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Boletellus putuoensis N.K. Zeng, Yi Li, Chang Xu, Xu Zhang & J.R. Wang sp. nov. (Figs. 2–5) Fungal Names no.: FN571000 Etymology:—Latin “ putuoensis ”, refers to the holotype locality of Putuo District, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province. Diagnosis:—Differs from other species of Boletellus s. str. by 28S, ITS, TEF1 and RPB2 sequence data and the following morphological features: very small to small fruitbodies, a brownish black, brown to dark brown, tomentose pileus, a stipe densely covered with brownish black scales, and smaller basidiospores without obvious transverse striations on the ridges when observed under a light microscope. Holotype:— CHINA. Zhejiang Province: Zhoushan City, Putuo District, Zhujiajian Island, N29°56ʹ05.14′′, E122°24ʹ13.99′′, elev. 33 m, 14 June 2021, Yi Li 3039 (FHMU6907, holotype). GenBank accession numbers: atp6 = ON 155836, 28 S = ON 166664, ITS = ON 166669, TEF1 = ON 155822, RPB 2 = ON 155834. Description:— Basidiomata very small to small. Pileus 1.5–4 cm diam, subhemispherical when young, then convex to applanate; margin decurved when young, then uplifted; surface dry, tomentose, brownish black (4E2) when young, brown (6E6) to dark brown (6E4) with age; context 0.65–0.75 cm thick in the center of the pileus, white (1A1), turning blue quickly when injured. Hymenophore poroid, adnate to slightly depressed around the apex of stipe; pores about 0.5 mm diam, angular, yellow(1A4), turning blue quickly when injured; tubes 0.6–1 cm in length, yellowish (1A2), turning blue quickly when injured. Stipe 2.9–4.5 × 0.6–1.4 cm, central, subcylindrical, solid; surface dry, brownish yellow when young, densely covered with brownish black (4E2) scales, sometimes beaded with brown latex when young at the base of stipe; context yellowish white (2A1), turning blue quickly when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium whitish. Odor indistinct. Basidiospores [160/8/4] (9–)9.5–12 × 5–6 μm, Q = 1.67–2.20 (–2.40), Qm = 1.95 ± 0.17, basidiospores (excluding ornamentation) [160/8/4] 8.5–11(–11.5) × 4–5 (–5.5) μm, Q = (1.64–)1.80–2.44 (–2.63), Qm = 2.11 ± 0.22, yellowish brown in KOH, fusiform, with longitudinal or oblique ridges, continuous or rarely interrupted, 5–7 ridges visible in lateral view, united at the apex when young, then cleft, no obvious transverse striations on the ridges observed under light microscope. Basidia 35–40 × 11–14 μm, clavate, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 μm), 4-spored, hyaline to pale yellow in KOH; sterigmata 3.5–4 μm in length. Cheilocystidia 35–47 × 12.5–16 μm, abundant, fusiform or subfusiform, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 μm), hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia 55–72 × 14–17 μm, subfusiform or fusiform, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 μm), hyaline to pale yellow in KOH. Pileipellis a trichoderm 200–250 μm thick, composed of hyphae 6–12 µm diam, thin-walled, yellowish brown in KOH; terminal cells 20–23 × 7.5–10 μm, subcylindrical or subclavate, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 5–8 μm in diam, slightly thick-walled (up to 1 μm), hyaline to pale yellow in KOH. Stipitipellis a hymeniform layer 600–700 μm thick, composed of slightly thick-walled (up to 1 μm) hyphae, hyaline to pale yellow in KOH, with clavate, subclavate, subfusiform or subcylindrical terminal cells (25–45 × 7–15 μm), and sometimes with clavate, 4-spored basidia. Stipe trama composed of 5–12 μm diam, subcylindrical, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 μm), yellow in KOH, parallel hyphae. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Habitat:—Solitary to gregarious on the ground in mixed forests of Castanopsis ssp. and Pinus massoniana Lamb. Known distribution:—Eastern China (Zhejiang and Jiangxi Provinces) and southern China (Guangdong Province). Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Zhejiang Province: Zhoushan City, Putuo District, Xuanshan Island, N29°42ʹ43.35′′, E122°12ʹ23.61′′, elev. 41 m, 14 October 2021, Yi Li 4536-3 (FHMU6959), Yi Li 4536-4 (FHMU6960); Haiyan County, Baiyunge, N30°22ʹ03.83′′, E120°50ʹ46.59′′, elev. 178 m, 20 August 2021, J. R . Wang s. n. (FHMU6961). Guangdong Province: Shaoguan City, Renhua County, Danxiashan National Nature Reserve, N25°01ʹ44.72′′, E113°45ʹ58.19′′, elev. 350 m, 4 June 2019, N. K . Zeng 4075 (FHMU3261).

Object: To examine the effect of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on kidney status and fibrosis indices of rats with diabetic nephropathy. Methods: 72 male rats were randomly divided into three groups: negative control group (NC, n = 24); diabetic nephropathy model group (DNM, n = 24); and diabetic nephropathy model with APS group (DNM + APS, n = 24). Rats of the DNM and DNM + APS groups were subjected to both unilateral nephrectomy and administered streptozotocin (STZ) injection (65 mg/kg). DNM + APS group rats were administered 50 IU/kg/d APS by subcutaneous injection from the first week after operation until death. The NC and DNM group rats were subcutaneously injected with an identical volume of physiological saline. At weeks 3, 8, and 13 after the operation, 6 rats from each group were randomly sacrificed and blood was collected to measure serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. On the day before sacrifice, the rats were placed in a metabolic cage for 24 h to collect urine. At week 14 after the operation, 6 rats from each group were randomly selected to measure body weight and kidney index. Blood was collected to measure blood glucose. The kidneys were harvested to detect pathological changes by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: Histological assessment of DNM rats suggested damage symptoms as evidenced by hyperplasia of the glomerular mesangial matrix, atrophia of the kidney tubules, and thickening of the basement membrane. In contrast, STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy rats treated with APS (50 IU/kg/d) showed significantly improved histological results, suggesting that APS has beneficial effect on renal tissues in STZ-induced DNM rats. Our results also indicated that APS relieved renal injury and effectively improved body weight in DNM rats. The ratio of kidney weight to body weight was reduced and the early stage of renal function damage was improved after APS treatment. In the later stages of the disease, the 24 h urinary protein significantly decreased. Moreover, APS down-regulated TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression of the kidney. Conclusion: APS significantly improved renal tubular interstitial injury in DNM rats and the early stage of renal function damage. The mechanism may be related to downregulation of the expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA which delays the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis in DNM rats.