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In this paper the CHemistry with Aerosol Microphysics in Python (PyCHAM) box model software for aerosol chambers is described and assessed against benchmark simulations for accuracy. The model solves the coupled system of ordinary differential equations for gas-phase chemistry, gas-particle partitioning and gas-wall partitioning. Additionally, it can solve for coagulation, nucleation and particle loss to walls. PyCHAM is open source, whilst the graphical user interface, modular structure, manual and suite of tests for troubleshooting and tracking the effect of modifications to individual modules have been designed for optimal usability. In this paper, the modelled processes are individually assessed against benchmark simulations, and key parameters described. Examples of output when processes are coupled are also provided. Sensitivity of individual processes to relevant parameters is illustrated along with convergence of model output with increasing temporal and spatial resolution. The latter sensitivity analysis informs our recommendations for model setup. Where appropriate, parameterisations for specific processes have been chosen for their general applicability with their rationale detailed here. It is intended that PyCHAM aids the design and analysis of aerosol chamber experiments, with comparison of simulations against observations allowing improvement of process understanding that can be transferred to ambient atmosphere simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) cause a significant impact on human health and global climate change. Recent studies indicate that highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are important components for the formation and the growth of SOA (Ehn et al., 2012). HOMs can be converted to extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOCs), which can irreversibly condense upon particle surfaces with very high efficiency. Field measurements in boreal forest regions have proved that α-pinene comprises a significant fraction of HOM precursors (Ehn et al., 2014), thus making a significant contribution to SOA formation and growth. The model simulation of SOA mass yield requires quantified understanding of both the chemical mechanisms and the microphysical properties of the relevant chemical species. However, high uncertainty of the mechanism and the vapor pressure of HOM species has made it challenging to reproduce experiment data using box models (Roldin et al., 2014). Additionally, the estimation of vapor pressures of HOM species is challenging: both group contribution methods and quantum chemistry methods are developed from volatility measurements of compounds with relatively high vapor pressure, such that the uncertainty range around the estimates for lower volatility compounds is unquantified (Kurten et al., 2016). Therefore, here we present a model fitting approach to limit the uncertainty of the production rate and the vapor pressure of HOM species generated from α-pinene ozonolysis by applying the newly developed box model PyCHAM (CHemistry with Aerosol Microphysics).This box model, written in Python, is capable of simulating the gas-phase chemistry and microphysics taking place in an aerosol chamber experiment, with high flexibility and explicitness. It is designed to work with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) and any other schemes following the same protocol (Jenkin, Saunders, & Pilling, 1997). In this study, an α-pinene ozonolysis scheme is built by combining the inorganic scheme in the MCM and relevant up-to-date research targeting the HOM production mechanism together. Then, a range of vapor pressures and production yields of HOM species are tested, and their agreement with measurements from the Manchester Aerosol Chamber (MAC) is evaluated. Furthermore, the best combinations of the parameters are tested against the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) (Saathoff et al., 2009) chamber data to investigate their applicability. Preliminary sensitivity tests indicate that it is possible to constrain the range of vapor pressures and production yields of HOM species to get satisfying agreement against the chamber experiments, thus lowering their uncertainty for HOM species. ReferenceEhn, M., et al. (2012). doi:10.5194/acp-12-5113-2012Ehn, M., et al. (2014). doi:10.1038/nature13032Jenkin, E. M., et al. (1997). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00105-7Kurten, T., et al. (2016). doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02196Roldin, P., et al. (2014). doi:10.5194/acp-14-7953-2014Saathoff, H., et al. (2009). doi:DOI 10.5194/acp-9-1551-2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circadian clock is a self-sustaining 24 h timekeeper which enables plants to anticipate periodic environmental changes and optimize the biological activities for most beneficial time during day/night cycles. As in many organisms, the sustained circadian rhythmicity in plant relies on network of transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFLs) of transcription factors at the core of the oscillator. Over the past years, ChIP-seq has become an indispensable method to uncover the clock network through identifications of circadian transcription factors binding sites on a genome-wide scale. Here, we show how to use ChIP-seq to analyze the occupancy of circadian transcription factor in Arabidopsis. In addition, we briefly describe some modifications of protocol applied to rice (Oryza sativa).

Objective: To find out the clinical characteristics of Meniere's disease in flight aircrew and discuss relevant principles of clinical aviation medicine, in order to summarize experience in medical evaluation of aircrew., Method: Collect the data of 35 cases that were diagnosed with Meniere's disease from 1966 to 2011 in our hospital and analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and flight conclusion of them., Result: Among the 35 cases, 34 patients complained of vertigo. 27 patients complained of tinnitus and 21 patients complained of hearing loss. (1) 18 cases manifested typical symptoms of Meniere's disease (paroxysmal vertigo, fluctuating neurosensory hearing loss, tinnitus and ear fullness); (2) 7 patients showed the symptoms of vertigo and tinnitus, not complaining of significant hearing loss (after inspection. 4 of them proved the low-frequency hearing loss); (3) 7 patients only manifested as vertigo; (4) 2 patients manifested as tinnitus and hearing loss. 1 patients manifested only hearing loss. On the basis of the diagnostic criteria of Meniere's disease formulated hy Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 22 patients were diagnosed with definite Meniere's disease, 2 patients were diagnosed with probable Meniere's disease, 11 patients were diagnosed with possible Meniere's disease. For patients with definite Meniere's disease and probable Meniere's disease, the phases of the disease were: 11 cases of phase I, 7 case of phase II and 6 case of phase III. The flight conclusion of all the 35 patients was permanent grounding. The time from the attack of the disease to receiving the conclusion of permanent grounding fluctuated from three months to 11 years., Conclusion: The diagnosis of Meniere's disease of flight aircrew must he cautious. For patients with atypical symptoms of Meniere's disease, the diagnosis should be made in the case of completely ruling out other possible diseases. Once be diagnosed, a patient should normally be flight unqualified. The flying waiver would he recommended only under exceptional circumstances. The criterion of waiver condition need to be further explored in the future.