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Energy conversion, particularly light to heat conversion, has garnered significant attention owing to its prospect in renewable energy exploitation and utilization. Most previous efforts have focused on developing organic photothermal materials for low‐temperature applications, whereas the importance of simplifying the preparation methods of photothermal materials and enhancing their maximum photothermal temperature have been less taken. Herein, we prepare an organic near‐infrared (NIR) photothermal material namely ATT by a spontaneous [2+2] cycloaddition‐cycloreversion reaction. In addition to the solution‐based method, ATT could also be readily preapred by ball milling in a high yield of 90 % in just 15 min. ATT powder exhibits a broad absorption extending beyond 2000 nm, excellent processability, and thermal stability. Remarkably, ATT powder can reach an unprecedently temperature as high as 450 °C while maintaining excellent photostability upon photoirradiation. Leveraging its extraordinary photothermal and processable properties, ATT was used in the high‐temperature applications, such as photo‐ignition, photo‐controlled metal processing and high‐temperature shape memory, all of which offer spatiotemporal control capabilities. This work provides a new approach to prepare organic photothermal materials with high temperatures, and pave the way for their applications in extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Design Methods Results Conclusion Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care Patient or Public Contribution This study aimed to explore the mediating effect of self‐management (SM) on the relationship between illness perception and quality of life (QOL) among Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive men who have sex with men (MSM).A cross‐sectional study.We explored the effect of illness perception and self‐management on QOL using the multiple regression model. Moreover, we conducted a simple mediation analysis to examine the role of SM in the relationship between illness perception and QOL. In addition, a parallel mediation analysis was performed to investigate the differences in domains of SM on the relationship between illness perception and QOL.Among 300 Chinese HIV‐positive MSM, the mean score of SM was 39.9 ± 6.97, with a range of 14.0–54.0. The higher score in SM indicated a higher level of HIV SM. SM was negatively related to illness perception (r = −0.47) while positively related to QOL (r = 0.56). SM partially mediated the relationship between illness perception and QOL, accounting for 25.3% of the total effect. Specifically, both daily self‐management health practices and the chronic nature of the self‐management domain played a parallel role in mediating the relationship between illness perception and QOL.Our study demonstrated that SM was a significant factor influencing QOL among HIV‐positive MSM. Focusing on daily self‐management health practices and the chronic nature of self‐management could be the potential key targets for enhancing HIV self‐management strategies.This study emphasized the role of SM in the well‐being of HIV‐positive MSM and underscored the importance of developing interventions that integrate SM strategies to improve QOL in this population.No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Use of cancer biomarkers for tumor aggressiveness is an unmet clinical need. Differentiation of high-risk versus low-risk tumors may guide physicians to select appropriate treatment strategies tailored to the risk level of individual patients. This study aimed to evaluate the value of an optical redox imaging technique for differentiating a human melanoma mouse xenograft model with a high risk of metastasis from a low-risk mouse model. Several imaging indices were found to be significantly different between the two models. The high-risk model was found to be in a more oxidized status and to have a higher intratumor redox heterogeneity. These findings may inform further research development of the optical redox imaging approach into translatable cancer biomarkers in the future. To develop imaging biomarkers for tumors aggressiveness, our previous optical redox imaging (ORI) studies of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp, containing flavin adenine dinucleotide, i.e., FAD) in tumor xenografts of human melanoma associated the high optical redox ratio (ORR = Fp/(Fp + NADH)) and its heterogeneity to the high invasive/metastatic potential, without having reported quantitative results for NADH and Fp. Here, we implemented a calibration procedure to facilitate imaging the nominal concentrations of tissue NADH and Fp in the mouse xenografts of two human melanoma lines, an indolent less metastatic A375P and a more metastatic C8161. Images of the redox indices (NADH, Fp, ORR) revealed the existence of more oxidized areas (OAs) and more reduced areas (RAs) within individual tumors. ORR was found to be higher and NADH lower in C8161 compared to that of A375P xenografts, both globally for the whole tumors and locally in OAs. The ORR in the OA can differentiate xenografts with a higher statistical significance than the global averaged ORR. H&E staining of the tumors indicated that the redox differences we identified were more likely due to intrinsically different cell metabolism, rather than variations in cell density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving independent control of phase and amplitude is pivotal yet challenging for electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulation. Metasurface provides an efficient recipe to this challenge, but most of the work reports so far are still confined in half space (transmission or reflection) and manipulation of linearly polarized EM waves, restricting itself from integrating more functionalities with complex wavefronts into one optoelectronic device. Here, a hybrid phase approach synthesizing propagation and geometric phases is proposed to achieve independent and arbitrary control of amplitude and phase response for circularly polarized (CP) wave in full space by using a non‐interleaved single‐celled metasurface. To validate the concept, a full‐space dual‐channel meta‐hologram is experimentally demonstrated, manifesting images of letters "T" and "R" at lower and upper frequencies (f1 and f2), respectively. The finding of full‐space metasurface opens new possibilities to control CP waves by simultaneous amplitude and phase modulations, which is important for high‐capacity wireless communications, as well as sophisticated functionality, and other advanced meta‐devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large eddy simulation with the explicit fifth-order weighted compact nonlinear schemes is performed to investigate the aero-optical distortion caused by a transonic flow over a cylinder at Reynolds numbers of Re = 1 × 105, Re = 2 × 105, and Re = 4 × 105. Proper orthogonal decomposition identifies two dominant modes: the antisymmetric "shifting" mode and the symmetric "breathing" mode, both peaking at the non-dimensionalized Strouhal number StD = 0.18. Optical distortion refers to the phenomenon where a beam passes through a non-uniform and fluctuating flow field, resulting in defocus, jitter, and significant energy reduction. Optical calculations for 12 cases demonstrate that local shock waves and turbulent wakes notably exacerbate optical distortion. In terms of temporal results, the peak frequency of the beam aligns with StD = 0.18 when passing through the cylinder shockwave and falls within StD = 0.16–0.42 as it crosses the shear layer. Significant fluctuations are observed in the turbulent wake and local shock wave, with frequency peaks ranging from StD = 0.12–0.72. Additionally, streamwise flow structures are found to primarily impact optical distortion. Comparative analysis across the three Reynolds numbers indicates that optical distortion is insensitive to Reynolds number variations within the same order of magnitude. The employed grid sufficiently resolves key flow structures impacting beam transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metasurface radome is crucial to protect the radiating antenna and control electromagnetic waves flexibly. However, current design methods for metasurface radome merely focus on the single propagation direction, with limited degrees of freedom. Here, a super radome is proposed with a directional scattering response based on Janus metasurface that can realize the phase modulation of y‐polarized waves and the amplitude modulation of x‐polarized waves with a judiciously designed structure. Both numerical and experimental results illustrate two cross‐polarized transmission windows with intensity exceeding 0.9 centered at 10 and 12.2 GHz and two out‐of‐band invisibility with considerable backward radar cross‐section reduction over −10 dB within 9.3–15.4 and 7.5–23.8 GHz when the radome is illuminated by y‐ and x‐polarized waves along negative and positive z directions, respectively. Moreover, the radar cross‐section reduction is maintained for off‐normal incidence even up to 45°. This method sets up a directional degree of freedom for advanced radome design and demonstrates its enormous potential in developing next‐generation stealth antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) is a mitochondrial protein involved in the exchange of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. It plays a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism by facilitating the transport of ATP synthesized within the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. The isoform ANT1 predominately expresses in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Mutations or dysregulation in ANT1 have been implicated in various mitochondrial disorders and neuromuscular diseases. We aimed to examine whether ANT1 deletion may affect mitochondrial redox state in our established ANT1-deficient mice. Hearts and quadriceps resected from age-matched wild type (WT) and ANT1-deficient mice were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The Chance redox scanner was utilized to perform 3D optical redox imaging. Each sample underwent scanning across 3–5 sections. Global averaging analysis showed no significant differences in the redox indices (NADH, flavin adenine dinucleotide containing-flavoproteins Fp, and the redox ratio Fp/(NADH+Fp) between WT and ANT1-deficient groups. However, quadriceps had higher Fp than hearts in both groups (p = 0. 0 0 0 4 and 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the quadriceps were also more oxidized (a higher redox ratio) than hearts in WT group (p = 0. 0 0 4). NADH levels were similar in all cases. Our data suggest that under non-stressful physical condition, the ANT1-deficient muscle cells were in the same mitochondrial state as WT ones and that the significant difference in the mitochondrial redox state between quadriceps and hearts found in WT might be diminished in ANT1-deficient ones. Redox imaging of muscles under physical stress can be conducted in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Low dose computed tomography (LDCT) uses lower radiation dose, but the reconstructed images contain higher noise that can have negative impact in disease diagnosis. Although deep learning with the edge extraction operators reserves edge information well, only applying the edge extraction operators to input LDCT images does not yield overall satisfactory results. OBJECTIVE: To improve LDCT images quality, this study proposes and tests a dual edge extraction multi-scale attention mechanism convolution neural network (DEMACNN) based on a compound loss. METHODS: The network uses edge extraction operators to extract edge information from both the input images and the feature maps in the network, improving the utilization of the edge operators and retaining the images edge information. The feature enhancement block is constructed by fusing the attention mechanism and multi-scale module, enhancing effective information, while suppressing useless information. The residual learning method is used to learn the network, improving the performance of the network, and solving the problem of gradient disappearance. Except for the network structure, a compound loss function, which consists of the MSE loss, the proposed joint total variation loss, and the edge loss, is proposed to enhance the denoising ability of the network and reserve the edge of images. RESULTS: Compared with other advanced methods (REDCNN, CT-former and EDCNN), the proposed new network achieves the best PSNR and SSIM values in LDCT images of the abdomen, which are 33.3486 and 0.9104, respectively. In addition, the new network also performs well on head and chest image data. CONCLUSION: The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed new network structure and denoising algorithm not only effectively removes the noise in LDCT images, but also protects the edges and details of the images well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simplified method of determining lattice Boltzmann boundary conditions based on self-affine microchannels with an inherent roughness in a tight reservoir is presented in this paper to address nonlinear efficiency problems in fluid simulation. This approach effectively combines the influence of rough surfaces in the simulation of the flow field, the description of L-fractal theory applied to rough surfaces, and a generalized lattice Boltzmann method with equivalent composite slip boundary conditions for inherent roughness. The numerical simulations of gas slippage in a two-dimensional plate model and rough surfaces to induce gas vortex reflux flow are also successfully carried out, and the results are in good agreement with the simulation results, which establishes the reliability and flexibility of the proposed simplified method of rough surfaces. The effects of relative average height and fractal dimensions of the rough surfaces under exact boundary conditions and equivalent coarsened ones are investigated from three perspectives, namely those of the average lattice velocity, the lattice velocity at average height position at the outlet, and the coefficient of variation for lattice velocity at average height position. It was found that the roughness effect on gas flow behavior was more obvious when it was associated with the enhanced rarefaction effect. In addition, the area of gas seepage was reduced, and the gas flow resistance was increased. When the fractal dimension of the wall was about 1.20, it has the greatest impact on the fluid flow law. In addition, excessive roughness of the wall surface tends to lead to vortex backflow of the gas in the region adjacent to the wall, which greatly reduces its flow velocity. For gas flow in the nanoscale seepage space, wall roughness hindered gas migration rate by 84.7%. For pores larger than 200 nm, the effects of wall roughness on gas flow are generally negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) protein on the mouse model of nasal polyps. Methods: The mouse model of nasal polyps was induced by intranasal drip intervention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 3 times a week for 12 weeks. A total of 42 mice were randomly divided into blank group, LPS group, and LPS+DMBT1 group. DMBT1 protein was applied by intranasal drip intervention in each nostril after LPS. After 12 weeks, 5 mice in each group were randomly picked for the mouse olfactory disorder experiment, 3 mice were randomly picked for histopathological observation of nasal mucosa, 3 mice for olfactory marker protein (OMP) immunofluorescence analysis and the last 3 mice were grabbed for nasal lavage, and the levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) in the nasal lavage fluid were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Compared with the blank group, mice in LPS group had olfactory dysfunction, the level of OMP was significantly reduced, the nasal mucosa was swollen, discontinuous, and contained a large number of inflammatory cells. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and PI3K in the nasal lavage fluid were significantly increased in LPS group (p < 0.01). Compared with the LPS group, the number of mice with olfactory dysfunction in the LPS+DMBT1 group was less, the infiltration of inflammatory cells was reduced, the OMP-positive cells were significantly increased, and the IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and PI3K in the nasal lavage fluid were significantly increased, p < 0.01. Conclusions: DMBT1 protein alleviates the nasal airway inflammatory response in the mouse nasal polyp model, and the mechanism may be through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small target detection has been widely used in applications that are relevant to everyday life and have many real-time requirements, such as road patrols and security surveillance. Although object detection methods based on deep learning have achieved great success in recent years, they are not effective in small target detection. In order to solve the problem of low recognition rate caused by factors such as low resolution of UAV viewpoint images and little valid information, this paper proposes an improved algorithm based on the YOLOv5s model, called YOLOv5s-pp. First, to better suppress interference from complex backgrounds and negative samples in images, we add a CA attention module, which can better focus on task-specific important channels while weakening the influence of irrelevant channels. Secondly, we improve the forward propagation and generalisation of the network using the Meta-ACON activation function, which adaptively learns to adjust the degree of linearity or nonlinearity of the activation function based on the input data. Again, the SPD Conv module is incorporated into the network model to address the problems of reduced learning efficiency and loss of fine-grained information due to cross-layer convolution in the model. Finally, the detection head is improved by using smaller, smaller-target detection heads to reduce missed detections. We evaluated the algorithm on the VisDrone2019-DET and UAVDT datasets and compared it with other state-of-the-art algorithms. Compared to YOLOv5s, mAP@.5 improved by 7.4% and 6.5% on the VisDrone2019-DET and UAVDT datasets, respectively, and compared to YOLOv8s, mAP@.5 improved by 0.8% and 2.1%, respectively. For improving the performance of the UAV-side small target detection algorithm, it will help to enhance the reliability and safety of UAVs in critical missions such as military reconnaissance, road patrol and security surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valve core is an essential part of the control valve and it is often exposed to cavitation. Although cavitation of control valve is a traditional research topic, there is still a lack of multi-view and visualized cavitation detection approach. This paper proposes an imaging method based on single high-speed camera-multiple mirrors (SHCMM) cavitation detection to study the cavitation area near the valve core. We used the transparent valve body made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to analyze the flow field in the valve. SHCMM is used to capture the cavitation image of the valve. The image processing is used to analyze the cavitation characteristics, and the visualization of the cavitation is enhanced by feature recognition. Finally, we discuss the positive role of SHCMM in auxiliary fault diagnosis of the control valve, which provides a new idea for prolonging the service life of the control valve. [Display omitted] • Multi-view enhanced visual detection for cavitation of control calve based on SHCMM. • Cavitation contour information is quantitatively identified by cavitation position and area. • SHCMM can combine with artificial intelligence to provide image data for valve diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thin-film absorber with tunable acoustic properties over a wideband is designed based on the acoustic metamaterial theory. The thin-film acoustic metamaterial absorber (TFAMA) consists of a frame made of piezoelectric material and several flexible films with attached mass blocks (mass-spring vibration system). Based on the vibration mechanism of the mass-spring vibration system, a cellular model of local resonance form is established, and the material properties of negative effective mass are discussed. Combined with the vibration modal analysis of the coupling of mass block, elastic film, and piezoelectric material, the acoustic characteristics of the TFAMA under alternating voltage excitation are studied by finite element and experimental methods. The simulation and experimental results show that the sound wave can be well absorbed when it is incident on TFAMA to cause the membrane-cavity coupling resonance. By applying an alternating voltage to the TFAMA to excite the mass-spring vibration system to generate local resonance, the absorption of sound waves can be further enhanced in a relatively wide band near the excitation frequency. In view of the convenience of voltage parameter adjustment, the sound absorption band can be flexibly tuned in a wide range, including low frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, stagnation point flow of non-Newtonian fluid is considered under the impact of magnetohydrodynamics, porous medium, and mixed convection effects. Additionally, angular momentum and energy transport constitutive equations are also taken into account in order to explore the fluid micro-rotational effects. The fluid motion develops by virtue of linear stretching and slip factors. Furthermore, the energy transport equation is raised with the effect of viscous dissipation and heat source phenomena. Mathematical formulations lead to a set of ordinary differential equations by introducing similarity variables. The proposed model has been solved numerically using fourth-order Runge–Kutta method with shooting technique. Influence of pertinent flow parameters for the case of weak concentration of micro-elements on velocity, temperature, skin friction, and local heat flux at the surface is computed and discussed. Different ranges are chosen for the flow parameters, for example; magnetic field variation is taken [0, 0.9], micro-rotation [0,1], stretching ratio [0,0.2], surface condition [0,1], the Prandtl number [3, 12], and the Eckert number [3, 11]. The fluid velocity slows down when the magnetic number varies from 0.0 to 0.5 in the presence of weak concentration (m = 0.5) of micro-elements. In addition, the maximum increasing percentage of skin friction is obtained when the porosity parameter varies from 0.0 to 0.6. The maximum decreasing percentage of the Nusselt number is obtained when the thermal slip parameter varies from 0.0 to 0.8. The current study has multiple fascinating applications in polymeric solutions, bio-medical functions like magnetic drug targeting, heat conduction in tissues, surface roughness, and squeeze film lubrication problems between conical bearings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study of two combined blowing/suction flow control methods was conducted on the pitching airfoil using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) method. One used leading-edge blowing and trailing-edge suction, which is referred to as a co-flow jet (CFJ), and a conformal slot CFJ (C-CFJ) was adopted. Another used leading-edge suction combined with trailing-edge blowing, which was called reversed CFJ (R-CFJ). The S809 airfoil was used as the baseline as its stall characteristic is suitable for separation flow or stall control research. Aerodynamic coefficients of these two combined blowing/suction methods were compared under no-stall, mild-stall, and deep-stall cases. The net gain of output power was also discussed if CFJ methods were used for wind energy applications. The influence mechanism of these two methods on the flow around the airfoil was revealed. The results showed that the C-CFJ is suitable for the no-stall and mild-stall cases, while the R-CFJ is suitable for the deep-stall case. Leading-edge suction is more stable than leading-edge blowing when suppressing the dynamic stall. The leading-edge jet flow will cause dynamic stalls when it is detached from the airfoil surface, while the detached jet flow can block the development of the separation when it is placed on the trailing edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biomimetic design provides an adequate solution to attain an excellent design. However, the prototype space for biomimetic design is relatively large, and it becomes more and more challenging to find the required biological prototypes efficiently and accurately. To improve the design efficiency and enrich the biomimetic information, this paper proposes a coupled biological strategies-enabled bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) model to assist biomimetic design, namely BioDesign. We extract the biological strategies and extract dimensional information from AskNature as a part of the database. The linguistic expression model-BERT helps to search for biological strategy. Based on the coupled biological strategies analysis, the quantitative results of biomimetic strategies are given by BioDesign. Finally, we take the erosion wear-resistant design of the control valve core as an example to demonstrate the utilization based on the proposed BioDesign. The erosion wear experiment demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new trinuclear zinc(II) complexes, [Zn3I2L2(H2O)2] (1) and [Zn3(CH3OH)(DMF)L2(NCS)2] (2), where L is the dianionic form of N,N'-bis(5-bromosalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (H2L), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR and UV spectra. Structures of the complexes were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both complexes are trinuclear zinc compounds. Both compounds are solvated, with water ligand for 1 and methanol ligand for 2. The outer two Zn atoms are in square pyramidal coordination, while the inner one is in octahedral coordination. The effect of the complexes on the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were evaluated, and gave interesting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood glucose stability in diabetic patients determines the degree of health, and changes in blood glucose levels are related to the outcome of diabetic patients. Therefore, accurate monitoring of blood glucose has a crucial role in controlling diabetes. Aiming at the problem of high volatility of blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients and the limitations of a single regression prediction model, this paper proposes a method for predicting blood glucose values based on particle swarm optimization and model fusion. First, the Kalman filtering algorithm is used to smooth and reduce the noise of the sensor current signal to reduce the effect of noise on the data. Then, the hyperparameter optimization of Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) models is performed using particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, the XGBoost and LightGBM models are used as the base learner and the Bayesian regression model as the meta-learner, and the stacking model fusion method is used to achieve the prediction of blood glucose values. In order to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the method in this paper, we compared the prediction results of stacking fusion model with other 6 models. The experimental results show that the stacking fusion model proposed in this paper can accurately predict blood glucose values, and the average absolute percentage error of blood glucose prediction is 13.01%, and the prediction error of the stacking fusion model is much lower than that of the other six models. Therefore, the proposed diabetes blood glucose prediction method in this paper has superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral microbiota that established in the early years of life may influence the child's oral health in the long term. Until now, no consensus is reached about whether the development of the oral microbiota is more related with age increase or more with teeth eruption. To analyze the microbiota development of both saliva and supragingival plaque during the gradual eruption of primary teeth in caries-free infants and toddlers. Saliva and plaque samples were collected at five and four dentition states, respectively, and were identified by bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. During the longitudinal observation, the saliva ecosystem seemed more complex and dynamic than the plaque, with larger bacteria quantity and more significantly varied species over time. About 70% of the initial colonized OTUs in plaque persisted until the completion of the primary dentition. Transient bacteria were mostly detected in the early saliva and plaque microbiota, which came from the environment and other sites of the human body. Microbial diversity in both saliva and plaque varied greatly from pre-dentition to full eruption of eight anterior teeth, but not during the eruption of primary molars. Oral bacterial development follows an ordered sequence during the primary teeth eruption. 'Fully eruption of all primary anterior teeth' is a critical stage in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a novel design of broadband circularly polarized (CP) folded reflectarray (FRA) antenna is proposed. The CP FRA consists of two kinds of metasurfaces (MSs) and a linearly polarized (LP) open waveguide antenna as the feeding source. The bottom MS functions as the main reflector, which is capable of realizing cross-polarization conversion and beam focusing simultaneously. The upper MS is utilized as a subreflector, which could reflect LP wave coming from the feeding source and transmit its orthogonal counterpart into CP wave. For demonstration, the MS-assisted CP FRA antenna is fabricated and measured. Numerical results are consistent with experimental ones, illustrating a peak gain of 24.1 dBi and a peak aperture efficiency of 51% at 9.9 GHz. The 3 dB gain bandwidth and 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth are achieved as 27.5% (8.8–11.6 GHz) and 43.9% (8–12.5 GHz), respectively. The proposed CP FRA provides a new avenue to realize broadband high-efficiency CP antenna, which may find great potentials in modern wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the yaw control of the flapless aircraft and investigate the equivalent control effect (ECE) and the power consumption of the pneumatic control. Design/methodology/approach: The control effects of the mechanical control and the pneumatic control are calculated and the ECE curves are obtained. The power consumption of the pneumatic control is analyzed. A new pneumatic drag-type yaw control method is proposed. The mechanisms of the drag-type yaw control and the conventional thrust-type yaw control are explored. The drag-type yaw control is divided into two combined blowing forms: inner-top outer-bottom blowing and inner-bottom outer-top blowing. The differences between two kinds of the drag-type yaw control at a small angle of attack and a large angle of attack are explored. Findings: The ECE curves of the pneumatic control are obtained. The power consumption of the drag-type yaw control is much lower than that of the thrust type. The lift coefficient of the inner-top outer-bottom blowing is higher than that of the inner-bottom outer-top blowing, but the inner-bottom outer-top blowing has higher efficiency of the yaw control at a large angle of attack. Practical implications: This paper contributes to the research of the flapless aircraft. Originality/value: A new pneumatic drag-type yaw control method of the flapless aircraft is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 continues to spread worldwide. Given the urgent need for effective treatments, many clinical trials are ongoing through repurposing approved drugs. However, clinical data regarding the cardiotoxicity of these drugs are limited. Human pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hCMs) represent a powerful tool for assessing drug‐induced cardiotoxicity. Here, by using hCMs, it is demonstrated that four antiviral drugs, namely, apilimod, remdesivir, ritonavir, and lopinavir, exhibit cardiotoxicity in terms of inducing cell death, sarcomere disarray, and dysregulation of calcium handling and contraction, at clinically relevant concentrations. Human engineered heart tissue (hEHT) model is used to further evaluate the cardiotoxic effects of these drugs and it is found that they weaken hEHT contractile function. RNA‐seq analysis reveals that the expression of genes that regulate cardiomyocyte function, such as sarcomere organization (TNNT2, MYH6) and ion homeostasis (ATP2A2, HCN4), is significantly altered after drug treatments. Using high‐throughput screening of approved drugs, it is found that ceftiofur hydrochloride, astaxanthin, and quetiapine fumarate can ameliorate the cardiotoxicity of remdesivir, with astaxanthin being the most prominent one. These results warrant caution and careful monitoring when prescribing these therapies in patients and provide drug candidates to limit remdesivir‐induced cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the theoretical prediction, simulation research, and experimental verification conducted to understand the potential of finite cylindrical micro-perforated panel absorbers (FC-MPPAs) in noise control. The simplified Rayleigh integral method is extended to predict the dissipation of sound energy in cylindrical micro-perforations with sub-millimeter aperture. The sound absorption and insulation performance of a FC-MPPA and the influence of its structural parameters on its acoustic performance were studied by model simulation and experiment, and the directional distribution of the sound field was revealed. The simulation and experimental results show that the FC-MPPA has unique acoustic characteristics different from the panel-type absorber, and its structural parameters are closely related to the acoustic-energy dissipation efficiency. Moreover, the absorption coefficient of FC-MPPA is a function of the incidence angle and frequency of the sound wave, and its acoustic properties are controlled by the coupling between the micro-perforated panel and the acoustic modes in the annular cavity domain. These studies can provide help in the design and application of FC-MPPA to achieve better noise reduction effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio harveyi is one of the most serious bacterial pathogens to aquatic animals worldwide. Evidence is mounting that coinfections caused by multiple pathogens are common in nature and can alter the severity of diseases in marine animals. However, bacterial coinfections involving V. harveyi have received little attention in mariculture. In this study, the results of pathogen isolation indicated that bacterial coinfection was a common and overlooked risk for hybrid groupers (♀ Epinephelus polyphekadion × ♂ E. fuscoguttatus) reared in an industrialized flow-through pattern in Hainan Province. The artificial infection in hybrid groupers revealed that coinfections with V. harveyi strain GDH11385 (a serious lethal causative agent to groupers) and other isolated pathogens resulted in higher mortality (46.67%) than infection with strain GDH11385 alone (33.33%), whereas no mortality was observed in single infection with other pathogens. Furthermore, the intestine, liver and spleen of hybrid groupers are target organs for bacterial coinfections involving V. harveyi. Based on the infection patterns found in this study, we propose that V. harveyi may have a specific spatiotemporal expression pattern of virulence genes when infecting the host. Taken together, bacterial coinfection with V. harveyi is a neglected high-risk lethal causative agent to hybrid groupers in the industrialized flow-through aquaculture systems in Hainan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving multiple vortex beams with different modes in a planar microstrip array is pivotal, yet still extremely challenging. Here, a hybrid method combining both Pancharatnam−Berry (PB) phase that is induced by the rotation phase and excitation phase of a feeding line has been proposed for decoupling two orthogonal circularly polarized vortex beams. Theoretical analysis is derived for array design to generate quad vortex beams with different directions and an arbitrary number of topological charges. On this basis, two 8 × 8 planar arrays were theoretically designed in an X band, which are with topological charges of l1 = −1, l2 = 1, l3 = −1, and l4 = 1 in Case I and topological charges of l1 = −1, l2 = 1, l3 = −1, and l4 = 1 in Case II. To further verify the above theory, the planar array in Case I is fabricated and analyzed experimentally. Dual-LP beams are realized by using rectangular patch elements with two orthogonally distributed feeding networks on different layers based on two types of feeding: proximity coupling and aperture coupling. Both the numerical simulation and experimental measurement results are in good agreement and showcase the corresponding quad-vortex-beam characteristics within 8~12 GHz. The array achieves a measured S11 < −10 dB and S22 < −10 dB bandwidth of more than 33.4% and 29.2%, respectively. In addition, the isolation between two ports is better than −28 dB. Our strategy provides a promising way to achieve large capacity and high integration, which is of great benefit to wireless and radar communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep learning methods for various disease prediction tasks have become very effective and even surpass human experts. However, the lack of interpretability and medical expertise limits its clinical application. This paper combines knowledge representation learning and deep learning methods, and a disease prediction model is constructed. The model initially constructs the relationship graph between the physical indicator and the test value based on the normal range of human physical examination index. And the human physical examination index for testing value by knowledge representation learning model is encoded. Then, the patient physical examination data is represented as a vector and input into a deep learning model built with self-attention mechanism and convolutional neural network to implement disease prediction. The experimental results show that the model which is used in diabetes prediction yields an accuracy of 97.18% and the recall of 87.55%, which outperforms other machine learning methods (e.g., lasso, ridge, support vector machine, random forest, and XGBoost). Compared with the best performing random forest method, the recall is increased by 5.34%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of medical knowledge into deep learning through knowledge representation learning can be used in diabetes prediction for the purpose of early detection and assisting diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving highly directive radiation with broadband operation, low scattering, and thin profile for a circularly polarized (CP) antenna is particularly challenging and yet rarely reported. Here, we propose a strategy of a CP Cassegrain meta-antenna by combining a planar helical antenna, a metasurface main reflector, and a metamaterial subreflector. The main reflector is designed to achieve focusing for CP waves at 13 GHz. The subreflector is chessboard-configured chiral metamaterial slab composed of two different types of chiral meta-atoms, aiming to achieve spin- and direction-selective CP transmissions and reflections. The distance between two reflectors is half of focal length, which enables our antenna to be dubbed as a folded reflectarray. The low radar cross section (RCS) is achieved based on scattering cancellation technique by realizing near 180° reflection phase difference between two neighboring chessboard submeta-atoms. Thanks to the architecture of the two reflectors, the proposed antenna exhibits high gain and low profile simultaneously according to image theory. For verification, a planar CP Cassegrain antenna, excited by a left-handed CP (LCP) planar helical antenna, is numerically studied, fabricated, and experimentally measured. Numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental ones, showing a peak right-handed CP (RCP) gain of 26.6 dBi at 12.6 GHz. Furthermore, the backward monostatic RCS of the antenna is dramatically reduced over −10 dB in a broad bandwidth from 8.4 to 15.7 GHz when it is illuminated by an LCP planar wave. Our proposed Cassegrain antenna features simultaneously broadband, high gain, low profile, and low RCS, providing a new avenue to low-profile CP reflectarrays with invisibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A piezoelectric acoustic absorber composed of double micro-perforated panels (MPPs) and their back cavity is studied in this paper. The outer layer of the MPP absorber is a common metal MPP, and the inner layer is a piezoelectric MPP made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film. When an alternating voltage is applied to the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-micro-perforated panel (MPP), it can be excited to generate different structural vibration modes, which can bring an additional absorption peak to the absorption performance curve of the piezoelectric acoustic absorber. The numerical simulation and experimental results indicate that the frequency and sound absorption coefficient of the additional sound absorption peak are closely related to the voltage parameters. Especially when the frequency of the alternating voltage is close to the eigen-frequency of PVDF-MPP, the additional sound absorption peak is more significant. Therefore, the absorption coefficient of the piezoelectric acoustic absorber at the corresponding frequency can be effectively enhanced by appropriately adjusting the parameters of the excitation voltage. This method of selectively and specifically improving the sound absorption performance of the required frequency band is very effective in reducing the noise in the dynamic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a dynamic stall model of an airfoil with a trailing edge flap (TEF) based on the long and short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. The nonlinear aerodynamic forces caused by a large angle deflection of the TEF are considered in the model. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical method is employed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (URANS). The aerodynamic force coefficients of the airfoil under different TEF deflection laws during the pitch motion are obtained. The results show that the maximum lift coefficient of the airfoil is reduced by up to 15.4% and the maximum drag and pitching moment coefficients of the airfoil are significantly reduced by up to 34.8% and 31.8%, respectively. The TEF can effectively reduce the pitching moment load exerted on the airfoil caused by the dynamic stall vortex. The aerodynamic force coefficient data obtained are applied to train the model. The predicted results indicate that the model can accurately capture the dynamic stall characteristics of the airfoil. The effect of the LSTM neural network's hyper-parameters on the predictive ability of the model is discussed. The more the number of time steps in a sample the higher the prediction accuracy. The greater the number of input variables the higher the prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active learning is a method that can actively select examples with much information from a large number of unlabeled samples to query labeled by experts, so as to obtain a high-precision classifier with a small number of samples. Most of the current research uses the basic principles to optimize the classifier at each iteration, but the batch query with the largest amount of information in each round does not represent the overall distribution of the sample, that is, it may fall into partial optimization and ignore the whole, which will may affect or reduce its accuracy. In order to solve this problem, a special distance measurement method—Bhattacharyya Distance—is used in this paper. By using this distance and designing a new set of query decision logic, we can improve the accuracy of the model. Our method embodies the query of the samples with the most representative distribution and the largest amount of information to realize the classification task based on a small number of samples. We perform theoretical proofs and experimental analysis. Finally, we use different data sets and compare them with other classification algorithms to evaluate the performance and efficiency of our algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising sensing platform was constructed based on an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO)/copper metal–organic framework (Cu-MOF)/platinum nanoparticles (ErGO/Cu-MOF/PtNPs) modified glassy carbon electrode for the detection of tetracycline. The ErGO/Cu-MOF/PtNPs composite electrode possessed an excellent electrochemical performance to tetracycline detection mainly due to the synergistic effect of ErGO, Cu-MOF and PtNPs. The electrochemical kinetics and catalytical mechanism of tetracycline were systematically studied, showing that tetracycline's electrocatalytic oxidation reaction was an absorption-controlled two-step process involving two electrons and one proton transfer, respectively. Low concentration of tetracycline was detected by amperometry with the a linear range of 1 ~ 200 μM (R2 = 0.9900) and a detection limit of 0.03 μM (S/R = 3). The proposed sensor was successfully applied to the detection of tetracycline in the real water samples with recoveries of 93.5% ~ 106%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) of 4.65% ~ 5.21% (n = 3). Furthermore, acceptable stability, repeatability and reproducibility were verified for continuous determination of tetracycline under optimized conditions. The ErGO/Cu-MOF/PtNPs composite electrode also demonstrated better anti-interference performance compared to other types of antibiotics than that of similar structural tetracyclines. Therefore, the proposed ErGO/Cu-MOF/PtNPs composites might provide a potential sensing platform for detecting analogous tetracyclines or total tetracyclines in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants serve as reservoirs of bioactive compounds endowed by nature, rendering them promising subjects for investigating chemical diversity. Despite their potential, much remains untapped, whether in standardized extracts or isolated pure compounds. This unexplored terrain has paved the way for significant discoveries in pharmaceuticals. Notably, research has delved into the medicinal properties of Mallotus philippensis, a prominent plant in South Asia. Employing meticulous extraction techniques such as maceration, the fruit of this plant underwent initial antimicrobial screening, revealing encouraging results. Subsequent fractionation of the plant's extracts via liquid–liquid extractions, utilizing dichloromethane and absolute ethanol, facilitated further analysis. Evaluating these fractions for antibacterial activity demonstrated efficacy against various pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, notably by the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts. Furthermore, a comprehensive phytochemical analysis unveiled the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, phenols, and tannins. An assessment of the extracts' antioxidant potential via the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay showcased significant activity, with a radical scavenging rate of 97%. This underscores the significance of utilizing fruit remnants, which are often rich in valuable chemical constituents yet commonly discarded, thereby adding value to both the species and the environment. Further investigation focused on the composition of Mallotus philippensis fruit, encompassing volatile and non-volatile metabolites through HPLC-MS analysis. Additionally, this study introduced the application of ionic liquid-loaded polysulfone microcapsules to enrich target constituents from crude extracts. An exploration of the key separation conditions, results, and recycling performance of these microcapsules provided insights for future research endeavors. Overall, this comprehensive study of Mallotus philippensis fruit extracts establishes a foundation for the ongoing exploration and development of this medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular recycling process which enables eukaryotes to maintain both cellular and overall homeostasis through the catabolic breakdown of intracellular components or the selective degradation of damaged organelles. In recent years, the importance of autophagy in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) has been increasingly recognized, and numerous studies have linked the dysregulation of autophagy to the development of endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy in ECs and our current understanding of the roles of autophagy in vascular biology and review the implications of dysregulated autophagy for vascular disease. Finally, we summarize the current state of the research on compounds to modulate autophagy in ECs and identify challenges for their translation into clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dual‐band dual‐polarization Fabry‐Pérot resonator antenna (FPRA) is presented, which is composed of double‐layer frequency selective surfaces (FSS1 and FSS2) and planar patch antenna. By analyzing the passband and stopband characteristics of the FSS1 and the FSS2, it is revealed that FSS1 has stopband characteristic for low frequency and passband characteristic for high frequency, while FSS2 shows stopband characteristic for high frequency and passband characteristic for low frequency. Based on these traits, the gain is improved by the high‐reflection coefficient of FSS1 at low frequency. The linear to circular polarization (CP) conversion is achieved by FSS2 at high frequency. To verify the performance of this proposed design, a prototype FPRA is fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that the peak gain of antenna reaches 16.1 dBic with CP at 9.4 GHz and 15.3 dBi with linear polarization at 5.6 GHz. The measured 3‐dB gain bandwidths is from 5.35 GHz to 5.8 GHz in the lower band, and the combined fractional bandwidth (−10 dB impedance matching, 3‐dB measured gain, and 3‐dB axial ratio) from 9.27 to 9.55 GHz in the upper band is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method to solve the kinematics of a rigid-flexible and variable-diameter continuous manipulator. The multi-segment underwater manipulator is driven by McKibben water hydraulic artificial muscle (WHAM). Considering the effect of elasticity and friction, we optimized the static mathematical model of WHAM. The kinematic model of the manipulator with load is established based on the hypothesis of piecewise constant curvature (PCC). We developed an optimization algorithm to calculate the length of the WHAMs according to the principle of minimum strain energy and obtain the configuration space parameters of the kinematic model. Based on the infinitesimal method, the homogeneous transformation matrices of the variable-diameter bending sections are computed, and the terminal position and attitude are obtained. In this paper, we studied the working space of the manipulator by quantitative analysis of the impact factors including pressure and load. A deep neural network (DNN) with six hidden layers is designed to solve inverse kinematics. The forward kinematic results are used to train and test the DNN, and the correlation coefficient between the output and target samples reaches 0.945. We carried out an underwater experiment and verified the effectiveness of the kinematic modeling and solution method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the effect of the upward deflection of trailing edge flap (TEF) on the strength and trajectory of dynamic stall vortex (DSV) around a pitching airfoil by means of numerical simulations based on unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS). The effect of the upward deflection of the TEF on the unsteady aerodynamic forces due to DSV is analyzed. The numerical simulation method for large mesh deformation is constructed. Radial basis function- (RBF-) based mesh deformation algorithm, as well as Laplacian and optimization-based mesh smoothing algorithm, is adopted to ensure the mesh quality in flow field simulations. The results reveal that the upward deflection of the TEF can reduce the peaks of drag and pitching moment coefficients. Although the maximum lift coefficient of the airfoil is slightly reduced, its maximum drag and pitching moment coefficients are significantly reduced by up to 34.8% and 31.8%, respectively. The vorticity transport behavior in a planar control region during the DSV formation and detachment is analyzed. It is found that the TEF can change the development process of the DSV. The upward deflection of the TEF reduces the vorticity flux from the leading edge shear layer, which causes the circulation of the DSV and the translational velocity of the vortex center to decline. The peaks of the unsteady aerodynamic forces on the airfoil induced by the DSV are reduced. The upward deflection of the TEF plays the role of alleviating the pitching moment load. The longer TEF can result in a better control effect. The bigger the upward deflection angle of the TEF, the better its control effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthesized strategy for achieving polarization-insensitive metalens is proposed by imposing identical parabolic phase patterns individually on two decoupled left-handed (spin up, $\sigma +$) and right-handed (spin down, $\sigma -$) circular polarization (CP) channels of an anisotropic scheme. This is enabled by synergizing dynamic phases and local geometric phases within 0° and 90° rotations. As a consequence, similar focusing behavior is expected when it is illuminated by a plane wave of arbitrary polarization since any incoming wave is a superposition of $\sigma +$ and $\sigma -$ wave. Such an intriguing feature can be utilized to engineer a polarization-insensitive reflectarray/transmitarray in a shared aperture by placing a feeding source of different polarizations at its focal spot without altering the array aperture. Therein, the polarization of the meta-array is determined by its feeding which is readily to be changed in practice. For demonstration and possible applications, two reflectarrays composed of $50\times50$ elements at Ku band with one in normal and the other in offset configuration were designed and experimentally characterized. Numerical and experimental results illustrate that both reflectarrays are able to work in Dual linear polarization (LP) and Dual CP states by utilizing LP and CP horns of different orientations. Moreover, the versatile polarization-agile property does not pose a significant penalty on its radiation performance and both reflectarrays exhibit a measured peak aperture efficiency of 63.8% and 39.6%, respectively, near 14 GHz, and a 1 dB gain bandwidth more than 11.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Zn-air batteries evolved self-powered environmental remediation systems (SERSs) are established for synchronous Pb(II) removal and electricity generation. • Multiple activation assisted element doping strategy is proposed to design N, P doped active straw carbon (NP-ASC) possessing honeycomb-like structure. • NP-ASC assembled SERSs exhibit Pb(II) removal efficiency of 98% and electricity generation of 67.5 mwh cm−2. • Zn-air batteries based on NP-ASC show peak power density of 203 mW cm−2 and stability of 340 h. Electrochemical systems have been widely applied in heavy-metal ions (HMIs) pollution control, while their applications are greatly restricted by excessive energy consumption. Self-powered environmental remediation systems (SERSs) can shed the energy reliance to achieve HMIs decontamination and simultaneous electricity output through electrokinetic migration. In this work, SERSs based on Zn-air batteries (ZABs) were achieved to remove bivalent lead (Pb(II)) by circulating effluent as electrolyte. Straw biomass derived N, P functional active nanocarbon (NP-ASC) with hierarchical porosity and electron modulation effect was designed for achieving high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and efficient Pb(II) uptake. SERSs with electrode active area of 1 cm2 realize outstanding Pb(II) removal efficiency (98.1 %) and electricity generation (67.5 mWh∙cm−2) in simulated sewage. ZABs assembled with NP-ASC delivered specific capacity of 795 mAh∙g−1 and cycling stability for 340 h. This study provides a guide for designing a novel SERS using functionalized biomass nanocarbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been estimated that approximately 20% of employed adults worldwide are required to undertake shift work, which has led to severe public health decline and depression. Sini powder (SNP) has been shown to be a promising medicine. However, the effectiveness and mechanism of reducing the risk of depression for shift workers are still unclear. Thus, network pharmacological analysis and gene expression profiling were introduced to reveal the mechanism of SNP in the prevention of depression. First, five databases were used to collect the chemical compounds of SNP, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties were selected to identified high-quality compounds. Second, the targets of compounds were obtained by BATMAN-TCM. And the differentially expressed genes associated with depression among shift workers were obtained using gene expression profiling (GSE98793, GSE122541). Subsequently, key targets were screened out with a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network by String. Furthermore, functional enrichment was carried out by Metascape. Molecular docking was introduced to verify the interaction between core targets and compounds. SNP reduced the risk of depression by regulating ESR2, GPER1, TNF and APOE through the estrogen pathway and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. This study provides a scientific basis for further investigating the mechanism by which SNP prevents depression and reduces the risk of depression for shift workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A porous carbon framework is successfully synthesized from lycium chinensis via a novel strategy using melamine matched with KOH as dual-activator. The biomass-derived carbon framework with hierarchical macro-/meso-/micro pores demonstrates an ultrahigh surface area of 3344 m2 g−1 and a sufficient total pore volume of 1.71 cm3 g−1. The porous carbon electrode with optimized structure presents an outstanding electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance reaches 520.0 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 291.0 F g−1 at 30 A g−1 with 96.8 % capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles at 30 A g−1. The energy density is also as high as 12.5 W h kg−1 for the electrode. The relationship between optimized structure and excellent performance of carbon materials is deeply explored. The superior electrochemical performance of carbon framework can be ascribed to its hierarchical porosity, ultrahigh surface area, sufficient total pore volume, proper graphitization degree and favorable heteroatom-doping, which will result in the fast ion diffusion, sufficient charge storage as well as the contributed pseudocapacitance. The work provides an effective guidance for synthesizing the superb porous biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitor with high performance. A hierarchically porous carbon framework was successfully prepared from biomass lycium chinensis via a novel strategy using melamine matched with KOH as dual-activator. With regulating specific surface area, total pore volume, graphitization degree and nitrogen/oxygen doping of the carbon framework, supercapacitor performance was effectively optimized. It provides a trustworthy guidance for fabricating hierarchically porous carbon with optimized structure for high-performance supercapacitor. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Infrared metasurface, especially that having a working range covering wavelengths from 0.75 to 25 μm, has been exploited as a revolutionary tool to manipulate the properties of electromagnetic waves owing to its potential applications in military and civilian fields. It owns the capacity to steer electromagnetic waves within subwavelength scale, with full degrees of freedom such as phase, amplitude and polarization, allowing the development of a number of planar meta-devices including the metalens, hologram, wave-plate and polarimeter. In particular, polarization, which determines the interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter, is important in almost every area of science. However, conventional materials for infrared polarization control inevitably introduce extra optical components and bulky configurations, hindering future miniaturization and integration. Moreover, compared with their short wavelength counterparts, polarization nanodevices in the infrared band and especially those in the long-wavelength infrared region have been far less explored due to the loss of material and immature fabrication techniques. Here, we review recent progress in the development of infrared metasurfaces in terms of generating, manipulating and detecting the polarization on standard and higher-order Poincaré spheres. The principles, typical strategies and emerging applications of these processes are introduced. We also discuss the challenges and outlook of future developments in this emerging field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xu, H.; Li, D.; Hou, X.; Yu, X.; Liu, Y.; Li, X.; Li, B.; Chen, L.; Wang, X., and Xia, S., 2021. Home range and habitat disturbance identification for a vulnerable shorebird species (Larus saundersi) in the Yellow River Delta, China. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(4), 737–748. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Understanding the home range of animal species can be helpful to biodiversity and habitat conservation. Saunders's Gull (Larus saundersi), one of the vulnerable birds in the world, has become an important indicator species to measure the quality of ecological environment in the coastal wetlands of the Yellow River Delta. Information about habitat selection of the species has so far been mainly from field survey. In view of the successful application of satellite tracking in animal ecology, two individual birds were tagged for home range identification and habitat disturbance analysis. The gull's home range was confirmed using the Brownian bridge movement model. Habitat disturbances information from anthropogenic activities was analyzed by kernel density estimation as well as buffer zone analysis. Considering the gregariousness of the shorebird, the tracking sample data, though limited, can reflect the species' habitat selection to a certain extent. The results showed that (1) the Saunders's Gull's main home range was located in the northern and eastern coastal areas of Dongying city, the seashore area at the border of Binzhou with Dongying and Cangzhou city, and the Nanpu wetland of Tangshan city; and (2) human activity had a substantial effect on the home range selection, for example, mariculture was an important part of its home range, the Saunders's Gull exhibited an approach–avoidance behavior to wind turbines and oil wells, and activity time varied with different distances to the road. The study provides insights into the behavior of the shorebird and is of great significance to sustainable development of the human–environment relationship in the Yellow River Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of three new hydrazone compounds derived from the condensation reactions of 4-dimethylaminobenzohydrazide with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde and 3-methoxybenzaldehyde, respectively, were prepared. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and UV-vis spectra, HRMS, ¹H NMR and 13C NMR spectra, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals of the compounds are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The compounds were assayed for antibacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence and Staphylococcus aureus) and antifungal (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) activities by MTT method. The results indicated that compound 2 is an effective antibacterial material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classic reinforcement learning (RL) theories cannot explain human behavior in the absence of external reward or when the environment changes. Here, we employ a deep sequential decision-making paradigm with sparse reward and abrupt environmental changes. To explain the behavior of human participants in these environments, we show that RL theories need to include surprise and novelty, each with a distinct role. While novelty drives exploration before the first encounter of a reward, surprise increases the rate of learning of a world-model as well as of model-free action-values. Even though the world-model is available for model-based RL, we find that human decisions are dominated by model-free action choices. The world-model is only marginally used for planning, but it is important to detect surprising events. Our theory predicts human action choices with high probability and allows us to dissociate surprise, novelty, and reward in EEG signals. Author summary: Humans like to explore their environment: children play with toys, tourists explore touristic sites, and readers start a new book. Exploration is useful to build knowledge about the world in the form of a 'world-model'. However, since the world is complex and changing, the learned world-model is sometimes wrong: if so, the feeling of surprise arises. Here, we distinguish surprise from novelty; we show that humans use surprise as a signal to decide when to adapt their behavior, while they use novelty to decide where and what to explore—to eventually develop an improved world-model. Intuitively, it seems obvious to use world-models to plan future actions. However, we show that in a complex and changing environment where planning needs heavy computations, participants rarely follow an explicit plan and take their actions mainly by shaping habits. Importantly, we show that the main role of their world-model is to signal when to be surprised and, hence, when to adapt their habits. In summary, our results show how surprise and novelty interact with human reinforcement learning, contribute to human adaptive and exploratory behavior, and correlate with EEG signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruitful progress toward light manipulation in reflective (R) or transmissive (T) geometry (half‐space) has facilitated strong aspiration towards full‐space wave control. Although R–T synergistic strategy promises large‐capacity and integrated functionality, it imposes difficulty and challenges for direction of arrival (DoA) in full space via an ultrathin flat device. As of today, very limited demonstrations are reported for single‐wavelength and linear‐polarization operation in full space, significantly limiting the exploitable degrees of freedom (DoFs) for real‐world applications. Herein, a triple‐layer wavelength‐direction multitasking scheme for wide‐angle and large‐capacity DoA is reported, which is pivotal for blind‐free radar detection. By engineering two anisotropic sub‐meta‐atoms with high quality factor and simultaneous in‐plane and out‐of‐plane symmetry breaking, four R and two T spin‐conversion channels are achieved in wide‐angle operation with high efficiency and insulation. Above features and released DoFs would be extraordinarily beneficial for large‐capability and angle‐engineered advanced applications. Two proof‐of‐concept metadevices, i.e., a large‐scanning kaleidoscopic‐beam generator and a wide‐angle reverser for multi‐target tracking, are devised to verify the significance. Numerical and experimental results show predesigned functions at six channels with measured efficiency over 75%. The findings in achieving multi‐DoF multitasking can stimulate great interest in radar applications with versatile forming beams and multi‐channel integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional flow of the pulsed co-flow jet (CFJ) and the influence of the pulsed parameters on the lift and power consumption are investigated numerically. Firstly, the jet channel of traditional CFJ airfoil is improved. The stall margin is increased by 3° compared with the corresponding traditional CFJ airfoil, and the lift is increased, while the drag is reduced significantly. Then, the influence of the pulsed parameters, such as the pulse waveform, including sinusoidal and rectangular waves, the duty cycle, and the pulse frequency on the lift and power consumption are presented and analyzed in detail. It is concluded that, compared with the steady CFJ, the pulsed CFJ possesses much better ability in suppressing separation and can improve the lift characteristics significantly with limited cost of power consumption. For example, at an angle of attack of 20° flow separation occurs severely, when the steady CFJ is adopted; however, the airflow becomes fully attached on the upper airfoil, when the rectangular pulsed CFJ is employed. As a result, the lift corresponding to the rectangular wave is higher than that of the sinusoidal wave. The results also indicate that the lower duty cycle and pulse frequency can lead to the higher lift but with more power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsTo promote carcinogenesis through diverse molecular pathways involving dysregulation of gene expression and abnormalities.We employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to uncover causal relationships between genetic factors and HNSCC. We used the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method as the primary MR analysis, and validated the results through complementary approaches like MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and mode analyses.Our analysis identified 2210 genes that are differentially expressed in head and neck cancer (HNSCC) compared to normal tissues. Within the protein interaction network, the genes IL1B, CXCL8, CXCL1, and CCL2 stood out as central hubs. Further investigation revealed that these key genes are involved in important biological processes like skin development, wound healing, and fat metabolism. Notably, our Mendelian randomization analysis provided evidence for a causal relationship between the expression of the IL1B gene and the development of HNSCC.Our analysis identified 5 key genes - IL1B, CXCL8, CXCL1, CCL2, and IL1B - that show significant changes in expression in head and neck cancer. These genes could serve as important new biomarkers to help diagnose this disease and track how it progresses over time. Importantly, these genes are involved in regulating the immune system, suggesting that the body’s immune response plays a critical role in head and neck cancer. This provides new avenues for future research to better understand the complex gene expression patterns underlying this type of cancer. Further investigation of these key genes and their regulatory networks could lead to important insights and potential new treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: There is no thorough overview of intentional tooth replantation techniques. We performed a bibliometric analysis of the development of intentional tooth replantation. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases was conducted in February 2023. Original articles and reviews of human studies with "intentional replantation" or synonyms in the titles, abstracts, or keywords were included. A descriptive analysis of bibliographic data, co‐occurrence analysis, and coupling of publications was performed. Multivariate analysis was used to explore the bibliometric parameters associated with the citation counts. Results: The study included 171 papers, which were co‐authored by 500 individuals affiliated with 217 institutions from 28 countries/regions. The USA contributed the greatest number of publications, followed by China, and Japan. The USA had 694 citations, followed by Japan (210), and Turkey (210). The Journal of Endodontics and Dental Traumatology contributed the most citations. Five directions for future research were identified based on the coupling relationships of publications, including "managing vertical root fractures with adhesive resin using the intentional replantation technique," "intentional replantation for periodontally hopeless or endodontically compromised teeth," "intentional replantation for treating abnormalities of morphological development," "outcomes and prognosis factors of intentional replantation," and "treating root replacement resorption by intentional replantation." Multivariate analysis showed that the publication year, Journal Citation Reports ranking of journals, study design, and disease type were predictors of citation counts. Conclusions: This bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive description of the intentional replantation technique. The USA published the greatest volume of papers and generated the most citations. The Journal of Endodontics and Dental Traumatology are considered the most influential. The Journal Citation Reports journal ranking (Q1, Q2), study design (case reports, cohort studies), and disease type (crown root fractures) were associated with the citation counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh produce has increasingly become an important part of people's diet. However, the loss of fresh produce in the supply chain has existed for a long time and is difficult to overcome. Some companies use their own information management systems or use information systems built by other companies to release and manage fresh agricultural product information in a timely manner, thereby reducing product loss caused by the "bullwhip effect." However, this will also bring pressure on construction costs and the risk of information leakage. Based on the evolutionary game model, this paper conducts process modeling and analysis on the behavior of enterprise groups participating in information sharing. It is concluded that the greater the difference between the income obtained through information sharing and the cost of building information system, the higher the likelihood of enterprises participating in information sharing. In addition, the greater the profit from the construction of information platform, the smaller the profit of "free rider," and the smaller the risk of information leakage, the greater the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in information sharing. Finally, some suggestions are proposed from the perspective of maximizing supply chain benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]