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Being more and more widely used for a variety of water treatments, chitosan and activated carbons are playing an increasingly significant part nowadays. Activated carbons purify water through the pore structure and adsorb ions or other particles. Chitosan also adsorb a large amount of metallic ions and purifies water through the reactions by the functional groups. This paper discusses the different features of the two substances and then gives a comparison between the two types of adsorbents by comparing their characteristics, conditions and applications. Specifically, the suitable temperatures, the specific modifications and solubility are discussed, together with other factors. The difference in their physical and chemical properties plays an important role in the comparison. For physical properties, the activated carbons have strong mechanical strength and are soluble in many types of solvents. By contrast, chitosan is generally soluble in an acidic solution. There are also some differences in the adsorption abilities and ways to purify solutions. Next, chitosan is more easily dissolved in solution with low PH and at room temperature. However, the activated carbons require lower PH and lower temperature to be dissolved. Then, activated carbons are more likely to cause secondary pollution due to the impurities in the activated carbons. The two substances require different modifications to increase the rate of adsorption. As a result, the firms should consider the features of the two types of adsorbents and choose the better one. They should also understand the suitable conditions for each adsorbent.

T‐cell receptor (TCR) engineered T‐cell therapy, unlike chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy, relies on the inherent ability of TCRs to detect a wider variety of antigenic epitopes, such as protein fragments found internally or externally on cells. Hence, TCR‐T‐cell therapy offers broader possibilities for treating solid tumors. However, because of the complicated process of identifying specific antigenic peptides, their clinical application still encounters significant challenges. Thus, we aimed to establish a novel "universal" TCR‐T "artificial antigen expression" technique that involves the delivery of the antigen to tumor cells using DSPE‐PEG‐NY‐ESO‐1157‐165 liposomes (NY‐ESO‐1 Lips) to express TCR‐T‐cell‐specific recognition targets. In vitro as well as in vivo studies revealed that they could accumulate efficiently in the tumor area and deliver target antigens to activate the tumor‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell immune response. NY‐ESO‐1 TCR‐T therapy, when used in combination, dramatically curbed tumor progression and extended the longevity of mice. Additionally, PD‐1 blockage enhanced the therapeutic effect of the aforementioned therapy. In conclusion, NY‐ESO‐1 Lips "cursed" tumor cells by enabling antigenic target expression on their surface. This innovative technique presents a groundbreaking approach for the widespread utilization of TCR‐T in solid tumor treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart door locks pose a large number of threats such as network attacks. Its storage area and power of cipher are severely limited because the wireless nodes of smart door locks are mostly battery‐powered. Therefore, effective security solutions are urgently needed. In this paper, a new lightweight block cipher with low power named LPHD is proposed to ensure the security of the master control chip of the smart door lock terminal. We design a scheme of low power S‐box and construct the two‐stage permutation layer (TP structure) suitable for LPHD by filtering the sets of 8‐bit permutations. LPHD proposes a variant of the 8‐branch generalized Feistel structure (GFS) to realize that the bits of all branches are affected in one encryption round. The problem of slow diffusion in the standard Feistel structure is solved. The key schedule adopts the nonlinear design and reuses the encryption process of LPHD. It improves the security of the cipher and reduces hardware overhead. Moreover, we evaluate the hardware implementation and security of LPHD. The results show that LPHD for the unified encryption and decryption circuits requires only 1276 Gate Equivalents (GEs) and 1.914 μ$$ \upmu $$W on UMC 0.18 μ$$ \upmu $$m, which is better than other lightweight block ciphers such as SKINNY, PRESENT, and IVLBC. In summary, LPHD provides sufficient security for the master control chip of the smart door lock terminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security protocols are the basis of modern network communication, proving that the security problem of protocols is one of the hot research topics today. The data in industrial IoT are usually transmitted through insecure channels, which brings certain security risks. The Logic of Events is a formal method for proving the security properties of protocols based on event systems. The new theoretical extension is based on the Logic of Events theory, which proposes new event classes Compurte, TimeGap, Construct, and Reconstruct and an axiom AxiomRe and related inference rules for malicious attacks and security privacy issues in emerging protocols, as well as extending the matching descriptions of protocol behaviours in complex cryptographic algorithms and information sharing techniques for applications for the formal analysis of authentication protocols for the Industrial Internet of Things. Finally, formal analysis is carried out using the example of a secure multi-factor authentication protocol for the industrial IoT, which proves the security of the protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The CUP‐SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) genes (CUC1, CUC2 and CUC3) regulate organ boundary formation in Arabidopsis. However, the functions of their homologous genes in rice (Oryza sativa) are still unknown. Here, we have identified an orthologous gene of CUC1 and CUC2 in rice, named OsNAM. Subcellular localization and yeast two‐hybrid assay results have suggested that OsNAM encodes a conserved nuclear NAC (NAM/ATAF1/CUC2) protein with a transcriptional activator. The null mutant osnam‐1 presented a fused leaf structure, small panicles, reduced branches and aberrant floral organ identities when compared with those of the wild type. Beta‐glucuronidase staining and GFP reporter lines indicated that OsNAM was expressed in young tissues and that its boundary enrichment expression was regulated by OsmiR164. Loss‐of‐function mutants for OsCUC3 resulted in no obvious defects throughout rice development. The osnam oscuc3 double mutant, however, resulted in severe leaf fusion of the first two leaves, while the osnam single mutant showed a similar phenotype from the seventh leaf. These results indicated that OsNAM and OsCUC3 act redundantly for boundary specification during post‐embryonic development. Overall, we describe the biological functions of OsNAM and OsCUC3 in rice development and the expression characteristics of OsNAM. This work reveals the important role of CUC genes in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]