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Amynthas eumorphus Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 3) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201516 -02), China, Hainan Province, Longmen Town, the way from Longmen Town to Huangzhu Town (18°40'59"N, 108°51'46"E), 110 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, 4 June, 2015. Paratypes. 17 clitellate specimens (HN201516 -04), same data as for holotype; 24 clitellate (HN201511 -01), China, Hainan Province, Dongfang City, Nanya Farm (19°26'35"N, 110°21'41"E), 660 m a.s.l., June 2, 2015, other data as for holotype; 9 clitellate (HN201509 -01), China, Hainan Province, Lanyang Town, near the lake of Lanyang Farm (19°30'06"N, 109°41'06"E), 170 m a.s.l., May 31, 2015, other data as for holotype; 1 clitellate (HN201508 -01), China, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County, near Heaven Village (19°21'49"N, 109°27'27"E), 210 m a.s.l., May 31, 2015, other data as for holotype; 18 clitellate (HN201503 -01), China, Hainan Province, Haikou City, 3303 Feishu Village (19°38'58"N, 110°00'01"E), 90 m a.s.l., May 30, 2015, other data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in the brown, or yellow, or yellow sandy soil under rubber plantation almost all over Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named because of its beautiful appearance. Diagnosis. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by three skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally. Each segment has 2 annuli after IX, dorsal line unclear. Dimensions 221–300 mm by 6.0–8.0 mm at clitellum, segments 100–145; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae multiple, narrowly placed, numbering 26– 38/III, 26– 38/V, 44– 58/VIII, 44–58/XX, 44–60/XXV; 8–10 between male pores; 18–24 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=2.0–2.5 AB, ZZ=1.0–1.2 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV–XVI, khaki, smooth, setae invisible. First dorsal pore 6/7. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 3A). Male pores each on a pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by three skin folds (Fig. 3B). Septa 8/9 thin, 9/10 threadlike, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 thin, 11/12–12/13 thick. Esophageal hearts in X–XIII. Gizzard in IX–X, ball-shaped. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIV, smooth ventrally, several finger-shaped incisions dorsally. Spermathecae paired in VII–IX; ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct half as long as ampulla, diverticulum in VII and IX equal to spermathecal duct, terminal half enlarged as a sharp-pointed seminal chamber (Fig. 3C); diverticulum in VIII straight. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X–XI, developed; seminal vesicles paired in XI–XII, developed. Prostates in XVI–XVIII, developed, coarsely lobate, prostatic duct U-shaped in 1/2XVII–1/2XVIII (Fig. 3D). Remarks. Amynthas eumorphus sp. nov. keys to the sieboldi -group according to Sims & Easton (1972). Among all the species in the same group, including 51 species in China and Southeast Asia (Beddard, 1912; Chen 1930, 1931, 1933, 1936, 1946; Cognetti 1908; Gates 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935; Goto & Hatai 1989; Hatai 1930; Michaelsen 1895, 1896, 1900, 1907, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1931, 1934; Ohfuchi 1951, 1956; Qiu 1992; Qiu et al. 1993; Rosa 1890, 1892, 1896, 1901; Tsai 1964), A. eumorphus sp. nov. is most similar to Amynthas daulis fanjinmontis (Qiu 1992). Both of them have the first dorsal pore before 10/11 and simple intestinal caeca. The shape of spermathecae and diverticulum of them are also much the same. However, they have distinct differences in body length, position of the first dorsal pore, genital papillae, septa in 8/9–9/10 and accessory glands. A. eumorphus sp. nov. is a large species with a length of 221–300 mm compared to the small individuals of A. daulis fanjinmontis with only 34–44 mm body length. The first dorsal pore in A. daulis fanjinmontis is in 3/4 or 4/5 while it is positioned in 6/ 7 in the new species. There are no genital markings or papillae nor accessory glands in A. eumorphus sp. nov. The septa in 8/9–9/10 of A. daulis fanjinmontis are absent while they are membrane-like in the new species. As a result, we decided to give new species status to our specimens.

Amynthas accessorius Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 2) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201515 -01A), China, Hainan Province, Longmen Town, Longmen Mountain (19��41'44"N, 110��44'06"E), 30 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, 4 June, 2015. Paratype. One clitellate specimen (HN201515 -01B), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in yellow soil under a rubber plantation, Longmen Mountain, Longmen Town, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named for its accessory glands. "Accessorius" is medieval Latin and means "helper". Diagnosis. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a round pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, paired ovoid genital papillae present above and below the setae circle in the inner side of the pore, surrounded by several skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens without pigment. No secondary annulation, dorsal line conspicuous. Dimensions 78 and 80 mm by 2.7 and 3.0 mm at clitellum, segments 140 and 148; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae numbering 44 and 48/III, 50 and 68/V, 66 and 76/VIII, 42 and 44/XX, 60 and 66/XXV; 8 between male pores; 24 and 26 (VII), 22 and 26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=1.0���1.1 AB, ZZ=1.0���1.1 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, whitish, smooth, setae visible. First dorsal pore 12/ 13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 2A). Male pores each on a round pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, paired ovoid genital papillae present pre- and post- setae in the inner side of the pore, both male pores and genital papillae are surrounded by several skin folds separately (Fig. 2B). Septa 8/9, 9/10 absent, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11���13/14 thick. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII. Gizzard in IX���X, barrel-shaped. Intestine distinctly enlarged from XIII. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII. Spermathecae paired in VI���VIII; the first pair is smaller than the other two pairs. All ampullae ovoid, spermathecal duct slender, twice as long as ampulla. Diverticula differing: The seminal chamber could not been found in the first pair; the second diverticulum as long as 0.75 of main pouch, terminal half enlarged as irregular ovoid seminal chamber (Fig. 2C); the terminal half of the third diverticulum enlarged as zigzag seminal chamber (Fig. 2D). Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs invisible; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, the first pair invisible, the second pair invisible in right, degenerate in left. Prostates degenerated completely, only S-(holotype) or U-(paratype) shaped prostatic duct in XVIII (Fig. 2E). Two large massive accessory glands present in XVII and XIX on the right side, closely attached to the body wall (Fig. 2F); accessory glands lacking on the left side in both holotype and paratype. Remarks. The testis sacs and seminal vesicles are almost invisible in Amynthas accessorius sp. nov. Its prostates are completely degenerate, only the prostatic duct is left. Therefore, A. accessorius sp. nov. may be considered as a parthenogenetic species. The new species belongs to the hawayanus -group with three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8 (Sims & Easton 1972). After comparing the new species with all other species in this group (Beddard 1892; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Chen & Hsu 1977; Cognetti 1909; Gates 1930, 1931, 1932, 1935, 1936; Goto & Hatai 1898, 1899; Hatai 1930; Kinberg 1867; Kobayashi 1934, 1936, 1938; Michaelsen 1892, 1922, 1923, 1934; Rosa 1891, 1896; Ude 1925; Zhao et al. 2009), we found that the present species is most similar to Amynthas bouchei (Zhao et al. 2009). They share the following characters: similar characteristics of male pore region, first dorsal pore in 12/13, septa 8/9���9/10 absent, intestinal caeca simple. However, there are also obvious differences between these two species. Individuals of A. accessorius sp. nov. are small, with a body length of 78 and 80 mm, while individuals of A. bouchei are larger, 225���286 mm long. The diverticulum of A. bouchei is longer than the main pouch, and the ental half is dilated and enlarged as seminal chamber. However, in the new species, the diverticulum, although variable, is never longer than the main pouch. The first pair is smaller than the other two pairs. The ampullae are all of same shape, ovoid, and with a slender spermathecal duct twice as long as the ampulla. However, the diverticula differ: In the first pair, the seminal chamber could not been found; in the the second pair, the diverticulum is 3/4 as long as the main pouch, and the terminal half is enlarged as an irregularly ovoid seminal chamber (Fig. 2C); in the third pair, the terminal half of the diverticulum is enlarged as a zigzagshaped seminal chamber (Fig. 2D). Although the prostates of these two species are not developed, the prostate is small in A. bouchei, while only the prostatic duct is left in the new species. There are accessory glands in A. accessorius sp. nov., but they are absent in A. bouchei. Both testis sacs and seminal vesicles are degenerate in the new species. Considering the differences in characters, we decided to give new species status to our specimens., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Yao, Xuanzhu, Lan, Yaqiong, Xu, Junxian & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata), pp. 279-286 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 281-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.23, http://zenodo.org/record/1446811, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Beddard, F. E. (1892) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 60 (1), 153 - 172.","Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of earthworm of the Yangtze valley. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9, 178 - 296.","Chen, Y. (1936) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, II: with the notes on Gates' types. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 11 (8), 269 - 306.","Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12, 375 - 427.","Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Chen, Y. & Hsu, Z. F. (1977) On some new earthworms from China. ACTA Zoologica Sinica, 23 (2), 175 - 181.","Cognetti de M., L. (1909) Diagnosi preliminari di due nuove Pheretima e di due nuove Eudrilini. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 24 (604), 1 - 3.","Gates, G. E. (1930) The earthworms of Burma. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 32 (3), 257 - 356.","Gates, G. E. (1931) The earthworms of Burma. II. Records of the Indian Museum, 32 (3), 327 - 442.","Gates, G. E. (1932) The earthworms of Burma. III. The Megascolecidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 34, 357 - 549.","Gates, G. E. (1935) New earthworms from China with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 93, 1 - 19.","Gates, G. E. (1936) On some earthworms from the Cameron highlands, Pahang. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 12, 87 - 117.","Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1898) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 1. Annotations Zoologicae Japanenses, 2, 65 - 78.","Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1899) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 2. Annotations Zoologicae Japanenses, 3, 13 - 24.","Hatai, S. (1930) Note on Pheretima agrestis (Goto & Haitai), together with the description of four new species of the genus Pheretima. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, 5, 651 - 667.","Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97 - 103.","Kobayashi, S. (1934) Three new Korean earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretima, together with the wider range of the distribution of Pheretima hilgendorfi (Michaelsen). Journal of Chosen Natural History Society, 19, 1 - 11.","Kobayashi, S. (1936) Earthworms from Koryo, Korea. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Series 4 (Biology), 11 (1), 139 - 184.","Kobayashi, S. (1938) Earthworms of Korea I. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University, 13 (2), 89 - 170.","Michaelsen, W. (1892) Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung, II. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 58, 209 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8321","Michaelsen, W. (1922) Oligochaten aus dem Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie zu Leiden. Capita Zoologica, 1, 1 - 72.","Michaelsen, W. (1923) Oligochaten aus der Umgegend von Medan in Nordwest-Sumatra. Arkiv for Zoologi, 15 (14), 1 - 20.","Michaelsen, W. (1934) Oligochaeta from Sarawak. Quart. Journal of Microscopical Science, 77, 1 - 47.","Rosa, D. (1891) Die exotischen Terricolen des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 6, 379 - 406.","Rosa, D. (1896) I Lombrichi raccolti a Sumatra dal dott Elio Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 16, 502 - 532.","Ude, H. (1925) Regenwurmer von Borneo. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 63, 103 - 109.","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. & Qiu, J. P. (2009) Three new species of Amynthas hawayanus - group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 43, 1027 - 1041. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930902767433"]}

Amynthas wenchangensis Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201518 -04), China, Hainan Province, Tanniu Town, Hanjiapo (19��41'44"N, 110��44'06"E), 30 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, June 4, 2015. Paratypes. Four clitellate specimens (HN201518 -02, HN201518 -03, HN201518 -05, HN201518 -06), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in brown sandy soil on the edge of a grassland, Hanjiapo, Tanniu Town, Wenchang City, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after the city where the species was found, Wenchang City. Diagnosis. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���6/7, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, six small genital papillae above and four below the setae circle in XVIII between male pores, another 4 small papillae in the middle of XIX above the setae circle, sometimes five genital papillae present between male pores and another four small papillae above and below the setae circle in XIX. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally before XXV, light brown dorsally, no pigment ventrally after XXV. Dorsal line invisible. Dimensions 78���83.5 mm by 3.0 mm at clitellum, segments 119���148; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae numbering: 32��� 36/III, 36��� 40/V, 40��� 44/VIII, 40/XX, 44/XXV; 0 between male pores; 16 (VII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=2.0 AB, ZZ=1.0 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, dark brown, setae and dorsal pore visible. First dorsal pore in 9/10. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���6/7, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 1B). Male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by several skin folds (Fig. 1A,B). Seven small genital papillae above and four below the setae circle in XVIII between male pore, another four small pre-setal papillae in the middle of XIX (Fig. 1A). In two paratype specimen (HN201518 -02, HN201518 -03), five genital papillae present between male pores and four small papillae in XIX, pre- and post-setal (Fig. 1B). Septa 8/9, 9/10 absent, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 thick. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII. Gizzard in IX���X, ball-shaped. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIV. Spermathecae small, paired in VI���VII; the first ampulla bean-sprout like, spermathecal duct slender, as long as 0.6 of main pouch, diverticulum in zigzag fashion, as long as 0.75 of main pouch (Fig. 1D); the second ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct slender, as long as ampulla, diverticulum in zigzag fashion, equal to main pouch; or spermathecae very large, ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct half as long as ampulla, diverticulum straight, half as long as main pouch, terminal third enlarged as club-shaped seminal chamber (HN201518 -02) (Fig. 1E); or diverticulum straight, as long as 1.25 of main pouch, terminal 0.6 enlarged as zonal seminal chamber (HN201518 -03) (Fig. 1F). Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X���XI, slender, undeveloped; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, the first pair developed, the second pair small. Prostates degenerated in XVIII (on the right of holotype), or disappeared (on the left of holotype), or prostates developed in XVII���XVIII (some of paratypes), prostatic duct U-shaped in XVIII (Fig. 1G). Remarks. Amynthas wenchangensis sp. nov. keys to the Amynthas morrisi -group as defined by Sims & Easton (1972). All species in this group were compared, including 49 Amynthas species listed from China and Southeast Asia (Beddard 1892; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Gates 1968; Jiang et al. 2015; Kobayashi 1936, 1938; Michaelsen 1927; Sun et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2009, 2013, 2015). The new species is most similar to Amynthas endophilus Zhao et al., 2013. They share the following characters: moderately large individuals, septa 8/9���9/10 absent, male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, surrounded by several skin folds. No genital markings, intestinal caeca simple. Furthermore, the spermathecae of A. endophilus are similar to those of one paratype (Fig. 1F). However, there are also distinct differences between them. Irregular genital papillae are present in the new species while they are absent in A. endophilus. The first dorsal pore in the new species is forward in 9/10. No pigmentation in A. endophilus compared to the dark or light brown pigmentation of new species. Prostates are developed in A. endophilus, however, they are degenerate in XVIII or absent, or developed in XVII���XVIII in the new species. Interestingly, sperm was observed in the seminal chambers of all specimens, which suggests that the new species might evolve in the direction of parthenogenesis under severe environment. In view of slight but nonetheless clear-cut differences, we decided to give new species status to our specimens., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Yao, Xuanzhu, Lan, Yaqiong, Xu, Junxian & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata), pp. 279-286 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 279-281, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.23, http://zenodo.org/record/1446811, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Beddard, F. E. (1892) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 60 (1), 153 - 172.","Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of earthworm of the Yangtze valley. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9, 178 - 296.","Chen, Y. (1936) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, II: with the notes on Gates' types. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 11 (8), 269 - 306.","Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12, 375 - 427.","Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Gates, G. E. (1968) On a new anthropochorus species of the earthworm genus Pheretima (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta). Journal of Natural History, 2, 253 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936800770911","Kobayashi, S. (1936) Earthworms from Koryo, Korea. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Series 4 (Biology), 11 (1), 139 - 184.","Kobayashi, S. (1938) Earthworms of Korea I. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University, 13 (2), 89 - 170.","Michaelsen, W. (1927) Oligochaten aus Yun-nan gesammelt von Prof. F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agrariadella R. Scoula Superiore d'Agricoltura Portici, 21, 84 - 90.","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. & Qiu, J. P. (2009) Three new species of Amynthas hawayanus - group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 43, 1027 - 1041. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930902767433","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. Jiang, J. B. & Qiu, J. P. (2013) Four new species of genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 47 (33 - 34), 2175 - 2192. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2013.775374"]}