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Glyphosate (GLY) is a type of broad-spectrum herbicide and has been widely used for weed control. In the past few decades, GLY was generally considered to be low toxic or non-toxic to animals. However, recent studies demonstrated that GLY has adverse effects on honey bees. How honey bees' internal antioxidant and detoxification system responds to GLY exposure needs to be investigated. In this study, we calculated the median lethal dose (LD50) of GLY in honey bees and evaluate the effect of GLY on detoxification-related gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activities of honey bees. Our results showed that the LD50 of GLY to honey bees at 24 and 48 h were 1773.06 and 537.67 µg active ingredient (a.i.)/bee, respectively, which suggested the low toxicity of GLY to honey bees. Moreover, we found significantly downregulated enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), upregulated activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), as well as upregulated gene expression of CYP9Q1 in the head, and CYP9Q2 in the head and abdomen, which indicated the important roles of GST, AChE, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYPs/P450s) in protecting bees against GLY stress. Our study will help to clarify the role of antioxidative enzymes and detoxifying enzymes in terms of preventing or limiting GLY stress injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, super-resolution neural networks have achieved good results in restoring super-resolution images from low-resolution ones. However, most subsequent tasks based on super-resolution images such as object detection are done by the computer. Considering this situation, we propose a learnable downsampler–upsampler pair, which can realize both the downscaling process and the upscaling process by neural networks, and is jointly trained with the YOLOV5 network to optimize the object detection task. Thus, different from existing super-resolution networks, the entire downsampler–upsampler pair is optimized for machine perception. In addition, to further reduce the size of the downsampled images, we also propose a differentiable method for estimating image entropy and add it to the loss function. We verify the effectiveness of our method on the pothole dataset and use scale factors 2× and 4× to prove that our method is capable of diverse resizing levels. The experimental results show that using our learnable downsampler–upsampler pair as a resizing method can highly improve the detection performance compared with other resizing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The explosion is one of the most serious safety incidents occurring in the application of the gas methane in industrial process. The new developments in attenuating the destruction and environmental hazard of this explosion are conducted using the combined inert gas and ABC dry powder. The explosive characteristic parameters including flame configuration, velocity of flame propagation, explosion pressure, and pressure rising rate are quantified and revealed. The difference of explosion mitigation effect of ordinary and ultra‐fine ABC dry powders are examined based upon the specific surface area and the settling velocity. As the concentration of ordinary or ultra‐fine ABC dry powder increases, the explosion pressure initially increases and decreases afterwards, indicating that there is an optimal mass concentration of explosion mitigation for both powders. The effect of ignition delay time on the explosion mitigation of ultra‐fine ABC dry powder is characterized on the basis of the turbulent lever and the dry powder particle settling state. Moreover, the mechanisms of explosion mitigation with CO2 and the ultra‐fine ABC dry powder are fully revealed both on the physical and chemical properties. The present research provides basic data and theoretical guidance for prevention and controlling of gas explosion accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) is initially identified to recruit neutrophils by interacting with its receptor, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2). Our prior work demonstrated that the expression levels of CXCL5 and CXCR2 were higher in the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumors than that in the non-tumors. This study was performed to further investigate how this axis regulates the growth of PTC cells. B-CPAP cells (BRAFV600E) and TPC-1 cells (RET/PTC rearrangement) expressing CXCR-2 were used as in vitro cell models. Our results showed that the recombinant human CXCL5 (rhCXCL5) promoted the proliferation of PTC cells. rhCXCL5 accelerated the G1/S transition, upregulated the expression of a group of S (DNA synthesis) or M (mitosis)-promoting cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and downregulated CDK inhibitors in PTC cells. The CDS region of homo sapiens CXCL5 gene was inserted into an eukaryotic expression vector to mediate the overexpression of CXCL5 in PTC cells. The phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38, and the nuclear translocation of c-Jun were enhanced by CXCL5 overexpression, whereas attenuated by CXCR2 antagonist SB225002. Additionally, CXCL5/CXCR2 axis, JNK and p38 pathway inhibitors, SB225002, SP600125 and SB203580, suppressed the growth of PTC cells overexpressing CXCL5 in nude mice, respectively. Collectively, our study demonstrates a growth-promoting effect of CXCL5-CXCR2 axis in PTC cells in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]