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Four previously undescribed highly oxygenated diterpenoids (1–4), zeylleucapenoids A–D, characterized by halimane and labdane skeletons, were isolated from the aerial parts of Leucas zeylanica. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by theoretical ECD calculations and X-ray crystallographic analysis, whereas those for 2−4 were assigned by theoretical ORD calculations. Zeylleucapenoid D (4), with an IC50 value of 38.45 μM in RAW264.7 macrophages and nontoxic activity for zebrafish embryo, and obviously inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 4 inhibited of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, molecular docking analysis indicated the possible mechanism of action for 4 may be bind to targets by hydrogen- and hydrophobic- bond interactions.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of transcripts exceeding 200 nucleotides and lack protein coding potential, have been proved to play important roles in viral infection and host immunity. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is an important pathogen, which causes the silkworm disease and leads to huge challenge to the sericultural industry. At present, researches on the roles of insect lncRNAs in host-virus interaction are relatively few. In this study, we explored the function of lincRNA_XR209691.3 that was significantly up-regulated in silkworm fat body upon BmNPV infection. Firstly, the subcellular localization experiment confirmed that lincRNA_XR209691.3 was present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Enhancing the expression of lincRNA_XR209691.3 in BmN cells could promote the proliferation of BmNPV, while inhibition of lincRNA_XR209691.3 by RNA interference suppress the proliferation of BmNPV. Combining RNA pull-down and mass spectrometry, we identified the host and BmNPV proteins that could interact with lincRNA_XR209691.3. Next, by using truncation experiment and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, it was found that lincRNA_XR209691.3 could bind to the Actin domain of BmHSP70. Subsequently, overexpression of lncRNA_XR209691.3 in BmN cells promoted the expression of BmHSP70, while knockdown of the BmHsp70 suppressed the replication of BmNPV. Based on above results, it is speculated that lincRNA_XR209691.3 could promote the proliferation of BmNPV through interaction with BmHSP70 possibly by improving the stability of BmHSP70 and thereby enhancing the expression of BmHSP70. Our results shed light on the lncRNA function in insect-pathogen interactions and provide a new clue to elucidate the molecular mechanism of BmNPV infection.

One new epimer pair of long-chain polyenes penicilqueis E (

Two new anthraquinone derivatives sapranquinones A and B (

One new lactone derivative helicascolide F (1), one new pyrrolidine derivative talaromydine (2), along with six known compounds (3-8) were isolated from the fungus Talaromyces assiutensis JTY2. The structure of the new compounds 1 and 2 was determined by 1D and 2D NMR as well as by HRESIMS. The inhibitory activity of all compounds against six phytopathogenic fungi and three cancer cell lines was evaluated.

A new N-cis-coumaroyltyramine derivative, fissistyramine (1), along with four known coumaroyltyramine derivatives (2–5), was isolated from the stems of Fissistigma oldhamii (Hemsl.) Merr. The structure of the new compound 1 was determined by 1D and 2D NMR as well as by HR-ESI-MS. The inhibitory effect of all the compounds on the proliferation of primary synovial cells was evaluated. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 exhibited inhibitory activity on synoviocytes, with IC50 values of 12.1, 13.8, and 15.6 μM.

Two new flavanoids fissistiganoids A and B (1 and 2), together with two known pterocarpans derivatives (3 and 4), were isolated from the stems of Fissistigma tungfangense. The structures of these compounds were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of fissistiganoids A and B (1 and 2) were determined by comparing their ECD spectra with quantum-mechanics ECD calculations. The inhibitory activities of all compounds against three cancer cell lines HeLa, MCF-7 and A549 were evaluated. Compounds 1–4 showed moderate inhibitory effects on HeLa, MCF-7 and A549 cells with IC50 values ranging from 12.5 to 42.3 μM.

Banana flowers are consumed as a vegetable and traditionally used for managing several health problems including joint pain, a symptom of bone loss. Osteoclasts are key effector cells responsible for bone loss. Some flavonoids in banana flowers, such as quercetin and quercitrin, have been shown to be able to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Whether banana flowers can inhibit osteoclast formation is unknown. In this study, we prepared the ethyl acetate fraction (FFE-EA) of an ethanolic extract of fresh flowers of Musa nana. Using UPLC-MS/MS analyses, 76 polyphenols were identified in FFE-EA. In RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, FFE-EA inhibited osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption. Mechanistic studies revealed that FFE-EA suppressed NF-κB and MAPK pathways, and lowered mRNA levels of osteoclast formation/function-related genes. These findings suggest that flowers of M. nana could be a source for formulating functional food that benefits bone health.

Two new naphthalene-chroman coupling derivatives, cladonaphchroms A (1) and B (2), along with four known compounds (3-6) were obtained from EtOAc extract of the mangrove-derived fungus Cladosporium sp. JJM22. Their structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit antibacterial or antifungal activities.

Two new phenanthrene derivatives, 2,3,7-trihydroxy-5H-phenanthro[4,5-bcd] pyran (1) and 2,3-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-5H-phenanthro[4,5-bcd] pyran (2) together with four known phenanthrenes derivatives (3–6) were isolated from the aerial parts of Pholidota chinensis Lindl. The structure of the new compounds 1 and 2 was determined by 1D and 2D NMR, as well as HRESIMS. The inhibitory activities of all compounds against four cancer cell lines were evaluated. Compounds 1 and 3 showed the highest cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell lines (IC50 = 8.1 and 7.5 μM). The other compounds showed modest activities or were inactive.

Two new cephalochromin derivatives, prenylcephalochromin A (1), prenylcephalochromin B (2), along with cephalochromin (3) were isolated from the Alternaria sp. ZG22 obtained from a Dasymaschalon rostratum collected from the Hainan. The structures of two new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-3 showed ��-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Four rare isotachin-derived, isotachins E-H (1-4), together with two known biogenetically related isotachin derivatives (5 and 6) were isolated from the solid rice fermentation of a fungus Penicillium tanzanicum ZY-5 obtained from a medicinal plant Dasymaschalon rostratum collected from the Changjiang County, Hainan Province, China. Their structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction of compound 5 was determined. Compounds 1-4 have a trans-3-(methylthio)-acrylic acid fragment, which are rare in nature. The inhibitory activities of all compounds against the nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro were evaluated.

Two new 2-arylbenzofurans derivatives sesbcanfuran A and B (1 and 2) together with six known 2-arylbenzofurans derivatives (3–8) were isolated from the stems of Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Poir. The structures of these compounds were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory activities of all compounds against three cancer cell lines were evaluated. Compound 2 showed the highest cytotoxicity against the MCF-2 (IC50 = 1.5 μM) and A549 (IC50 = 4.8 μM) cell lines. The other compounds showed modest activities or were inactive.

Two new sesquiterpenes, litseachrandaevanes C and D (

Nine secondary metabolites(S)-5-hydroxy-4-methylchroman-2-one(1), 4-methoxynaphthalene-1,5-diol(2), 8-methoxynaphthalene-1,7-diol(3), 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene(4),(2R,4S)-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-benzopyran-4,5-diol(5),(2R,4R)-3,4-dihydro-4-methoxy-2-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-5-ol(6), 7-O-α-D-ribosyl-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-chromen-4-one(7),(R)-3-methoxyl-1-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)-butan-1-one(8) and helicascolide A(9) were isolated from endophytic fungus Cladosporium sp. JJM22 by using column chromatographies of silica gel and ODS, and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were analyzed on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical data, especially NMR and MS. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities by examining the inhibitory activities on nitric oxide(NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Compounds 2-4 showed inhibitory activities.

A new chromene derivative, alternapyran (1), along with three known compounds (2–4), was isolated from the Alternaria sp. ZG22 obtained from a Dasymaschalon rostratum collected from the Hainan. The structure of the new compound 1 was elucidated by NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Compounds 2 and 3 showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against four terrestrial pathogenic bacteria.

A new triterpenoid glucoside, leuctriterpencoside (1), along with two known compounds (2–3) were isolated from Leucas zeylanica. The structure of the new compound was elucidated using comprehensive...

Five undescribed triene derivatives, pinophols B-F (2-6), together with one known compound, pinophol A (1), were obtained from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium herquei JX4. The structures of compounds 1-6 were elucidated using IR, HR-ESI-MS, and NMR methods. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-6 were confirmed by comparing their experimental or calculated ECD spectra. Pinophols C and D (3 and 4) showed inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production.

Purpose: It is revealed that Xiaoyaosan could reduce glutamate level in the hippocampus of depressed rats, whose metabolism leads to the pathophysiology of depression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of Xiaoyaosan on glutamate metabolism, and how to regulate the excitatory injury caused by glutamate.Methods: Rats were induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress, then divided into control, vehicle (distilled water), Xiaoyaosan, fluoxetine, vehicle (DMSO), Xiaoyaosan + Ly294002 and Ly294002 groups. Ly294002 was microinjected into the lateral ventricular catheterization at 5 mM. Xiaoyaosan (2.224 g/kg) and fluoxetine (2.0 mg/kg) were orally administered for three weeks. The open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT) were used to assess depressive behavior. The glutamate and corticosterone (CORT) levels were detected by ELISA. Western blot, immunochemistry or immunofluorescence were used to detect the expressions of NR2B, MAP2, PI3K and P-AKT/Akt in the hippocampal CA1 region. The mRNA level of MAP2, NR2B and PI3K were detected by RT-qPCR.Results: Compared to the rats in control group, body weight and food intake of CUMS rats was decreased. CUMS rats also showed depression-like behavior as well as down regulate the NR2B and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Xiaoyaosan treatments could increase food intake and body weight as well as improved time spent in the central area, total distance traveled in the OFT. Xiaoyaosan could also decrease the immobility time as well as increase the sucrose preference in SPT. Moreover, xiaoyaosan decreased the level of glutamate in the hippocampal CA1 region and serum CORT in CUMS rats. Furthermore, xiaoyaosan improved the expression of MAP2 as well as increased the expression of NR2B, PI3K and the P-AKT/AKT ratio in the hippocampal CA1 region in the CUMS rats.Conclusion: Xiaoyaosan treatment can exert the antidepressant effect by rescuing hippocampal neurons loss induced by the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in CUMS rats. The underlying pathway maybe through NR2B and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. These results may suggest the potential of Xiaoyaosan in preventing the development of depression.

One new lactone derivative helicascolide F (

Two new flavanoids fissistiganoids A and B (

Two new sesquiterpenes, litseachrandaevanes C and D (1 and 2), together with five known sesquiterpenes (3 − 7), were isolated from the stems of Fissistigma glaucescens (Hance) Merr. Their structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory effect of all compounds on the proliferation of primary synovial cells was evaluated. Compound 3 showed inhibitory effect on the proliferation of synoviocytes, with an IC50 value of 12.5 μM.

In classical recurrent neural networks, the pre- and post-relationships of time series tend to be neglected so that long-term overall memory is generally inaccessible; meanwhile, the weights are transferred and updated mainly by the gradient descent method, which leads to their low prediction accuracy and high computation cost in the application of residual useful life (RUL) prediction of rotating machinery (RM). In view of this, a quantum gene chain coding bidirectional neural network (QGCCBNN) is proposed to predict RUL of RM in this paper. In our proposed QGCCBNN, the quantum bidirectional transmission mechanism is designed to establish the pre- and post-relationships of time series for readjusting the weight parameters according to the feedback from the output layer, so that higher consistency between the input information and the overall memory of the network can be realized, thus endowing QGCCBNN with better nonlinear approximation ability. Moreover, in order to improve the global optimization ability and convergence speed, the quantum gene chain coding instead of gradient descent method is constructed to transmit and update data, in which the qubit probability amplitude real number coding is adopted and the cosine and sinusoidal qubit probability amplitudes corresponding to the minimum loss function are compared with those of the current time by the phase selection matrix for the directional parallel updating of the weight parameters. On this basis, a new RUL prediction method for RM is proposed, and higher prediction accuracy as well as desirable efficiency can be obtained due to the advantages of QGCCBNN in nonlinear approximation ability and convergence speed. The experimental example for RUL prediction of a double-row roller bearing demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed method.

The present work was launched to study the chemical constituents from fermented Noni juice. Ten compounds were isolated by using silicagel,Sephadex LH-20 and pre-HPLC. The structures of these compounds were identified by 1D and 2D NMR. Their structures were established as norimester( 1),cyclo( R-Pro-S-Phe)( 2),cyclo-( L-Pro-L-Leu)( 3),trans-cyclo-( D-tryptophanyl-Ltyrosyl)( 4),cyclo( L-Trp-N-methyl-L-Ala-)( 5),4-allyl-2-hydroxyphenyl 1-O-β-D-apiosyl-( 1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside( 6),2-methoxy-4-vinylphenyl β-D-apiofuranosyl-( 1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside( 7),( +)-lirioresinol A( 8),( ±)-syringaresinol( 9),and2-formyl-1 H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid( 10). All compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compound 1 was a new compound. All compounds were isolated from fermented Noni juice for the first time. Compound 1 showed significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase [IC50 value of( 4. 22±0. 03) μmol·L-1].

This study assesses the chemical characteristics of As in aerosol PM

Samples of particulate matter from coal-fired boilers of different tons were collected in Lanzhou city, and the water-soluble inorganic ions, carbonaceous species, water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The results showed that SO

Scuteformoids A-J, ten previously undescribed neo- clerodane diterpenoids along with one known analogue, were isolated from petroleum ether soluable fraction of the whole plants of Scutellaria formosana . The differences among these compounds are the substituents and stereochemistry at C-13. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR experiments, and the absolute configurations of Scuteformoids A, C, E, F, and I were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Scuteformoids A, C, D, F, H, and I were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against HIV lytic replication and cytotoxic activities. All of them showed weak anti-HIV activities, with EC 50 values ranging from 48.24 to 79.17 μg/mL.

Two novel aporphine-derived alkaloids, aporaloids A and B (1 and 2), together with eight known biogenetically related alkaloids (3−10), two known isoquinoline alkaloids (3 and 4), and six known aporphinoid alkaloids (5–10) were isolated from the stems of Fissistigma glaucescens. Their structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 2 represent the rare example of a six-membered lactone ring aporphine-derived alkaloids from natural products. The inhibitory activities of all compounds against four cancer cell lines were evaluated. Aporaloids A and B (1 and 2) showed broad spectrum cytotoxic activities.

Four new alkaloids, nonialkaloids A–D (1–4) and six known analogues (5–10) were isolated from the noni juice. Among the new compounds, 1 and 2 are indole alkaloids with a seven-membered fused N-heterocyclic ring, 3 and 4 are quaternary ammonium derivatives. The structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS analysis, while the absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons were established based on quantum-chemical electronic circular dichroism calculations or the modified Mosher's method. All the isolates were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Compounds 1 and 3 displayed potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with the IC50 values of 413.7 and 364.4 μM, respectively.

The phytochemical investigation of the stems of Fissistigma maclurei Merr. led to the isolation of a new eudesmane-type sesquiterpene 6α,12-dihydroxy-4(15)-eudesmen- 1-one (1), together with seven known eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes (2–8) and four known aporphine-type alkaloids (9–12). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. All compounds were isolated from the F. maclurei for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolates was also discussed.

A syndrome (Zheng in Chinese) plays a critical role in disease identification, diagnosis, and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Clinically, the liver Qi stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome (LQSSDS) is one of the most common syndrome patterns. Over the past few decades, several animal models have been developed to understand the potential mechanisms of LQSSDS, but until now, simulation of the syndrome is still unclear. Recently, several studies have confirmed that an animal model combining a disease and a syndrome is appropriate for simulating TCM syndromes. Overlapping previous studies have reported that depression is highly associated with LQSSDS; hence, we attempted to develop a rat model combining depression and LQSSDS. We exposed the rats to different durations of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Subsequently, the evaluation indicators at macrolevel consisted of behavioral tests including open field test, sucrose preference test, and forced swim test, food intake, body weight, white adipose tissue, fecal water content, visceral hypersensitivity, and small bowel transit, and the evaluation indicators at microlevel included changes of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Serum D-xylose absorption was used to comprehensively confirm and assess whether the model was successful during the CUMS-induced process. The results showed that rats exposed to 6-week CUMS procedure exhibited significantly similar traits to the phenotypes of LQSSDS and depression. This study provided a new rat model for the LQSSDS and could potentially lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of LQSSDS and the development of new drugs for this syndrome.

Two new polyketides, 8-O-methylnodulisporin F (1) and nodulisporin H (2), two new naphthoquinones, 5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-6,7-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3) and 5-hydroxy-2-methoxynaphtho[9–c]furan-1,4-dione (4), and a new naphthofuran 1,3,8-trimethoxynaphtho[9–c]furan (5), along with five known compounds 4-O-methyl eleutherol (6), 2-acetyl-7-methoxybenzofuran (7), (-)-orthosporin (8), diaporthin (9), and 6-hydroxymellein (10), were obtained from the EtOAc extract of the mangrove-derived fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii HJ004. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS analyses, while the absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons were established based on experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. Compounds 4 and 7 displayed a potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with the IC50 values of 5.7 and 1.1 μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 showed a moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Bacillus cereus, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 μg/mL. Compound 3 exhibited antibacterial activity against B. cereus with the MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL.

A novel cyclopentenone derivative, talarocyclopenta A (1), a new phenolicethers derivative, talarocyclopenta B (2) and a new itaconic acid derivative, talarocyclopenta C (3) together with four known itaconic acid derivatives (4-7) were isolated from the Talaromyces assiutensis JTY2. Their structures were elucidated by the detailed analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data. Among them, talarocyclopent (1) is the first represent an unusual type of cyclopentenone derivative, possessing a cyclopentenone unit, a 2-butanone unit and a 3-hydroxybutyric acid unit. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Compounds 1-4 showed inhibitory activities against the nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Compound 2 showed broad spectrum antibacterial against six terrestrial pathogenic bacteria.