Search

The risk of treatment‐related toxicities with programmed cell death 1 and its ligand (PD‐1/PD‐L1) inhibitors in patients with lung cancer is unclear and inconclusive. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched without language restrictions from inception to May 31, 2024 to identify Phase 3 randomized controlled trials of lung cancer comparing PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors versus placebo/best supportive care (alone or in combination with nontargeted chemotherapy) that had available data regarding treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) or incidence and sample size. Random‐effect models were employed to study the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Finally, 36 trials, involving 19,693 participants, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors significantly augmented the likelihood of developing all‐grade (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04, p <.01) and grade ≥3 TRAEs (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.23, p <.01). PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors substantially augmented the odds of developing treatment‐related serious adverse events (SAEs) (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.27–1.71, p <.01) and fatal adverse events (FAEs) (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11–1.82, p <.01). Subgroup analyses indicated that the RR of SAEs and FAEs were generally consistent, regardless of treatment type, tumor type, treatment setting, PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors type and study design. The most common causes of FAEs were respiratory failure/insufficiency (33.3%), cardiac events (16.1%), and hematological disorders (10.1%). We demonstrated that PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors were significantly correlated with higher possibility of developing treatment‐related toxicities, especially SAEs and FAEs, compared with placebo/best supportive care controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the nature of the basic education, and points out that the scarcity, disparity and exclusiveness to a certain degree form the inner reasons of school choice in China. In review of the policy evolution of governing the school choice problems, and analyzing the policy framework of the current stage, the paper holds that expanding public expenditure is the basis of providing adequate, fair and quality compulsory education and high school education, and the role of social forces should be brought into full play so as to promote the diverse ways of delivering educational services. In reality, the significant institutional guarantee to govern the problem of school choice in China is to transform the government function and build the government more public service oriented, implement the government accountability system and build transparent public debate sphere.

AbstractTwo pairs of cyclohexene amide alkaloid enantiomers were obtained from the root of Piper nigrum. Their plane structures were established by NMR and HRESIMS spectra. The absolute configurations of 1a/1b and 2a/2b were determined by the comparison between the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. All identified compounds were tested for inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro. Notably, compounds 1b and 2b showed strong inhibitory effects on AChE and the interaction between proteins and compounds was discussed by molecular docking studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separated double pulse position modulation（SDPPM） in wireless ultraviolet communication was presented.The structure of the SDPPM was described in detail.Requirements of the power and the bandwidth for SDPPM were analyzed and the BER was derived.Then these performances were compared with modulation of equal slots,such as OOK,PPM and MPPM.The results show that the SDPPM achieves better compromise between power requirement and bandwidth requirement,and the SDPPM has better performance in anti-multipath dispersion in ultraviolet communication because of its symbol structure.