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The Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic magmatic activity in the Lhasa block has always been one of the research hotspots in the basic geology of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. There are many Cenozoic, especially Miocene magmatic rocks developed in the western part of the Lhasa block. This article takes the newly discovered Miocene granite in the Anglonggangri area of the western Lhasa block as the research object, and explores its rock types, rock genesis, and tectonic background. The Miocene granites in the Anglonggangri area are composed of fine-grained muscovite monzonitic granite and medium-fine-grained monzonitic granite, with a small amount of dark inclusions developed internally. The zircon U-Pb age of fine-grained muscovite monzonitic granite is 9.95±0.14 Ma, and the zircon U-Pb age of medium-fine-grained monzonitic granite is 10.68±0.2 Ma, both from the Miocene. Both of them have the characteristics of high silicon (SiO2 = 72.35% ~ 74.74%), rich potassium (K2O/Na2O = 1.15 ~? 1.45, all greater than 1), high aluminum (Al2O3 = 14.35% ~ 14.83%), and weak peraluminum peraluminum (A/CNK= 1.08 ~ 1.14). The number of CIPW corundum molecules is greater than 1%. The differentiation of light and heavy rare earth elements is very obvious, with a moderate negative Eu anomaly, enriched in large ion litho-phile elements such as Rb, Th, K, and depleted in high field strength elements such as Nb, relatively enriched in high field strength elements such as Hf and Zr, Sr, Ba, P, Ti, etc. These characteristics indicate that it is a high potassium calcium alkaline series of peraluminous S-type granite. Both of them have relatively low Sr, high Sr/Y, La/Yb ratios, and extremely low Y and Yb contents. The granite in the research area originated from a thickened lower crustal environment and underwent a certain degree of magma mixing. Based on the comprehensive regional research results, the formation of Miocene granites in the Anglonggangri area may be related to the northward sub-duction of the Indian plate into the north Lhasa block, where plate tearing occurred and high-temperature astheno-sphere material flowed through the plate fragments, causing partial melting of the lower crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely associatedwith chronic liver diseases, particularly liver cirrhosis, which has an altered extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. The influence and its mechanism of the cirrhotic-ECM on the response of HCC to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) remains less clarified. Methods: In silico, proteomic and pathological assessment of alteration of cirrhotic-ECM were applied in clinical cohort. Multiple pre-clinical models with ECM manipulation were used to evaluate cirrhotic-ECM's effect on ICI treatment. In silico, flow cytometry and IHC were applied to explore how cirrhotic-ECM affect HCC microenvironment. In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to identify the mechanism of how cirrhotic-ECM undermined ICI treatment. Results: We defined "a pro-tumor cirrhotic-ECM" which was featured as the up-regulation of collagen type 1 (Col1). Cirrhotic-ECM/Col1 was closely related to impaired T cell function and limited anti PD-1 (aPD-1) response of HCC patients from the TCGA pan cancer cohort and the authors' institution, as well as in multiple pre-clinical models. Mechanically, cirrhotic-ECM/Col1 orchestrated an immunosuppressive microenvironment (TME) by triggering Col1-DDR1-NFκB-CXCL8 axis, which initiated neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation to shield HCC cells from attacking T cells and impede approaching T cells. Nilotinib, an inhibitor of DDR1, reversed the neutrophils/NETs dominant TME and efficiently enhanced the response of HCC to aPD-1. Conclusions: Cirrhotic-ECM modulated a NETs enriched TME in HCC, produced an immune suppressive TME and weakened ICI efficiency. Col1 receptor DDR1 could be a potential target synergically used with ICI to overcome ECM mediated ICI resistance. These provide a mechanical insight and novel strategy to overcome the ICI resistance of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the incidence and risk factors of superior facet joint violation (FJV) during cortical bone trajectory screw placement in robot‐assisted approach versus conventional technique. Methods: A retrospective study, including 69 patients having cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw instrumentation for symptomatic degenerated diseases or trauma, was conducted between June 2015 to January 2019. All patients underwent CBT surgery performed by the same team of experienced surgeons. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: a conventional group (CG, 46 cases) and a robot group (RG, 23 cases). The surgical robotic system was used for screw instrumentation in the robot group and the traditional screw instrumentation with fluoroscopic guidance was used in the conventional group. Cortical screws followed a medio‐to‐lateral path in the transverse plane and a caudal‐to‐cephalad path in the sagittal plane. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained to determine the degree and incidence of FJV. The violation status of facet joint was evaluated according to the modified classification: grade 0, no violation; grade 1, screw shaft, screw head or rod within 1 mm of or abutting the facet joint, but did not enter the articular facet joint; grade 2, screw shaft, screw head or rod clearly in the facet joint. The following factors that may contribute to the occurrence of FJV were analyzed: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), proximal fusion level, fusion length, the side of screw, preoperative vertebral slip, superior facet angle, and degenerative scoliosis. The chi‐squared test and Student's t‐test were used for analysis of the variables for significance (P < 0.05). Results: FJV occurred in 41.3% of patients in CG and 17.3% of patients in RG. A chi‐squared analysis revealed a significantly lower rate of FJV for RG compared with CG (P = 0.04). In the CG, 17 of the 109 cephalad screws were grade 1 (15.6%), and five were grade 2 (4.6%). In the RG, three of the 46 cephalad screws were grade 1 (6.5%), and three were grade 2 (6.5%). There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of FJV between the left and right screw with fluoroscopy‐assisted CBT screw instrumentation (P < 0.05). A significant correlation between scoliosis with the FJV was found in CG (P < 0.05) and in RG (P < 0.05). With regard to superior facet angle, a measurement ≥45° was a significant risk factor of FJV in CG (P < 0.05) and in RG (P < 0.05). Conclusions: A robot‐assisted approach could reduce the incidence of FJV compared with the conventional approach in CBT technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Potential complications associated with screw malposition may result in neurological deficits or vascular injuries. Spine surgery has significantly developed under the assistance of technological progress. The advantages of applying robotic technology in spine surgery include the possibility of improving screw accuracy, reducing complications, decreasing fluoroscopy use. Areas covered: We critically evaluated the current literature on the radiographic and clinical outcomes of robotic-assisted spine surgery, including accuracy, radiation exposure, operative time, and complication rates. Expert opinion: Robotic-assisted spine surgery shows promising results and has the potentials for further investigations. The robot-assisted spine surgery is appeared to be more accurate in pedicle screw placement than the free-hand technique. In general, the robot-assisted technique is associated with shorter radiation exposure time but longer operative time than free-hand technique. For higher accuracy of robotic-assisted spine surgery, technical advancement and high-quality researches are needed. Artificial intelligent technology, decompression function, and higher accuracy are the directions for the development of robotic-assisted spine surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron molybdate (Fe2(MoO4)3) was used as a novel heterogeneous catalyst to activate persulfate () for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. Results indicated 10 mg/L RhB can be completely removed under the addition of 4 mMand 0.4 g/L Fe2(MoO4)3within 240 min. Fe2(MoO4)3can be repeatedly used for six cycles and showed high stability with Fe leaching amounts less than 2.9% in each run. Possible catalytic mechanism was proposed as follows: RhB degradation intermediate products such as hydroxybenzene, quinone compounds and organic compound radicals acted as electron transfer agents to reduce Fe3+to Fe2+, which reacted with persulfate to form Fe3+creating the redox cycling of iron, the RhB and those intermediate products are oxidized directly by the molybdenum peroxo complexes which forming probably withand persulfate, and the synergy between Fe3+andoccurring the catalytic effect on the persulfate. Additionally, the major intermediates of RhB were identified according to GC/MS and the possible degradation pathway was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]