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Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane provides opportunities for hydrogen (H2) production with no emission of carbon dioxide. However, high‐value carbon products need to be produced for economic deployment of thermocatalytic decomposition and to achieve a minimum H2 selling price below the U.S, Department of Energy target of $ 1/kg H2. In this review, we re‐evaluate data on catalyst development reported in the literature and propose correlations between catalyst characteristics, catalytic stability, and properties of carbon co‐products. In the first part of the review, growth mechanisms for carbon nanotubes using state‐of‐the‐art chemical vapor deposition are reviewed to catalog the effects of catalyst characteristics, the influence of carbon sources, interactions between metal particles and supports, and metal particle sizes on carbon growth. In the second part, representative developments in mono‐, bi‐, and tri‐metallic nickel catalysts are highlighted. We present kinetic analysis of reactions catalyzed by mono‐metallic nickel catalysts, which generates a correlation between metal particle size and catalyst stability. Rational design of Ni‐based catalysts for TCD of methane requires attention to the size of the metal particle and effective normalization of the reaction rates. Further attention to the distribution of the metal particle sizes may help identify catalyst properties that contribute longevity and selectivity to processes that use them. While it is tempting to focus on the highest valued carbon products (e. g. CNTs and CFs), analysis of the markets for other carbon products suggests that a more flexible approach may generate comparable returns without the risk associated with specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pyrotinib is a novel EGFR/HER2 dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed in China, while its role in neoadjuvant therapy of HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer lacks evidence. The current study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pyrotinib plus docetaxel/liposomal doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (TAC) for HER2+ breast cancer. Methods: A total of 27 HER2+ breast cancer patients received neoadjuvant pyrotinib plus TAC for 6 cycles, then surgery was performed. The clinical and pathological responses, and adverse events were evaluated. Results: Complete response rate, objective response rate, and disease control rate were 0.0%, 44.4% and 100.0% after 2 treatment cycles; 0.0%, 37.0%, and 100.0% after 4 treatment cycles; 37.0%, 37.0%, and 96.3% after 6 treatment cycles; as well as 37.0%, 44.4%, and 100.0% based on the best clinical response. Regarding pathological response, there were 1 (2.7%), 3 (11.1%), 8 (29.6%), 5 (18.5%), and 10 (37.0%) patients realizing Miller-Payne grade (G) 1, G2, G3, G4, and G5, respectively; besides, 10 (37.0%) patients achieved total pathological complete response (pCR), 10 (37.0%) patients realized pCR in breast, and 23 (85.2%) patients achieved pCR in lymph node. Additionally, adverse events included diarrhea (81.5%), dental ulcer (7.4%), and hand-foot syndrome (3.7%); meanwhile, grade 3–4 adverse event consisted of only diarrhea (11.1%). Conclusion: Neoadjuvant pyrotinib plus TAC treatment is efficient and safe in HER2+ breast cancer patients, while further validation is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is an injury that affects the brain structure and function. Traditional ABI treatment strategies, including medications and rehabilitation therapy, exhibit their ability to improve its impairments in cognition, emotion, and physical activity. Recently, near-infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a promising physical intervention method for ABI, demonstrating that low-level light therapy can modulate cellular metabolic processes, reduce the inflammation and reactive oxygen species of ABI microenvironments, and promote neural repair and regeneration. Preclinical studies using ABI models have been carried out, revealing the potential of PBM in promoting brain injury recovery although its clinical application is still in its early stages. In this review, we first inspected the possible physical and biological mechanisms of NIR-PBM, and then reported the pathophysiology and physiology of ABI underlying NIR-PBM intervention. Therefore, the potential of NIR-PBM as a therapeutic intervention in ABI was demonstrated and it is also expected that further work can facilitate its clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, CuS nanoparticles with optical absorption covering both near‐infrared I (NIR‐I) and NIR‐II biological windows were prepared and served as the contrast agents for multispectral photoacoustic imaging. The physiological parameters including concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin as well as the water content in the tumor location were quantified based on the multispectral photoacoustic reconstruction method. More importantly, the concentration of CuS nanoparticles/drugs accumulated in the tumor was also recovered after intravenously injection, which are essential for image‐guided cancer theranostics. In addition, phantom and in vivo experimental tests were performed to inspect and compare the imaging depth and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) between the two NIR biological windows. Interestingly, we discovered that a higher SNR was obtained in the NIR‐II window than that in the NIR‐I window. Meanwhile, the multispectral imaging results also demonstrated that the imaging contrast and penetration depth in the NIR‐II window were also significantly improved as compared to those from the NIR‐I window. Fig. Quantitative multispectral photoacoustic molecular imaging of tumors based on broadband CuS nanoparticles covering both NIR‐I and NIR‐II biological windows. The as‐prepared CuS nanoparticles with broadband absorbing covering both NIR‐I and NIR‐II biological windows, which can be used to recover the physiology parameters and concurrently increase the imaging contrast based on the quantitative multispectral photoacoustic imaging technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]