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This paper considers a remanufacturing system in which the remanufacturer uses both the fresh raw material and recycled material to produce new products. Only partial information of the demand distribution, including the mean and variance, is available in this system. The operational activities of the remanufacturer are major contributors to carbon emissions, and a government agency imposes a cap-and-trade (carbon emission trading) policy on the remanufacturer. In the context of the distributionally robust newsvendor model, a maxmin approach is used to solve the optimal joint collection and production quantities. To study whether implementation of a cap-and-trade policy improves the remanufacturer's expected profit and reduces corresponding carbon emissions, the case where the government agency does not impose cap-and-trade policy is considered and compared. Finally, numerical analysis is conducted to illustrate and complement the analytical results and to investigate the influences of several main parameters on the distributionally robust newsvendor model for the remanufacturing system under a cap-and-trade policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tripartite game models consisting of government and a two-echelon cold chain under cap-and-trade regulations are developed. • Impact of cap-and-trade regulations and consumer environmental awareness on supplier's low carbon strategy is investigated. • Boundaries between purchasing carbon quotas and adopting carbon abatement technology are defined. • Key influencing factors of social welfare and carbon emissions are analyzed. • The most effective plan to improve social welfare and reduce carbon emission is put forward. Due to both carbon policy and consumer environmental awareness, the large amount of carbon emissions generated while keeping deteriorating products fresh has attracted attention. In particular, under international competition, both freshness and environmental friendliness have significant effects on the market demand for deteriorating products. Furthermore, considering harmonious economic and environmental development, many recent studies take social welfare as the optimization goal. However, due to the trade-offs between the freshness and environmental friendliness of deteriorating products, how should the government formulate a reasonable carbon policy to guide cold chain members to make optimal decisions on freshness-keeping efforts and carbon abatement to improve social welfare and reduce carbon emissions? Against this backdrop, in this study, considering cap-and-trade regulations and consumers' preference for low-carbon fresh products, we develop tripartite game models consisting of the government, one emission-dependent supplier and one retailer in a two-echelon cold chain system. Two models are developed to compare the optimal decisions under two scenarios: when the supplier purchases carbon quotas and when the supplier adopts carbon abatement technology. Conducting theoretical analysis and numerical experiments, we obtain the following main insights: (1) The adoption of carbon abatement technologies does not always create greater social welfare, and there is a boundary between the two scenarios. (2) Production costs and freshness-keeping costs have the greatest influence on social welfare and unit carbon emissions. (3) The government should implement a looser carbon policy for deteriorating products with higher price elasticity. (4) The most effective way to simultaneously improve social welfare and reduce total carbon emissions is to increase consumer environmental awareness and reduce the abatement cost exponent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximization of profitability stands as a paramount objective within supply chains. The conventional approach involves implementing an omnichannel retailing strategy to integrate diverse sales channels. However, such implementation often introduces uncertainty in product pricing and recycling, undermining the system's robustness. In this study, we leverage the combined power of leader-follower game and mean–variance theories to construct two optimization models for the omnichannel closed-loop supply chain. Specifically, our focus lies in analyzing the performance of manufacturers who distribute products through physical stores. By meticulously considering the risk aversion attribute inherent in the supply chain, we derive closed-form solutions for the optimal approach. The main results show the positive impact of a risk-averse attitude exhibited by the physical store on the overall system profitability. However, if the introduced physical store belongs to another firm, then total profit experiences a decline. To further substantiate our claims, we conduct a comprehensive numerical analysis to show the performance of our optimization models. [Display omitted] • Optimization models are constructed for the OCLSC system in an omnichannel retail environment. • Adopting BOPS in the manufacturer's own physical store benefits OCLSC profits. • Explore effects of risk attitude on the operational decisions and profits of OCLSC. • Find out the key parameters affecting the implement of the BOPS strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch can be derivatized with various functional groups to achieve different physicochemical properties. For decades, researchers have focused on lightly substituted starches since these starches can be prepared economically in aqueous slurries. In contrast, modified starches having high or intermediate degree of substitution have not been thoroughly investigated or extensively used, mainly because their conventional preparation involves harmful solvents that renders their purification uneconomical. Aiming to explore possible industrially feasible routes for producing medium and highly substituted starch derivatives, this review summarizes developments in synthetic methods, especially the influence of synthesis media and reaction conditions. In addition, crucial physicochemical properties of those highly substituted starches are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• O-2 was exclusively acetylated at low degree of substitution (DS). • DS was in the order of high-amylose > waxy > normal maize starch. • Amylose content did not significantly affect the acetyl positions. • Secondary deuterated acetylation was preferred for 1H NMR analysis. Waxy, normal, and high-amylose maize starches were acetylated to various degrees of substitution (DS) in aqueous medium. A stepwise addition of acetic anhydride enhanced reaction efficiency and DS was in the order of high-amylose maize starch (DS 1.72) > waxy maize starch (DS 1.60) > normal maize starch (DS 1.03) when 240% (w/w) acetic anhydride was added. Starch acetates were further fully esterified to DS 3.0 using acetic anhydride-d 6 or propionic anhydride to analyze position of acetyl groups on anhydroglucose unit (AGU) by 1H NMR. Regioselective 2- O -acetyl starches were produced when the DS was lower than 0.14. At DS 1, the distribution of acetyl groups was ca. 44%, 32%, and 24% at C-2, C-3, and C-6 positions, respectively, regardless of amylose content. Deuterated acetyl group was a preferred secondary substituent over propionyl group in subsequent 1H NMR analysis because it resulted a clean spectrum without interference from propionyl methyl protons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes a newsvendor problem with partial demand information under two kinds of carbon emission regulations, in which only the mean and variance of the demand distribution are known. Under the carbon cap and cap-and-trade regulations, two distributionally robust models are formulated to determine the optimal order quantities to maximize the worst-case expected profits. We derive the closed-form expression of the optimal order quantity and show that the cap-and-trade regulation can lead to higher profit and lower carbon emissions. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results and develop the robustness of system parameters via the robust parameter design technique. The results indicate that compared with carbon emission parameters, the demand information parameters have more effect on the optimal worst-case expected profit and less effect on carbon emissions under carbon cap regulation. And the demand information parameters except for the variance of demand have more effect on both the optimal worst-case expected profit and carbon emissions under cap-and-trade regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the coordination of a dual-channel supply chain under mandatory carbon emission capacity regulation. Market demand is affected by the selling prices in both online and offline channels, and consumers are either brand loyal or retailer loyal. By analyzing the optimal pricing decisions and profits in centralized and decentralized systems, we find that when the carbon emission capacity assigned to a retailer is adequate, the carbon emission constraint placed on the supplier’s emissions has a negative effect on the retailer’s profit. When the carbon emission capacity assigned to a retailer is fully used, a fully used carbon emission capacity for the supplier can decrease the supplier’s profit without affecting the retailer’s profit. To improve the performance of the decentralized system, we propose online channel price discount and offline channel price discount contracts to coordinate the supply chain and provide the conditions under which price discount contracts can coordinate the dual-channel supply chain. Numerical examples are divided into two parts. The first part illustrates the effects of carbon emission capacity and customer loyalty parameters on the decisions of the dual-channel supply chain. The second part demonstrates the approach to find the interval of the price discount coefficient and identifies the coordination effects between two price discount contracts. Some valuable decision suggestions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile compounds formed during heat-treatment of wheat flour influence the application of treated flour. In this study, normal and waxy hard wheat flours before and after dry-heat treatment were subjected to headspace analysis by solid-phase microextraction of volatiles followed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The untreated waxy wheat flour contained higher levels of odor-active compounds than normal wheat flour including aldehydes, alcohols, furans, and ketones. Lipid oxidation appears to play major role in producing such odor compounds. Heat treatments, depending on the severity, alter the profile of volatile compounds. Low temperature (100–110 °C) treatments effectively eliminated cereal odor (aldehyde) and did not introduce additional odors, providing a possible way to produce low-odor flours. Heat treatments at 120 °C and higher temperatures elevated the content of pyrazines, furans, and sulfur-containing compounds which together gave a roasty aroma to the flours. Considering organoleptic properties, treatments of flours at 140 °C was superior to 160 °C. The waxy wheat flour was more prone to produce odor-active compounds than normal wheat flour during the same heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the decision behaviour and coordination mechanisms for a two-echelon sustainable supply chain under a cap-and-trade regulation. In a make-to-order setting, carbon emissions are generated primarily by the downstream manufacturing process, and the market demand of the supply chain is affected by two decision variables, the sustainability level and the selling price. The impact of the unit emissions trading price on the optimal decision variables in both centralized and decentralized systems is revealed. The comparison of decentralized and centralized systems shows that the increase in total profit in centralized system is at most 1/3 that in decentralized system. To achieve the same profit as the centralized system, we consider two contracts to coordinate the sustainable supply chain, revenue-sharing and two-part tariff contracts. By analysing the conditions for a win-win outcome, we prove that only the two-part tariff contract can lead to perfect coordination. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the key parameters is undertaken as part of a numerical example illustrating the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an economic production quantity problem with the maximal production run time and minimal preventive maintenance time over a finite planning horizon. The objective is to find the efficient production and maintenance policy to minimize the total cost composed of production, maintenance, shortages, and holding costs under the restriction on the production run time and the preventive maintenance time. The production and maintenance decisions include the production and maintenance frequencies and the production run and the maintenance time. The variability and the boundedness of the production run and maintenance time make the problem difficult to solve. Two heuristic algorithms are developed using different techniques based on the optimal properties of the relaxed problem. The performance comparison between the two algorithms is illustrated by numerical examples. The numerical results show that, for the most part, there exists a heuristic algorithm which is more effective than the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are natural pigments derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Most tomatoes produce little anthocyanins, but the transgenic purple tomato biosynthesizes a high level of anthocyanins due to expression of two transcription factors ( Del and Ros1 ). This study was to identify and quantify anthocyanins in this transgenic tomato line. Seven anthocyanins, including two new anthocyanins [malvidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside and malvidin-3-(feruloyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside], were identified by LC-MS/MS. Petunidin-3-(trans-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside and delphinidin-3-(trans-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside were the most abundant anthocyanins, making up 86% of the total anthocyanins. Compared to undetectable anthocyanins in the wild type, the contents of anthocyanins in the whole fruit, peel, and flesh of the Del / Ros1 -transgenic tomato were 5.2 ± 0.5, 5.1 ± 0.5, and 5.8 ± 0.3 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Anthocyanins were undetectable in the seeds of both wide-type and transgenic tomato lines. Such novel and high levels of anthocyanins obtained in this transgenic tomato may provide unique functional products with potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple-fleshed sweet potato P40 has been shown to prevent colorectal cancer in a murine model. This study is to identify anthocyanins by using HPLC/MS–MS and assess the stability during various cooking conditions. P40 possesses a high content of anthocyanins up to 14 mg/g dry matter. Total 12 acylated anthocyanins are identified. Top three anthocyanins, e.g., cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside, peonidin 3-caffeoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-(6″-caffeoyl-6″-feruloylsophoroside)-5-glucoside, account for half of the anthocyanin contents. Over 80% of anthocyanins measured by acid hydrolysis were cyanidin derivatives, indicating P40 is unique when compared with other purple-fleshed sweet potatoes that usually contain more peonidin than cyanidin. Steaming, pressure cooking, microwaving, and frying but not baking significantly reduced 8–16% of total anthocyanin contents. Mono-acylated anthocyanins showed a higher resistance against heat than di- and non-acylated. Among of which, cyanidin 3-p-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside-5-glucoside exhibited the best thermal stability. The stable acylated and cyanidin-predominated anthocyanins in P40 may provide extra benefits for cancer prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candesartan is a common angiotensin‐II receptor‐1 blocker used for patients with cardiovascular and renal diseases. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a negative regulator of blood pressure (BP), and also a major receptor for coronaviruses. To determine whether and how candesartan upregulates ACE2, we examined BP and ACE2 in multi‐organs from male and female C57BL/6J mice treated with candesartan (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days. Relative to the vehicle, candesartan lowered BP more in males than females; ACE2 protein abundances were increased in kidneys, not lungs, hearts, aorta, liver, spleen, brain, or serum, only from males. Ace2‐mRNA was similar in kidneys. Candesartan also decreased BP in normal, hypertensive, and nephrotic male rats. The renal ACE2 was increased by the drug in normal and nephrotic male rats but not spontaneously hypertensive ones. In male mouse kidneys, ACE2 was distributed at sodium‐hydrogen‐exchanger‐3 positive proximal‐convoluted‐tubules; ACE2‐ubiquitination was decreased by candesartan, accompanied with increased ubiquitin‐specific‐protease‐48 (USP48). In candesartan‐treated mouse renal proximal‐convoluted‐tubule cells, ACE2 abundances and activities were increased while ACE2‐ubiquitination and colocalization with lysosomal and proteosomal markers were decreased. The silence of USP48 by siRNA caused a reduction of ACE2 in the cells. Thus, the sex‐differential ACE2 upregulation by candesartan in kidney from males may be due to the decreased ACE2‐ubiquitination, associated with USP48, and consequent degradation in lysosomes and proteosomes. This is a novel mechanism and may shed light on candesartan‐like‐drug choice in men and women prone to coronavirus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers a one-manufacturer and one-retailer supply chain for deteriorating items over a finite planning horizon. In the case with multi-factor-dependent demand, we analyze the coordination of the system within a contract mechanism. First, we formulate and then compare a decentralized model and a centralized model. Next, we propose a revenue-sharing contract and a revised revenue-sharing contract to coordinate the decentralized supply chain. We illustrate the proposed models with a numerical example and we perform sensitivity analysis of the coordination results based on several key parameters. The results show that the supply chain’s profit in the centralized system increases by at least 1 3 , where both contracts can coordinate the system and the fraction parameter of the revenue exists when each contract is acceptable to both members of the supply chain, and the revised revenue-sharing contract always yields a higher profit than the revenue-sharing contract. Furthermore, the supply chain’s profit under the revised revenue-sharing contract is shown to be equivalent to that with the centralized system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentials of pulse peptides as cryoprotectants remain less exploited than other well-known applications, e.g., nutrient supplements, stabilizers, antioxidants etc. Thus, for the first time, this study screened a number of widely-used pulse peptides (pea, chickpea, lentil, mung bean, and white kidney bean) by evaluating their ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) and thermal hysteresis (TH) activities. Then, chickpea peptide (CP) with the most prominent anti-freezing performance was selected for systematical evaluation of its cryoprotective effects on frozen dough in terms of water state, gluten structure, and storage stability. CP reduced the content of freezable water to 60% and unified the water distributions of frozen dough in a dose-dependent manner (0–6 g peptide per 100 g wheat flour). Freezing-induced changes on gluten disulfide bonds, secondary structures, and dough microstructures were also restrained. Accordingly, dumpling wrappers prepared from CP-added frozen dough manifested the reduced cracking rates (31%–5%), increased toughness (68%–79%), extensibility (82%–92%), and cooking stabilities. CP was rich in basic amino acids (arginine, lysine, and histidine), accounting for 27% of total amino acids, which were responsible for its outstanding cryoprotective activity. Chickpea peptide might therefore be a good candidate for development of high-performance dough cryoprotectants. [Display omitted] • Chickpea peptide (CP) exhibited superior ice-inhibition ability. • CP stabilized the water state of frozen dough. • Gluten denaturation was alleviated during frozen storage. • CP improved both storage stabilities and cooking performance of frozen dumpling wrappers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A retailer-dominated supply chain with corporate social responsibility is modeled. • Impacts of emission reduction on supply chain's sustainability are analyzed. • Motivations of investing in emission reduction technology are proposed. • Supply chains sustainability is proved to be improved by coordination mechanism. • Performance of the coordination contract is tested analytically and numerically. This paper studies a retailer-dominated supply chain including a single upstream manufacturer that produces two substitutable products and a single downstream retailer that undertakes corporate social responsibility activities. The manufacturer is also regulated by a cap-and-trade policy. We first compare two optimization models for a decentralized system, one that does and one that does not incorporate emission reduction technology, to show that the profit of each system member in the former is higher than that in the latter, while the opposite is true for carbon emissions when the technology level invested by the manufacturer is higher than a threshold. To test the performance of the decentralized model that incorporates emission reduction technology, we model a centralized system and reveal that the system profit in the decentralized model is increased and the corresponding carbon emissions generated during production can be reduced. These findings motivate us to propose a revenue and cost-sharing contract to coordinate the decentralized system. The result shows that the economic and environmental sustainability of the decentralized system can be improved. Finally, several managerial implications are derived by conducting a numerical study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chickpea protein hydrolysate (CPH) can reduce deteriorations of frozen surimi. • CPH exhibited both thermal hysteresis and antioxidant activities. • Denaturation of myofibril protein was inhibited during freeze–thaw cycling. • Gelling properties of CPH-protected frozen surimi were also enhanced. Chickpea protein (CP) and its enzymatic hydrolysates are one of the most widely consumed pulse ingredients manifesting versatile applications in food industry, such as binders, emulsifiers, and meat protein substitutes. Other than those well-known functionalities, however, the use of CP as a cryoprotectant remained unexplored. In this study, we prepared the chickpea protein hydrolysate (CPH) and investigated its cryoprotective effects to frozen surimi in terms of the protein structure integrity and gelling behaviors. Results indicated that CPH could inhibit myofibrillar protein (MP) denaturation and oxidation during the freeze–thaw cycling, as evidenced by their increased solubility, Ca2+-ATPase activity, sulfhydryl concentration, and declined content of disulfide bonds, carbonyl concentration and surface hydrophobicity. Freezing-induced changes on MP secondary structures were also retarded. Moreover, gels prepared from CPH-protected frozen surimi demonstrated more stabilized microstructure, uniform water distribution, enhanced elasticity, gel strength and water holding capacity. The CPH alone, at a reducing addition content of 4% (w/w), exhibited comparable cryoprotective performance to that of the commercial formulation (4% sucrose and 4% sorbitol). Therefore, this study provides scientific insights for development of pulse proteins as novel and high-performance food cryoprotectants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Binary pulse protein complex formed between chickpea and pea by alkaline pH-shifting. • The co-assembled chickpea protein (CP) exhibited reduced aggregation behaviour. • The solubility of CP increased by more than 50% after the co-assembling. • Aqueous stability of this complex improved against different environmental stresses. Chickpea protein (CP) is an exceptional nutrient-dense pulse protein prevailing in the development of plant-based foods. However, its relatively low solubility, compared to other legume proteins, hinders the practical uses of CP in food matrix. To resolve this problem, pea protein (PP), another popular pulse protein, was co-assembled with CP to form a binary complex during the alkaline pH-shifting process. Results indicated that the complexed CP exhibited significantly increased solubility to that of the pristine protein (more than 50%), whose aqueous stability was also enhanced against different environmental stresses (pH, salt, heat/frozen treatment, and centrifugation). Structural and morphology analysis confirmed the interplay between unfolded CP and PP during pH shifting, which enabled their resistance to acid-induced structural over-folding. Our experiments that induce the co-assembling of two pulse proteins provide a novel routine and scientific basis for tailoring CP functionalities, as well as the formulation of pulse protein-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weight control through either dietary calorie restriction (DCR) or exercise has been associated with cancer prevention in animal models. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. Bioinformatics using genomics, proteomics and lipidomics was employed to elucidate the molecular targets of weight control in a mouse skin cancer model. SENCAR mice were randomly assigned into four groups for 10 weeks: ad-libitum -fed sedentary control, ad-libitum -fed exercise (AE), exercise but pair-fed isocaloric amount of control (PE) and 20% DCR. Two hours after topical TPA treatment, skin epidermis was analyzed by Affymetrix for gene expression, DIGE for proteomics and lipidomics for phospholipids. Body weights were significantly reduced in both DCR and PE but not AE mice versus the control. Among 39,000 transcripts, 411, 67 and 110 genes were significantly changed in DCR, PE and AE, respectively. The expression of genes relevant to PI3K-Akt and Ras-MAPK signaling was effectively reduced by DCR and PE but not AE as measured through GenMAPP software. Proteomics analysis identified ~120 proteins, with 27 proteins significantly changed by DCR, including up-regulated apolipoprotein A-1, a key antioxidant protein that decreases Ras-MAPK activity. Of the total 338 phospholipids analyzed by lipidomics, 57 decreased by PE including 5 phophatidylinositol species that serve as PI3K substrates. Although a full impact has not been determined yet, it appears that the reduction of both Ras-MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways is a cancer preventive target that has been consistently demonstrated by three bioinformatics approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) restrained the water re-distribution of frozen dough. • Freezing-induced protein deterioration was alleviated. • CMCh improved storage stability and textural properties of dumpling wrappers. • High-DS-CMCh exhibited better cryo-protective effect. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh), an ampholetic chitosan derivative, has found broad applications in the food industry. However, its cryo-protective properties remained less explored compared to other viscous polysaccharides, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan etc., which have been widely utilized as frozen food additives. In this study, we investigated the effect of CMCh addition to frozen dough in terms of water state, protein structure, and the textural properties of prepared frozen dumpling wrappers. Results indicated that CMCh restricted the water migration in dough and delayed protein deterioration during frozen storage. Specifically, the content of freezable water in dough was reduced and the water distribution became more uniform as reflected by DCS and LF-NMR analysis. CMCh also stabilized disulfide bond and secondary structures of the protein, leading to inhibition of dough rheology changes. Accordingly, the obtained frozen dumplings wrappers demonstrated decreased cracking rate and water loss, and improved textural properties. Moreover, CMCh with higher degree of carboxymethyl substitution (DS: 1.2, CMCh-B) exhibited better cryo-protective effects compared to CMCh of lower DS (DS: 0.8, CMCh-A). Our study provides novel insights and scientific basis for the development of ampholetic polysaccharides as high-performance food additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphiphilic plant proteins, such as the wheat gliadin and maize zein, are good starting materials to fabricate colloidal particles for stabilizing foams and emulsions. Like many other food proteins, the emulsifying property of the gliadin can be modified by introducing polysaccharides; however, little to nothing is known about how it was influenced by the protein-polyphenol interactions. In this study, different gliadin/tannic acid nanoparticles (GTNP) were developed and assessed for their capacity to stabilize an oil-in-water emulsion at a low solid concentration (0.1%, w/v). More than simply mixing these two components, both noncovalent and covalent (alkali-triggered) interactions were induced between the tannic acid (TA) and gliadin. Results indicated that emulsions stabilized by the covalent GTNP exhibited greatest resilience to coalescence and most reduced mean particle diameters over a 30-day storage period. In addition, the covalent GTNP showed intermediate wettability at the oil/water interface, as reflected by the oil-water contact angle of 89.1°, which contributed to the emulsifying properties. Our experiments that tuning the covalent and noncovalent interactions between the gliadin and TA provide novel insights into the interfacial behaviors of protein-polyphenol nanoparticles, particularly as food-grade Pickering emulsifiers. Image 1 • Gliadin-tannic acid nanoparticles (GTNPs) were prepared by anti-solvent precipitation. • Covalent interactions between gliadin and TA improve the emulsifying property of GTNPs. • The GTNPs can stabilize the O/W emulsions at a very low protein concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]