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Jialing Xu,1,2 Hao Zhang,1,2 Dan Chen,2 Kaiyong Xu,1,2 Zifa Li,1,2 Hongyun Wu,3 Xiwen Geng,1,2 Xia Wei,4 Jibiao Wu,1,2 Wenqiang Cui,3 Sheng Wei1,2 1The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classic Theory of Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji’nan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 2Chinese Medicine and Brain Science Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji’nan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji’nan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 4NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Generic Drugs, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji’nan, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Sheng Wei, Email weisheng@sdutcm.edu.cn; Wenqiang Cui, Email wqcui16@fudan.edu.cnAbstract: Chronic pain (CP) is a leading cause of disability and a potential factor that affects biological processes, family relationships, and self-esteem of patients. However, the need for treatment of CP is presently unmet. Current methods of pain management involve the use of drugs, but there are different degrees of concerning side effects. At present, the potential mechanisms underlying CP are not completely clear. As research progresses and novel therapeutic approaches are developed, the shortcomings of current pain treatment methods may be overcome. In this review, we discuss the retinal photoreceptors and brain regions associated with photoanalgesia, as well as the targets involved in photoanalgesia, shedding light on its potential underlying mechanisms. Our aim is to provide a foundation to understand the mechanisms underlying CP and develop light as a novel analgesic treatment has its biological regulation principle for CP. This approach may provide an opportunity to drive the field towards future translational, clinical studies and support p

Multi-component supercritical thermal fluid (mcSCTF) has been recently recognized as a promising media for enhancing heavy oil recovery. For its economic application, an efficient mcSCTF generation should be studied. In this work, a novel experimental system with various units is being first introduced for mcSCTF generation and theoretically modelled for the energy and exergy analysis as the two contributions of this work. Based on the results, optimal retrofit strategy is proposed as the coming improvement. Starting with a specific experimental setup, theoretical modeling methods including Gibbs free energy minimization and mass balances are employed to predict the output of the core unit of reactor. The models are validated using measured experimental data. Then, energy and exergy analysis are conducted to quantify the energy and exergy losses in each unit. The reactor, heat exchanger and compressor are found to contribute for the major exergy losses accounting for 40.1%, 39.4% and 12.3%, respectively. With this, sensitivity analysis of three key factors (i.e., reactor heat dissipation rate, heat exchanger efficiency, and compressor isentropic efficiency) as well as their combinations are performed to identify potential solutions for improving efficiency. Finally, a retrofit design with around 10% efficiency enhancement is proposed. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd