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3. Objective Information Theory

Author

Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, and Dang, Yingxu

Subjects
Object Information Theory, Information Space, Structural Framework, Metaverse, Information Model, Information Measure, Information Systems Dynamics, Air Traffic Control System (ATCS), Smart Court SoSs (System of Systems), thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications, thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMB Algorithms and data structures, thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence, thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science
Abstract

Objective Information Theory (OIT) is proposed to represent and compute the information in a large-scale complex information system with big data in this monograph. To formally analyze, design, develop, and evaluate the information, OIT interprets the information from essential nature, measures the information from mathematical properties, and models the information from concept, logic, and physic. As the exemplified applications, Air Traffic Control System (ATCS) and Smart Court SoSs (System of Systems) are introduced for practical OITs. This Open Access book can be used as a technical reference book in the field of information science and also a reference textbook for senior students and graduate ones in related majors.

Published
2023
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9. Characterizing prostate cancer risk through multi-ancestry genome-wide discovery of 187 novel risk variants

Author

Wang, Anqi, Shen, Jiayi, Rodriguez, Alex A., Saunders, Edward J., Chen, Fei, Janivara, Rohini, Darst, Burcu F., Sheng, Xin, Xu, Yili, Chou, Alisha J., Benlloch, Sara, Dadaev, Tokhir, Brook, Mark N., Plym, Anna, Sahimi, Ali, Hoffman, Thomas J., Takahashi, Atushi, Matsuda, Koichi, Momozawa, Yukihide, Fujita, Masashi, Laisk, Triin, Figuerêdo, Jéssica, Muir, Kenneth, Ito, Shuji, Liu, Xiaoxi, Uchio, Yuji, Kubo, Michiaki, Kamatani, Yoichiro, Lophatananon, Artitaya, Wan, Peggy, Andrews, Caroline, Lori, Adriana, Choudhury, Parichoy P., Schleutker, Johanna, Tammela, Teuvo L. J., Sipeky, Csilla, Auvinen, Anssi, Giles, Graham G., Southey, Melissa C., MacInnis, Robert J., Cybulski, Cezary, Wokolorczyk, Dominika, Lubinski, Jan, Rentsch, Christopher T., Cho, Kelly, Mcmahon, Benjamin H., Neal, David E., Donovan, Jenny L., Hamdy, Freddie C., Martin, Richard M., Nordestgaard, Borge G., Nielsen, Sune F., Weischer, Maren, Bojesen, Stig E., Røder, Andreas, Stroomberg, Hein V., Batra, Jyotsna, Chambers, Suzanne, Horvath, Lisa, Clements, Judith A., Tilly, Wayne, Risbridger, Gail P., Gronberg, Henrik, Aly, Markus, Szulkin, Robert, Eklund, Martin, Nordstrom, Tobias, Pashayan, Nora, Dunning, Alison M., Ghoussaini, Maya, Travis, Ruth C., Key, Tim J., Riboli, Elio, Park, Jong Y., Sellers, Thomas A., Lin, Hui-Yi, Albanes, Demetrius, Weinstein, Stephanie, Cook, Michael B., Mucci, Lorelei A., Giovannucci, Edward, Lindstrom, Sara, Kraft, Peter, Hunter, David J., Penney, Kathryn L., Turman, Constance, Tangen, Catherine M., Goodman, Phyllis J., Thompson, Jr., Ian M., Hamilton, Robert J., Fleshner, Neil E., Finelli, Antonio, Parent, Marie-Élise, Stanford, Janet L., Ostrander, Elaine A., Koutros, Stella, Beane Freeman, Laura E., Stampfer, Meir, Wolk, Alicja, Håkansson, Niclas, Andriole, Gerald L., Hoover, Robert N., Machiela, Mitchell J., Sørensen, Karina Dalsgaard, Borre, Michael, Blot, William J., Zheng, Wei, Yeboah, Edward D., Mensah, James E., Lu, Yong-Jie, Zhang, Hong-Wei, Feng, Ninghan, Mao, Xueying, Wu, Yudong, Zhao, Shan-Chao, Sun, Zan, Thibodeau, Stephen N., McDonnell, Shannon K., Schaid, Daniel J., West, Catharine M. L., Barnett, Gill, Maier, Christiane, Schnoeller, Thomas, Luedeke, Manuel, Kibel, Adam S., Drake, Bettina F., Cussenot, Olivier, Cancel-Tassin, Geraldine, Menegaux, Florence, Truong, Thérèse, Koudou, Yves Akoli, John, Esther M., Grindedal, Eli Marie, Maehle, Lovise, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Ingles, Sue A., Stern, Mariana C., Vega, Ana, Gómez-Caamaño, Antonio, Fachal, Laura, Rosenstein, Barry S., Kerns, Sarah L., Ostrer, Harry, Teixeira, Manuel R., Paulo, Paula, Brandão, Andreia, Watya, Stephen, Lubwama, Alexander, Bensen, Jeannette T., Butler, Ebonee N., Mohler, James L., Taylor, Jack A., Kogevinas, Manolis, Dierssen-Sotos, Trinidad, Castaño-Vinyals, Gemma, Cannon-Albright, Lisa, Teerlink, Craig C., Huff, Chad D., Pilie, Patrick, Yu, Yao, Bohlender, Ryan J., Gu, Jian, Strom, Sara S., Multigner, Luc, Blanchet, Pascal, Brureau, Laurent, Kaneva, Radka, Slavov, Chavdar, Mitev, Vanio, Leach, Robin J., Brenner, Hermann, Chen, Xuechen, Holleczek, Bernd, Schöttker, Ben, Klein, Eric A., Hsing, Ann W., Kittles, Rick A., Murphy, Adam B., Logothetis, Christopher J., Kim, Jeri, Neuhausen, Susan L., Steele, Linda, Ding, Yuan Chun, Isaacs, William B., Nemesure, Barbara, Hennis, Anselm J. M., Carpten, John, Pandha, Hardev, Michael, Agnieszka, De Ruyck, Kim, De Meerleer, Gert, Ost, Piet, Xu, Jianfeng, Razack, Azad, Lim, Jasmine, Teo, Soo-Hwang, Newcomb, Lisa F., Lin, Daniel W., Fowke, Jay H., Neslund-Dudas, Christine M., Rybicki, Benjamin A., Gamulin, Marija, Lessel, Davor, Kulis, Tomislav, Usmani, Nawaid, Abraham, Aswin, Singhal, Sandeep, Parliament, Matthew, Claessens, Frank, Joniau, Steven, Van den Broeck, Thomas, Gago-Dominguez, Manuela, Castelao, Jose Esteban, Martinez, Maria Elena, Larkin, Samantha, Townsend, Paul A., Aukim-Hastie, Claire, Bush, William S., Aldrich, Melinda C., Crawford, Dana C., Srivastava, Shiv, Cullen, Jennifer, Petrovics, Gyorgy, Casey, Graham, Wang, Ying, Tettey, Yao, Lachance, Joseph, Tang, Wei, Biritwum, Richard B., Adjei, Andrew A., Tay, Evelyn, Truelove, Ann, Niwa, Shelley, Yamoah, Kosj, Govindasami, Koveela, Chokkalingam, Anand P., Keaton, Jacob M., Hellwege, Jacklyn N., Clark, Peter E., Jalloh, Mohamed, Gueye, Serigne M., Niang, Lamine, Ogunbiyi, Olufemi, Shittu, Olayiwola, Amodu, Olukemi, Adebiyi, Akindele O., Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Oseremen I., Ajibola, Hafees O., Jamda, Mustapha A., Oluwole, Olabode P., Nwegbu, Maxwell, Adusei, Ben, Mante, Sunny, Darkwa-Abrahams, Afua, Diop, Halimatou, Gundell, Susan M., Roobol, Monique J., Jenster, Guido, van Schaik, Ron H. N., Hu, Jennifer J., Sanderson, Maureen, Kachuri, Linda, Varma, Rohit, McKean-Cowdin, Roberta, Torres, Mina, Preuss, Michael H., Loos, Ruth J. F., Zawistowski, Matthew, Zöllner, Sebastian, Lu, Zeyun, Van Den Eeden, Stephen K., Easton, Douglas F., Ambs, Stefan, Edwards, Todd L., Mägi, Reedik, Rebbeck, Timothy R., Fritsche, Lars, Chanock, Stephen J., Berndt, Sonja I., Wiklund, Fredrik, Nakagawa, Hidewaki, Witte, John S., Gaziano, J. Michael, Justice, Amy C., Mancuso, Nick, Terao, Chikashi, Eeles, Rosalind A., Kote-Jarai, Zsofia, Madduri, Ravi K., Conti, David V., and Haiman, Christopher A.

Published
2023
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11. Phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring and intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of high myopia with cataract

Author

Meng Keqing, Zhang Wulin, Xu Yanhui, Dong Wei, and Xu Jianfeng

Subjects
phacoemulsification, capsular tension ring, intraocular lens implantation, high myopia, Ophthalmology, RE1-994
Abstract

AIM: To observe the efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring and intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of high myopia with cataract.METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 82 cases(82 eyes)of high myopia complicated with cataract who admitted to the cataract department of our hospital from December 2021 to April 2023 were selected as study objects, and they were divided into control group(n=39)and combination group(n=43)according to whether or not the capsular tension ring was used intraoperatively. Patients in the control group were treated with intraocular lens implantation alone, and those in the combination group were treated with phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring and intraocular lens implantation. The preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity, central anterior chamber depth, trabecular ciliary process, visual quality and complications were compared.RESULTS: At 1 mo after surgery, the best corrected visual acuity(LogMAR)of both groups increased significantly(combination group: 0.64±0.28 vs 0.12±0.14; control group: 0.62±0.26 vs 0.23±0.25, both P0.05). The visual quality scores of the combination group were all higher than the control group at 1 mo after surgery [watching TV: 3.00±0.38 vs 2.22±0.46 points; reading books: 2.85±0.42 vs 2.21±0.44 points; night vision: 2.71±0.34 vs 2.37±0.41 points; fine operation: 2.82±0.38 vs 2.33±0.40 points, all P

Published
2024
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12. Unification and Extension of Classic Information Principles

Author

Xu, Jianfeng

Subjects
Computer Science - Information Theory, Quantum Physics
Abstract

To formulate a universal framework of information theory is beneficial. This study proves that the sextuple model of the objective information theory (OIT) is a sufficient and necessary condition for discussing information with four basic postulations. It is demonstrated for each metric defined in the OIT, there is a corresponding example in classical information theories or commonly used principles. Furthermore, atomic information is defined as the indivisible elementary information and the volume additivity is proven for combinations of atomic information. Consequently, the information volume that a single quantum carrier can carry is derived and a theorem relating information volume to mass, energy, and time is proved. All these efforts illustrate that the OIT is a novel information theory that can unify a variety of classical information principles and even accurately reveal the quantitative relationship between information, matter and energy.

Published
2022

18. Information Systems Dynamics: Foundations and Applications

Author

Xu, Jianfeng, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Shuliang, Zheng, Tao, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, Qiao, Yongjie, and Dang, Yingxu

Subjects
Computer Science - Information Theory
Abstract

This article firstly reviews and summarizes the rapid development of information technology, characterized by the close combination of computer and network communication, which leads to a series of investigations, including the analyses of the important role of a series of technological achievements in the context of information movement and application, the interrelationship between the real-world, information space and information system, and the integrated framework of the real-world and information system, and the modifications and improvements of the Xu's previous mathematical theory on information models, properties and metrics. Based on the mathematical foundations, eleven types of information measure efficacies and their distribution across information systems are put forward, and then the dynamics configurations of information systems are comprehensively analyzed, which constitutes the basic theoretical framework of information systems dynamics with general significance. Finally, Smart Court SoSs (System of Systems) Engineering Project of China are introduced as the exemplified application of the theoretical work, which aims at providing a reference for the analysis, design, development and evaluation of large-scale complex information systems., Comment: in English language

Published
2021

19. Exemplifying Objective Information Theory: Smart Court

Author

Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, Dang, Yingxu, Zdonik, Stan, Series Editor, Shekhar, Shashi, Series Editor, Wu, Xindong, Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Padua, David, Series Editor, Shen, Xuemin Sherman, Series Editor, Furht, Borko, Series Editor, Subrahmanian, V. S., Series Editor, Hebert, Martial, Series Editor, Ikeuchi, Katsushi, Series Editor, Siciliano, Bruno, Series Editor, Jajodia, Sushil, Series Editor, Lee, Newton, Series Editor, Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, and Dang, Yingxu

Published
2023
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20. Recognizing Objective Information

Author

Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, Dang, Yingxu, Zdonik, Stan, Series Editor, Shekhar, Shashi, Series Editor, Wu, Xindong, Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Padua, David, Series Editor, Shen, Xuemin Sherman, Series Editor, Furht, Borko, Series Editor, Subrahmanian, V. S., Series Editor, Hebert, Martial, Series Editor, Ikeuchi, Katsushi, Series Editor, Siciliano, Bruno, Series Editor, Jajodia, Sushil, Series Editor, Lee, Newton, Series Editor, Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, and Dang, Yingxu

Published
2023
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21. Modelling Objective Information: Sextuple

Author

Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, Dang, Yingxu, Zdonik, Stan, Series Editor, Shekhar, Shashi, Series Editor, Wu, Xindong, Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Padua, David, Series Editor, Shen, Xuemin Sherman, Series Editor, Furht, Borko, Series Editor, Subrahmanian, V. S., Series Editor, Hebert, Martial, Series Editor, Ikeuchi, Katsushi, Series Editor, Siciliano, Bruno, Series Editor, Jajodia, Sushil, Series Editor, Lee, Newton, Series Editor, Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, and Dang, Yingxu

Published
2023
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22. Measuring Objective Information

Author

Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, Dang, Yingxu, Zdonik, Stan, Series Editor, Shekhar, Shashi, Series Editor, Wu, Xindong, Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Padua, David, Series Editor, Shen, Xuemin Sherman, Series Editor, Furht, Borko, Series Editor, Subrahmanian, V. S., Series Editor, Hebert, Martial, Series Editor, Ikeuchi, Katsushi, Series Editor, Siciliano, Bruno, Series Editor, Jajodia, Sushil, Series Editor, Lee, Newton, Series Editor, Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, and Dang, Yingxu

Published
2023
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23. Information Theory on Change to Reflection

Author

Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, Dang, Yingxu, Zdonik, Stan, Series Editor, Shekhar, Shashi, Series Editor, Wu, Xindong, Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Padua, David, Series Editor, Shen, Xuemin Sherman, Series Editor, Furht, Borko, Series Editor, Subrahmanian, V. S., Series Editor, Hebert, Martial, Series Editor, Ikeuchi, Katsushi, Series Editor, Siciliano, Bruno, Series Editor, Jajodia, Sushil, Series Editor, Lee, Newton, Series Editor, Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, and Dang, Yingxu

Published
2023
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24. Exemplifying Objective Information: Air Traffic Control System

Author

Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, Dang, Yingxu, Zdonik, Stan, Series Editor, Shekhar, Shashi, Series Editor, Wu, Xindong, Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Padua, David, Series Editor, Shen, Xuemin Sherman, Series Editor, Furht, Borko, Series Editor, Subrahmanian, V. S., Series Editor, Hebert, Martial, Series Editor, Ikeuchi, Katsushi, Series Editor, Siciliano, Bruno, Series Editor, Jajodia, Sushil, Series Editor, Lee, Newton, Series Editor, Xu, Jianfeng, Wang, Shuliang, Liu, Zhenyu, Wang, Yashi, Wang, Yingfei, and Dang, Yingxu

Published
2023
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25. A multi‐analyte cell‐free DNA–based blood test for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma

Author

Lin, Nan, Lin, Yongping, Xu, Jianfeng, Liu, Dan, Li, Diange, Meng, Hongyu, Gallant, Maxime A, Kubota, Naoto, Roy, Dhruvajyoti, Li, Jason S, Gorospe, Emmanuel C, Sherman, Morris, Gish, Robert G, Abou‐Alfa, Ghassan K, Nguyen, Mindie H, Taggart, David J, Van Etten, Richard A, Hoshida, Yujin, and Li, Wei

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Digestive Diseases, Rare Diseases, Cancer, Genetics, Prevention, Clinical Research, Liver Disease, Liver Cancer, 4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies, Detection, screening and diagnosis, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Good Health and Well Being, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Cell-Free Nucleic Acids, Early Detection of Cancer, Hematologic Tests, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, alpha-Fetoproteins, Clinical sciences
Abstract

The limited performance of guideline-recommended abdominal ultrasound and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) highlights the urgent, unmet need for new biomarkers for more accurate detection of early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To this end, we have conducted a prospective clinical validation study to evaluate the performance of the HelioLiver Test, a multi-analyte blood test combining cell-free DNA methylation patterns, clinical variables, and protein tumor markers. A blinded, multicenter validation study was performed with 247 subjects, including 122 subjects with HCC and 125 control subjects with chronic liver disease. The performance of the HelioLiver Test was compared with AFP and the GALAD score as established HCC surveillance blood tests. The performance of the HelioLiver Test (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.944) was superior to both AFP (AUROC = 0.851; p < 0.0001) and GALAD (AUROC = 0.899; p < 0.0001). Using a prespecified diagnostic algorithm, the HelioLiver Test showed sensitivities of 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78%-90%) for HCC of any stage and 76% (95% CI, 60%-87%) for early stage (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] I and II) HCC. In contrast, AFP (≥20 ng/mL) alone and the GALAD score (≥-0.63) showed lower sensitivities of 62% (95% CI, 54%-70%) and 75% (95% CI, 67%-82%) for HCC overall, and 57% (95% CI, 40%-71%) and 65% (95% CI, 49%-79%) for early stage (AJCC I and II) HCC, respectively. The specificities of the HelioLiver Test (91%; 95% CI, 85%-95%), AFP (97%; 95% CI, 92%-99%), and the GALAD score (94%; 95% CI, 88%-97%) were similar for control subjects. The HelioLiver Test showed superior performance for HCC detection compared to with both AFP and the GALAD score and warrants further evaluation in HCC surveillance settings.

Published
2022

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