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BackgroundPain ratings reported by patients with cancer continue to increase, and numerous computer and phone apps for managing cancer-related pain have been developed recently; however, whether these apps effectively alleviate patients’ pain remains unknown. ObjectiveThis study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the role of mobile apps in the management of cancer pain. MethodsLiterature on the use of apps for cancer pain management and interventions, published before August 2019, was retrieved from the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsycINFO. The effects of apps on cancer pain were evaluated using RevMan5.3 software, and the rates of adverse drug reactions were analyzed using the R Statistical Software Package 3.5.3. ResultsA total of 13 studies were selected for the analysis: 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 4 before-after studies, 2 single-arm trials, 1 prospective cohort study, and 1 prospective descriptive study. The 5 RCTs reported data for 487 patients (240 patients in the intervention group and 247 patients in the control group), and the remaining studies reported data for 428 patients. We conducted a meta-analysis of the RCTs. According to the meta-analysis, apps can significantly reduce pain scores (mean difference [MD]=–0.50, 95% CI –0.94 to –0.07, I2=62%, P=.02). We then used apps that have an instant messaging module for subgroup analysis; these apps significantly reduced patients’ pain scores (MD=–0.67, 95% CI –1.06 to –0.28, I2=57%, P

【Objective】 Winter wheat in Huaibei plain experiences temporal water stress during its growing season. This paper investigates the characteristics and trends of the droughts in attempts to help improve agricultural management in this region. 【Method】 Soil in the studied region is Shajiang black soil. Soil moisture measured from 1986 to 2018 was used to analyze the key soil layers that influence wheat yield and to calculate the drought severity index (DSI). The Mann Kendall test and sliding T-test were used to analyze the drought trends and compare the characteristics of drought before and after sudden temperature changes. 【Result】 From 1986 to 2018, the wheat experienced mild and moderate droughts during the sowing-emergence stage, and it only encountered one severe drought. From the dormancy stage to heading stage, only mild and moderate droughts were identified. During the maturity stage, three droughts and five extreme droughts were recorded. From 2007 to 2012, the frequency of drought was declining in the sowing-emergence stage and dormancy stage. There were no significant changes in drought in other growth stages. Following sudden temperature changes, the frequency and degree of droughts at different growth stages both increased. 【Conclusion】 A sudden temperature change resulted in an increase in drought frequency and intensification of extreme drought. Future work should focus on improving irrigation during the maturity stage and timely replenishing soil moisture to mitigate the impact of extreme droughts.

The treatment outcomes of nanomedicines against colorectal cancer are severely restricted by their insufficient accumulation in the tumor tissues, unsatisfactory antitumor effect, and weak immunometabolic modulation. To address these issues, flying‐saucer‐shaped nanoheterojunctions by coating copper oxide (CuxO) onto the surface of PEGylated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are constructed. When exposed to ultrasound, the resultant CuxO@ZnO nanoheterojunctions exhibit increased locomotor activities, facilitating colorectal mucus infiltration, deep tumor penetration, and tumor cell internalization. The decoration of CuxO suppresses the rapid recombination of electrons and holes in CuxO@ZnO exposed to ultrasound, promoting the production of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical, which are generated by CuxO through a Fenton‐like chemodynamic reaction and CuxO@ZnO through sonodynamic reaction. After rectal administration, the sono‐chemodynamic CuxO@ZnO plus PD‐L1 antibodies effectively inhibit the growth of orthotopic and distant tumors. It elicits immunometabolic responses by inducing immunogenic cell death, activating the interferon genes signaling pathway stimulator, and inhibiting glucose transport and the glycolytic signaling pathways. This combined modality also increases the proportion of beneficial microbes (e.g., Bifidobacterium) and decreases the abundance of harmful microorganisms (e.g., Romboutsia) in the intestine. This treatment modality (CuxO@ZnO plus ultrasound and PD‐L1 antibodies) is a promising strategy for the synergistic treatment of colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Soil water controls all physical and biological processes in soil and understanding its dynamics is central to improving agronomic and irrigation management. The objective of this paper is to analyze soil water variation in winter wheat fields across Huaibei plain in attempts to provide baseline data to help improve agricultural water management in this region. 【Methods】 Soils in the studied areas are predominantly luvisol soil and the analysis was based on soil water content measured from 1992 to 2018 over the wheat fields in Huaibei plain. For each growth stage of the wheat, we set a threshold soil moisture below which the wheat was deemed to suffer water stress. Spatiotemporal change in soil water content was analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test, the sliding T-test, and the Kriging interpolation. 【Result】 ①Soil water content in the top 0~20 cm soil has been in decline while the water content at the depth of 50 cm has been in increase over the past few decades. Across the plain, soil water content at the depths of 10 cm, 20 cm and 50 cm did not show massive upheaval. ②The probability of soil water content dropping below the thresholds at jointing - heading stage, heading - milk ripe stage and milk ripe -ripping stage was 38.5%, 46.2% and 46.2% respectively. In contrast, the probability of soil water content exceeding the threshold at reviving - jointing stage was high, indicating that water stress is unlikely to occur during this stage. ③Spatially, water content in the surface soil was the highest in the southwest and the least in the middle, while soil water content at the depth of 50 cm decreases from the south to the north. ④The probability that soil water content at Bengbu and Mengcheng dropped below the threshold at the jointing - heading stage was 45.5% and 50.0% respectively, and increased to 62.0% and 38.1% respectively at the heading - milk ripe stage. 【Conclusion】 Soil water content measured from the past 30 years indicated that the surface soil moisture in the winter wheat field is likely to continue to decrease, making the winter wheat, especially at seedling stage, prone to water stress. Improving irrigation is hence required in the areas proximal to Bengbu and Mengcheng to safeguard their wheat production.

Root zone soil moisture (RZSM) is critical for water resource management, drought monitoring and sub-seasonal flood climate prediction. RZSM is not directly observable from space, but several RZSM products are available and widely used at global and continental scales. This paper presents a comprehensive quantitative evaluation of eight RZSM products over the Huai River Basin (HRB) in China. A direct validation is performed using observations from 58 in situ soil moisture stations from 1 April 2015 to 31 March 2020. Attention is drawn to the potential factors that increase the uncertainties of model-based RZSM, such as errors in atmospheric forcing (precipitation, air temperature), soil properties, and spatial scale mismatch. The results show that the Global Land Data Assimilation System Catchment Land Surface Model (GLDAS_CLSM) performs best among all RZSM products with the highest correlation coefficient (R) and the lowest unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE): 0.69 and 0.018 m3 m−3, respectively. All RZSM products tend to overestimate in situ soil moisture values, except for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) L4 product, which underestimates RZSM. The underestimation of Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) in SMOS L3, caused by underestimated physical surface temperature and overestimated ERA interim soil moisture, triggers the underestimation of RZSM in SMOS L4. The overestimation of RZSM by the other products can be explained by the overestimation of precipitation, the frequency of precipitation events (drizzle effects) and the underestimation of air temperature. In addition, the overestimation of soil clay content and the underestimation of soil sand content in different LSMs lead to higher soil moisture values. The intercomparison of the eight RZSM products shows that MERRA-2 and SMAP L4 RZSM have the highest correlation, which can be attributed to the fact that both products use the catchment land surface model and the atmospheric forcing provided by the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 (GEOS-5), although the versions differ slightly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]