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Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that the risk of tuberculosis (TB) increases dramatically during adolescence. The objective of this article was to analyze the burdens and trends of TB incidence and mortality rates in Asian adolescents and young adults. Methods Time series ecological study of TB incidence and mortality rates of adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2019, using data extracted from the Global Burden of Disease website for 5 Asian countries. The annual percentage change was calculated by joinpoint regression analysis to estimate the trends in the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized death rate (ASDR). Results The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years in 2019 was in Mongolia [74 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 51 to 105)], while the lowest was in Japan [4 (95% UI, 2 to 6)]. The highest ASDR per 100,000 person-years was in Mongolia [2 (95% UI, 1 to 3)], while the lowest was in Japan [0.009 (95% UI, 0.008 to 0.010)]. As the absolute number of cases and deaths decreased from 1990 to 2019, the ASIRs and ASDRs in all five countries also decreased. Conclusions Our finding revealed that although all five countries in Asia experienced descending TB incidence and mortality trend in past three decades, the trends were especially significant in developed countries and varied across geographic regions. This study may be crucial in helping policymakers make decisions and allocate appropriate resources to adolescent TB control strategies.

SummaryWhat is already known about this topic? A passenger who was from the United States was taken to the hotel for the required isolation on November 13, 2020. During the quarantine she was diagnosed as the COVID-19 patient on November 15, 2020. Controlling the importation of COVID-19 remains a major challenge.What is added by this report? In this study, an epidemiological investigation was conducted for a confirmed case of COVID-19, including the treatment records in the hospital and 14-day travel trajectory before the onset of disease.What are the implications for public health practice? This study described an epidemiological investigation and management process on an imported case of COVID-19 and analyzed the test results, aiming to provide useful warnings to strengthen the capacity of public health system in response to the importation.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in various biological processes by influencing the translation of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) through post‐transcriptional regulation. The miR‐184‐3p has been identified as an abundant conserved miRNA in insects. However, less is known about its functions in insect–plant virus interactions. RESULTS: The function of miR‐184‐3p in regulation of plant viral infection in insects was investigated using a rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) interaction system. We found that the expression of miR‐184‐3p increased in L. striatellus after RBSDV infection. Injection of miR‐184‐3p mimics increased RBSDV accumulation, while treatment with miR‐184‐3p antagomirs inhibits the viral accumulation in L. striatellus. Ken, a zinc finger protein, was identified as a target of miR‐184‐3p. Knockdown of Ken increased the virus accumulation and promoted RBSDV transmission by L. striatellus. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that RBSDV infection induces the expression of miR‐184‐3p in its insect vector L. striatellus. The miR‐184‐3p targets Ken to promote RBSDV accumulation and transmission. These findings provide a new insight into the function of the miRNAs in regulating plant viral infection in its insect vector. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006049.].

Systemic acquired resistance, mediated by the Arabidopsis NPR1 gene and the rice NH1 gene, confers broad-spectrum immunity to diverse pathogens. NPR1 and NH1 interact with TGA transcription factors to activate downstream defense genes. Despite the importance of this defense response, the signaling components downstream of NPR1/NH1 and TGA proteins are poorly defined. Here we report the identification of a rice mutant, snim1, which suppresses NH1-mediated immunity and demonstrate that two genes encoding previously uncharacterized cysteine-rich-receptor-like kinases (CRK6 and CRK10), complement the snim1 mutant phenotype. Silencing of CRK6 and CRK10 genes individually in the parental genetic background recreates the snim1 phenotype. We identified a rice mutant in the Kitaake genetic background with a frameshift mutation in crk10; this mutant also displays a compromised immune response highlighting the important role of crk10. We also show that elevated levels of NH1 expression lead to enhanced CRK10 expression and that the rice TGA2.1 protein binds to the CRK10 promoter. These experiments demonstrate a requirement for CRKs in NH1-mediated immunity and establish a molecular link between NH1 and induction of CRK10 expression.

Hosts can initiate macroautophagy/autophagy as an antiviral defense response, while viruses have developed multiple ways to evade the host autophagic degradation. However, little is known as to whether viruses can target lipids to subvert autophagic degradation. Here, we show that a low abundant signaling lipid, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), is required for rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) to evade the autophagic degradation in the insect vector Laodelphax striatellus. RBSDV binds to PtdIns(3,5)P2 and elevates its level through its main capsid protein P10, leading to inhibited autophagy and promoted virus propagation. Furthermore, we show that PtdIns(3,5)P2 inhibits the autophagy pathway by preventing the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes through activation of Trpml (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin), an effector of PtdIns(3,5)P2. These findings uncover a strategy whereby a plant virus hijacks PtdIns(3,5)P2 via its viral capsid protein to evade autophagic degradation and promote its survival in insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The fixation of atmospheric CO2 and N2 by soil bacteria is important to the terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycles and can be greatly affected by anthropogenic disturbance. The application of mineral fertilizer combined with manure (MCM) has been used to maintain soil quality and improve soil C storage. However, the impacts of MCM on soil CO2-fixing bacteria (CFB) and N2-fixing bacteria (NFB), encoded separately by the cbbL and nifH genes, remain largely unknown. Methods: In this study, we examined how the community structure of soil CFB and NFB from a chronosequence of Moso bamboo forests (6, 10, 15, and 20 years of intensive management) responded to long-term intensive management with MCM and identified the critical determinants that regulated them. Quantitative PCR and high-throughput pyrosequencing of the cbbL and nifH genes were used to analyze the abundance and community composition of CFB and NFB, respectively. Results: Employing MCM enhanced the content of SOC and soil available N, K, although some fluctuating values were observed over the 20-year period. The abundance of cbbL gene decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after 6 years of management and then recovered after 20 years of management. However, the abundance of nifH gene consistently declined over 20 years of management. The diversity of CFB increased significantly after 6 years of management, while that of NFB decreased significantly after 15 years of management compared to the no-fertilizer control. The phylum Proteobacteria was predominant in the CFB and NFB communities. Furthermore, the sum abundance of keystone taxa Rhodopseudomonas, Aminobacter, and Rubrivivax for CFB increased after 20 years of management, while the keystone taxon Bradyrhizobium for NFB decreased after 20 years of management compared to no-fertilizer control. Conclusions: In conclusion, the application of MCM favors the abundance, diversity, and keystone taxa of soil CFB rather NFB, which may improve soil C fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]