-FTCL., Comment: Accepted by CVPR 2022. Code is available at https://github.com/MengyuanChen21/CVPR2022-FTCL

Semi-supervised object detection has recently achieved substantial progress. As a mainstream solution, the self-labeling-based methods train the detector on both labeled data and unlabeled data with pseudo labels predicted by the detector itself, but their performances are always limited. Through experimental analysis, we reveal the underlying reason is that the detector is misguided by the incorrect pseudo labels predicted by itself (dubbed self-errors). These self-errors can hurt performance even worse than random-errors, and can be neither discerned nor rectified during the self-labeling process. In this paper, we propose an effective detection framework named CrossRectify, to obtain accurate pseudo labels by simultaneously training two detectors with different initial parameters. Specifically, the proposed approach leverages the disagreements between detectors to discern the self-errors and refines the pseudo label quality by the proposed cross-rectifying mechanism. Extensive experiments show that CrossRectify achieves outperforming performances over various detector structures on 2D and 3D detection benchmarks.

Recently, cluster contrastive learning has been proven effective for object ReID by computing the contrastive loss between the individual features and the cluster memory. However, existing methods that use the individual features to momentum update the cluster memory will fluctuate over the training examples, especially for the outlier samples. Unlike the individual-based updating mechanism, the centroid-based updating mechanism that applies the mean feature of each cluster to update the cluster memory can reduce the impact of individual samples. Therefore, we formulate the individual-based updating and centroid-based updating mechanisms in a unified cluster contrastive framework, named Dual Cluster Contrastive framework (DCC), which maintains two types of memory banks: individual and centroid cluster memory banks. Significantly, the individual cluster memory considers just one individual at a time to take a single step for updating. The centroid cluster memory applies the mean feature of each cluster to update the corresponding cluster memory. During optimization, besides the vallina contrastive loss of each memory, a cross-view consistency constraint is applied to exchange the benefits of two memories for generating a discriminative description for the object ReID. Note that DCC can be easily applied for unsupervised or supervised object ReID by using ground-truth labels or the generated pseudo-labels. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks, \emph{e.g.,} Market-1501, MSMT17, and VeRi-776, under \textbf{supervised Object ReID} and \textbf{unsupervised Object ReID} demonstrate the superiority of the proposed DCC., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures

Pedestrian trajectory prediction is an important technique of autonomous driving, which has become a research hot-spot in recent years. Previous methods mainly rely on the position relationship of pedestrians to model social interaction, which is obviously not enough to represent the complex cases in real situations. In addition, most of existing work usually introduce the scene interaction module as an independent branch and embed the social interaction features in the process of trajectory generation, rather than simultaneously carrying out the social interaction and scene interaction, which may undermine the rationality of trajectory prediction. In this paper, we propose one new prediction model named Social Soft Attention Graph Convolution Network (SSAGCN) which aims to simultaneously handle social interactions among pedestrians and scene interactions between pedestrians and environments. In detail, when modeling social interaction, we propose a new \emph{social soft attention function}, which fully considers various interaction factors among pedestrians. And it can distinguish the influence of pedestrians around the agent based on different factors under various situations. For the physical interaction, we propose one new \emph{sequential scene sharing mechanism}. The influence of the scene on one agent at each moment can be shared with other neighbors through social soft attention, therefore the influence of the scene is expanded both in spatial and temporal dimension. With the help of these improvements, we successfully obtain socially and physically acceptable predicted trajectories. The experiments on public available datasets prove the effectiveness of SSAGCN and have achieved state-of-the-art results., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved great success in processing graph data by extracting and propagating structure-aware features. Existing GNN research designs various propagation schemes to guide the aggregation of neighbor information. Recently the field has advanced from local propagation schemes that focus on local neighbors towards extended propagation schemes that can directly deal with extended neighbors consisting of both local and high-order neighbors. Despite the impressive performance, existing approaches are still insufficient to build an efficient and learnable extended propagation scheme that can adaptively adjust the influence of local and high-order neighbors. This paper proposes an efficient yet effective end-to-end framework, namely Contrastive Adaptive Propagation Graph Neural Networks (CAPGNN), to address these issues by combining Personalized PageRank and attention techniques. CAPGNN models the learnable extended propagation scheme with a polynomial of a sparse local affinity matrix, where the polynomial relies on Personalized PageRank to provide superior initial coefficients. In order to adaptively adjust the influence of both local and high-order neighbors, a coefficient-attention model is introduced to learn to adjust the coefficients of the polynomial. In addition, we leverage self-supervised learning techniques and design a negative-free entropy-aware contrastive loss to explicitly take advantage of unlabeled data for training. We implement CAPGNN as two different versions named CAPGCN and CAPGAT, which use static and dynamic sparse local affinity matrices, respectively. Experiments on graph benchmark datasets suggest that CAPGNN can consistently outperform or match state-of-the-art baselines. The source code is publicly available at https://github.com/hujunxianligong/CAPGNN., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

We target at the task of weakly-supervised video object grounding (WSVOG), where only video-sentence annotations are available during model learning. It aims to localize objects described in the sentence to visual regions in the video, which is a fundamental capability needed in pattern analysis and machine learning. Despite the recent progress, existing methods all suffer from the severe problem of spurious association, which will harm the grounding performance. In this paper, we start from the definition of WSVOG and pinpoint the spurious association from two aspects: (1) the association itself is not object-relevant but extremely ambiguous due to weak supervision, and (2) the association is unavoidably confounded by the observational bias when taking the statistics-based matching strategy in existing methods. With this in mind, we design a unified causal framework to learn the deconfounded object-relevant association for more accurate and robust video object grounding. Specifically, we learn the object-relevant association by causal intervention from the perspective of video data generation process. To overcome the problems of lacking fine-grained supervision in terms of intervention, we propose a novel spatial-temporal adversarial contrastive learning paradigm. To further remove the accompanying confounding effect within the object-relevant association, we pursue the true causality by conducting causal intervention via backdoor adjustment. Finally, the deconfounded object-relevant association is learned and optimized under a unified causal framework in an end-to-end manner. Extensive experiments on both IID and OOD testing sets of three benchmarks demonstrate its accurate and robust grounding performance against state-of-the-arts.