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The detrimental effects of climate change require countries and regions to use green and low-carbon strategies as the basis for economic development. Agriculture and livestock industry have become among the main industries that emit greenhouse gases. Yongchang County is suitable for the development of large-scale livestock operations due to its unique geographical advantages. However, the potential effects of the carbon dioxide emissions and the environmental impact potential of various farming and animal husbandry farming models on human well-being need to be considered. The purpose of this paper is to use life cycle assessment (LCA) to comprehensively assess the carbon emissions and environmental impact of circular agriculture and livestock industry and to provide important decision support for the establishment of a low-carbon circular agriculture and animal husbandry model. It uses a 75 kg dairy sheep as a functional unit to combine a noncircular farming model (S1) and a circular farming model (S2). The degree of carbon emissions, environmental impact potential and human well-being environmental effects are compared. The results show that the carbon dioxide emission of S1 is 891.3 kg, while the emission of S2 is 647.3 kg, and the difference between the two is 244 kg. S2 has a lower global warming potential than the S1 model; hence, the S2 model, which uses biogas for power, has lower carbon emission than the S1 model. From the perspective of human well-being and environmental benefits, the S2 model of biogas power generation is a low carbon emission and high-benefit model. The biogas power generation model lays the foundation for the realization of the “peak carbon dioxide emissions” and “carbon neutralization” goal, strengthens ecological protection on the north side of the Qilian Mountains and improves human well-being in the region.

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process is susceptible to the changed operation condition, which results in an unstable treatment performance. In this work, long-term effect of coagulants addition, aluminum salt for the reactor R

Global change, population growth, and urbanization have been exerting a severe influence on the environment, including the social system and ecosystem. To find solutions based on nature, clarifying the complicated mechanisms and feedback among land use/land cover changes, ecosystem services, and human well-being, is increasingly crucial. However, the in-depth linkages among these three elements have not been clearly and systematically illustrated, present research paths have not been summarized well, and the future research trends on this topic have not been reasonably discussed. In this sense, the purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into how land use/land cover changes, ecosystem services, and human well-being are linked, as well as their relationships, interacting ways, applications in solving ecological and socioeconomic problems, and to reveal their future research trends. Here, we use a systematic literature review of the peer-reviewed literature to conclude the state of the art and the progress, emphasize the hotspot, and reveal the future trend of the nexus among the three aspects. Results show that (1) ecosystem services are generally altered by the changes in land use type, spatial pattern, and intensity; (2) the nexus among land use change, ecosystem services, and human well-being is usually used for supporting poverty alleviation, ecosystem health, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development; (3) future research on land use/land cover changes, ecosystem services, and human well-being should mainly focus on strengthening multiscale correlation, driving force analysis, the correlation among different group characteristics, land use types and ecosystem service preferences, and the impact of climate change on ecosystem services and human well-being. This study provides an enhanced understanding of the nexus among the three aspects and a reference for future studies to mitigate the relevant problems.

The requirement of carbon emission reduction promotes the continuous implementation and development of low carbon emission mode in typical high-carbon industry aquaculture, especially in the resourceful treatment of terminal waste. However, the previous studies usually focus on a single process or chain, the difference between the long-chain (LC) and automated integration (AI) in the overall environmental impact needs to be quantified and standardised. This paper intends to make a comparative study on two waste treatment biogas projects of aquaculture, a typical industry with high resource consumption and pollution emission in industry and agriculture, and a typical production mode case of aquaculture. The life cycle assessment method is adopted to analyse the environmental impact intensity, identify key link materials, and put forward targeted improvement and optimization schemes. The study found the LC system's comprehensive environmental impact (CEI) is smaller, which is 59.73% less than the AI system. Biogas slurry returning to the field can effectively avoid inorganic fertilizer input. The pretreatment and storage of feces are the key stages. The key substances are NH

In this paper, an adaptive event triggered tracking control problem is investigated for a class of servo mechanisms based on the prescribed performance control scheme. In order to make the tracking error meet the prescribed performance, a novel error transformation function is introduced and modified to design the adaptive controller, which is differentiable and helps to reduce the procedure of finding the inverse function. Based on an event driven observer and the neural network approximation method, an event triggered controller and a dynamic event triggering condition are proposed, which can reduce the communication frequency. Finally, simulations results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Accurate understanding of the relationship between urban land morphology and the concentration of PM

In this paper, an adaptive multiple-model fault tolerant control problem is investigated based on a pre-compensator method. Firstly, the faulty system model is established using multiple models. To overcome the difficulty introduced by the coupling of unknown parameters in the control matrix and adaptive parameters, the pre-compensator method is introduced to design the adaptive controller. The principal contributions of the paper is that the proposed method can reduce the design complexity of existing methods. Moreover, the proposed method is extended to the design of output feedback controllers. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by the simulation results.

Based on Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, this paper analyzes the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHGs), NOx, SOx and PM emissions during material production and battery production processes of nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH), lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP), lithium cobalt dioxide battery (LCO) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery, assuming that the batteries have same energy capacity. The results showed that environmental performance of LFP battery was better than the other three, and that of NiMH battery was the worst. The experimental results also showed the total energy consumption of LFP battery was 2.8 times of NiMH battery and GHGs emission was 3.2 times during material production, and the total energy consumption was 7.6 times of NIMH battery and GHGs emission was 6.6 times during battery production

Finding effective ways to control eutrophication issue and achieve phosphate recycling remains a long-term challenge. Here, a composite membrane with dual functions of adsorption and filtration was proposed to remove phosphorus from diluted wastewaters. Firstly, a new adsorption material, lanthanum oxide-doped carbon material (La/C), was synthesized to selectively remove phosphorus ions from aqueous solution. Batch-experiment results revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity of La/C reached 48.8 mg-P/g at pH 7.0 with simulated phosphorus solution, which was superior to that of La compounds without C doping (37.4 mg-P/g). Combining with a serial of characterizations, ligand exchange involved multilayer adsorption was the main mechanism for the phosphorus removal. With a moderate doping amount of La/C into casting solution, the composite porous membrane was fabricated and applied to remove the particles and phosphorus from the diluted wastewaters such as secondary effluent and surface waters. Carbon component in La/C material was found to be beneficial for the pores development and hydrophilicity improvement of membrane, which resulted in a higher water flux and better anti-fouling performance. This work may provide the valuable information for the feasible application of phosphorus adsorption material and enlighten the technical development for the low phosphorus polluted wastewater remediation.

Based on producing and manufacturing process of key components, a light-duty battery electric passenger vehicle was selected as a research object, and the energy consumption and environmental emissions from raw materials production, electric vehicle manufacture and operation process in depth were analyzed. The results showed that, the energy consumption for the whole life cycle of EV was 438GJ. The production and operation process of EV accounted for 18.5% and 81.5%, respectively. The GHGs (including CO2, CH4and N2O) emission was 39.3tCO2-eq. The production and operation processed of EV account for 17% and 83%, respectively. Five kinds of other gases emissions from the production and operation process of EV were as follows: 305kg SOx, 206kg NOx, 133kg PM, 69.3kg CO, and 14.6kg NMVOCs. The production and manufacture of key parts and components account for the largest share of the total energy consumption and environmental emissions. Battery system is in the next place, while motor system is least.

Based on theoretical analysis and comparison, it is sure that urban rainwater collection and reuse have no negative effect on urban water circulation and downstream eco-environment. It is shown from the results that rainwater collection and reuse would not reduce volume of rainwater infiltration. It also could control runoff pollution and reduce the flood peak of downstream river in flood season. Thus, rainwater harvesting was an effective approach to improve the eco-environment of downstream river. It could be concluded that the technique could be applied to different areas to improve local conditions.

The improved model for double layer snowpack melting was put forward to overcome the disadvantages of the DG (Degree-Day) model which had simple principle and neglected the relevant factors which could be important to the simulation of snowmelt runoff. The surface snowpack model, improved top layer snowpack model and model parameters calculation were studied. The structure and calculation method were put forward to improve double layer snowpack runoff model. Finally, taking the Lancangjiang River as an example, the snowmelt runoff was calculated by the improved SWAT model. Through comparison, it revealed that between two models that the simulation results of the improved double layer snow melting model was obviously better than that of the DG model in evapo-transpiration loss, the distinguish among cover layer, snowfall, rainfall and snowpack water equivalent calculation, and melting snowpack refrozen as well as adaption condition.

The Tian Shan of Central Asia is located in the southwestern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB, also known as the Central Asian Orogenic System or CAOS). Formation of the South Tian Shan Orogen is a diachronous, scissors-like process during the Paleozoic and its western segment in China–Kyrgyzstan contiguous regions is accepted as the site of the final collision zone between the Tarim craton to the south and the Kazakhstan–Yili terrane to the north in the Late Paleozoic. However, when the final collision occurred is still in hot debate. Particularly, an end-Permian to Triassic collisional model is recently proposed for the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen. This even leads to the speculation that the complicated accretion–collision processes in the Northern Xinjiang of western China, which involved the terrane amalgamation in the East and West Junggar and the collision between the Altai and Kazakhstan terranes and between the Yili–Central Tian Shan and Junggar terranes, were finally terminated during the end-Permian to mid-Triassic, rather than the Late Paleozoic as usually accepted. Obviously, the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen also presents the key issue associated with the termination time of accretion–collision processes in the Northern Xinjiang. A collisional model that is derived from the knowledge of the Himalayan Orogen is helpful for establishing a sequence of major tectonothermal events in the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen and constraining the time of collision between the Tarim craton and the Kazakhstan–Yili terrane. For the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen, the end-Permian to Triassic collisional model is mainly based on Triassic zircon U–Pb ages of 234 to 226 Ma from the West Tian Shan eclogite and two suspected Late Permian radiolarian specimens Albaillella excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto (?) from the Baleigong ophiolitic melange. Actually, the poor preservation of the two radiolarian specimens and the lack of a ventral wing make their identifications difficult. Furthermore, the Baleigong ophiolitic melange was intruded by one granite pluton with a zircon age of 273 Ma, and this provides geological evidence against the reliability of the Late Permian radiolarian specimens. Because the Triassic zircons contain no index mineral inclusions such as omphacite and coesite grown under high to ultrahigh pressure conditions, it is difficult to link their ages to high to ultrahigh pressure peak metamorphism. In addition, this model is not compatible with extensive Permian plutonism and molasse sedimentation and Triassic to Jurassic tectonomagmatic quiescence and continental deposits in the collisional zone and adjacent tectonic units. In contrast, new U–Pb ages of the zircon domains containing omphacite and phengite inclusions and Sm–Nd and rutile U–Pb ages of eclogite samples from the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen consistently indicate that high pressure peak metamorphism of subducted oceanic material occurred at ~ 319 Ma (the end of the Early Carboniferous). This and the youngest Early Carboniferous radiolarian and conodonts fossils from ophiolitic melanges show that the collision must have taken place after the Early Carboniferous, whereas the oldest stitching granitic plutons in the collisional zone place an upper-age bound of ~ 300 Ma (the end of the Late Carboniferous) for the collision. These specify that the final collision in the western segment of the South Tian Shan took place in the Late Carboniferous rather than the end-Permian to Triassic. Noticeably, syn-collisional granitoids are rare, but Permian post-collisional plutonism and molasse sedimentation are widespread in the western segment of the South Tian Shan and adjacent tectonic units, and the oldest post-collisional plutons were nearly concurrent with low pressure, high temperature metamorphism in the south edge of the Kazakhstan–Yili terrane. All these suggest a significant geodynamic change at ~ 300 Ma, which may be caused by delamination of the thickened lithospheric root and asthenospheric upwelling. Such a process might have provided heat for low pressure, high temperature metamorphism and triggered partial melting of the lower crust and underlying lithosphere in the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen and adjacent tectonic units. The Late Carboniferous collisional model is also compatible with the Triassic to Jurassic tectonomagmatic quiescence and continental deposits in the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen and adjacent tectonic units. For the South Tian Shan Orogen, the final collision in the western segment occurred in the Late Carboniferous, significantly younger than that in the eastern segment. In the Northern Xinjiang, the Late Carboniferous collision in the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen was nearly simultaneous with the final collision in the North Tian Shan collisional zone between the Yili–Central Tian Shan and Junggar terranes and in the Irtysh–Zaysan collisional zone between the Altai and Kazakhstan terranes, and these collisional events postdated the terrane amalgamation in the East and West Junggar. Therefore, the accretion–collision processes in the Northern Xinjiang were finally terminated during the Late Carboniferous rather than the end-Permian to mid-Triassic.

In Tuoyun area of southwestern Tianshan, mantle and lower crust xenoliths are present in the volcanic rocks with ages of 101–123 Ma. Mantle xenoliths include mineral megacrysts such as kaersutite and pargasite, feldspar, biotite, and rare pyroxene and rock fragments such as perodotite, pyroxenite, amphibolite, and rare glimmerite. Lower crust xeno-liths are mainly banded and massive granulite. The volcanic rocks were produced by within-plate magmatism. Occurrence of hydrous and volatile mineral megacrysts, amphibolite, and some pyroxenite containing hydrous and volatile minerals indicates that mantle metasomatism was intense. Undoubtedly, this discovery is very important to understanding of the crust-mantle structure and geodynamic background in depth in southwestern Tianshan and geological correlation with adjacent regions.

On the basis of the national survey of the urban sewage treatment, the survey of 2007 national urban sewage reuse was conducted under the charge of the Ministry of Water Resources. The survey results indicated that the amount of urban sewage reuse was 17.9 x 10(8) m3 x a(-1), mainly used for industry, landscape, agriculture forestry, animal husbandry, urban non-potable water, and groundwater recharge. The urban sewage reuse rate was 5.23%. There were 127 sewage reclaiming plants in China, of which the production capacity of reclaimed water reached 347.75 x 10(4) m3 x d(-1), which produced 5.74 x 10(8) m3 reclaimed water in 2007. The total investment of sewage reclaiming plants was 56.44 x 10(8) Yuan, in which the central government investment, local fiscal investment and other investments accounted for 16%, 26% and 58%, respectively. The reclaimed water price varied greatly with the purposes or areas.

Anisodamine is widely used in therapy for treating acute glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy because it can improve renal microcirculation. We performed a study to evaluate the preventive effects of anisodamine against contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in type 2 diabetics with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty.A total of 260 patients with type 2 diabetes and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 60 ml(-1)×min(-1)×1.73 m(-2) or less, who were undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty, were randomly assigned to receive an infusion of either sodium chloride (control group, n = 128) or anisodamine (treatment group, n = 132). Patients in the treatment group received an infusion of anisodamine at a rate of 0.2 µg×kg(-1)×min(-1) from 12 hours before to 12 hours after coronary angiography or angioplasty, while patients in the control group received an infusion of sodium chloride with the same volume as the treatment group. All patients received intravenous sodium chloride hydration. CIN was defined as a 25% increase in serum creatinine from baseline or an absolute increase of0.5 mg/dl within three days after contrast exposure. The primary end point was the incidence of CIN. The secondary end point was a 25% or greater reduction in eGFR.There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to age, gender, risk factors, laboratory results, medications and interventions. The incidence of CIN was 9.8% (13/132) in the treatment group and 20.3% (26/128) in the control group (P0.05). The secondary end point was 6.0% (8/132) in the treatment group and 16.4% (21/128) in the control group (P0.05).These results indicate the preventive effects of anisodamine against CIN in type 2 diabetics with renal insufficiency who are undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty.

Early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following thrombolysis may be beneficial in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who were admitted at a non-PCI hospital. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the radial artery as a vascular route for early PCI following thrombolysis in patients with STEMI.All consecutive STEMI patients within 12 hours after thrombolysis were enrolled, and eligible patients were randomly assigned to either transfemoral (TFI group) or transradial catheterization (TRI group). Several time intervals were measured. The puncture success rate and ambulation time were assessed. The vascular access-site complications were also assessed after the PCI procedure, and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in hospital was observed.A total of 119 cases were enrolled, with 60 in the TRI group and 59 in the TFI group. There were no significant differences in transfer time and total procedure time. The puncture time in the TRI group was not significantly different compared to the TFI group. The time between PCI and ambulation in the TRI group was shorter than in the TFI group. There was a trend toward lower in the incidence of bleeding complications and vascular complications in the TRI group.TRI for STEMI patients following intravenous thrombolysis was as safe and feasible as TFI, with a trend toward lower incidence of bleeding complications and vascular complications.

Previous studies have proved the renal protective effects of anisodamine in patients with septic shock. The aim of this study was to investigate anisodamine for the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Consecutive ACS patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: patients in the anisodamine group (ANI group) were assigned to receive intravenous infusions of anisodamine by an adjusted-dose (0.1 - 0.2 µg × kg(-1)× min(-1)) from the PCI procedure to 24 hours after PCI, and the control group (CON group) received 0.9% isotonic saline of the same volume. All patients were hydrated for 6 to 12 hours before and 12 hours after PCI. Blood samples were taken on the day of PCI and at 24, 48 and 72 hours after PCI to measure the serum creatinine (SCr).A total of 177 patients were involved in the study, 88 in the ANI group and 89 in the CON group. In both groups, the SCr concentrations significantly increased after PCI, with the peak value occurring at 48 hours. At 72 hours, the SCr concentration in the ANI group retuned to the baseline level (P0.05), but the SCr concentration in CON group was still higher than baseline level (P0.01). The SCr concentrations at 48 and 72 hours after PCI were much lower in the ANI group than those in the CON group (both P0.01). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) significantly decreased after PCI, the lowest value occurred at 48 hours. In the ANI group, the eGFR at 72 hours was similar to the baseline level. In the CON group, the eGFR failed to return to baseline at 72 hours (P0.01). The eGFR at 24, 48 and 72 hours after PCI were higher in the ANI group (all P0.05). The incidence of CIN in the ANI group was lower than that in the CON group within 72 hours after PCI (P0.05). The results of multiple Logistic regression proved that both diabetes and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were independent predictors of CIN, and treatment with anisodamine was an independent preventive factor of CIN (OR 0.369 and 95%CI 0.171 to 0.794, P = 0.011). No serious side effects were found in the ANI group.Intravenous infusion of anisodamine during and after elective PCI may safely prevent the occurrence of CIN in ACS patients.

Based on the national survey of the urban sewage treatment, we conducted the survey of 2007 national urban sewage reuse under the charge of the Ministry of Water Resources. The urban sewage reuse data were collected. The survey results indicate that the total amount of urban sewage reuse was 17.9 × 108 m3/a, mainly for industrial, landscape, agriculture forestry, animal husbandry, urban non-potable water, and groundwater recharge. The urban sewage reuse rate was 5.23%. There were 127 sewage reclaiming plants in China, the production capacity of reclaimed water reached 347.75* 104 m3/d, and produced 5.74 × 108 m3 reclaimed water in 2007. The total investment of sewage reclaiming plants was 56.44×108 Yuan. The central government investment, local fiscal investment and other investments accounted for 16%, 26% and 58% respectively. The reclaimed water price varied greatly with the purposes or areas.

In view of the characters of hydrologic and meteorological situation in the cold mountain areas, the paper dispersed the watershed into the minimum grids. Through analysis on the different effect of solar shortwave radiation flux on ground surfaces at the same elevation grid, the redistribution of surface cold and heat source due to topography variation and snowmelt runoff were studied. Then, topography trend factor was considered as an important input data to add into the model structure. Finally, the snowmelt Xinanjiang model and SCS confluence model were used for every grid to establish the distributed hydrological model for the entire watershed. The model was used in Mudanjiang watershed of Heilongjiang Province to show desirable runoff simulation results.

To investigate the distributive path and proliferative rule of marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the rat transplanted via caudal vein from male rat to female rats model of chronic aristolochic acid nephropathy (CAAN).Cells taken from femoral bone marrow of male Wistar rats were made into single cell suspension, cultured, purified and identified as MSCs. MSCs were transplanted via caudal vein into 50 female Wistar CAAN model rats allocated in the test group, they were killed, 10 rats in a batch, at various time points (6 h, 48 h, 10 d, 30 d and 60 d after transplantation). Besides, 10 rats allocated in the control group were killed on the 30th day after received sham-transplantation. Kidney tissue of all rats was taken for detecting cells originated from the donors by fluorescence in situ hybridization test with FAM-labeled sex determining region of Y chromosome (SRY FISH) probe, and their number in SRY was counted using SRY PCR.MSCs were mainly distributed in the glomerular capillaries at the time points of 6 h and 48 h, but the number of MSCs in glomerular capillaries decreased and those in renal mesenchyma increased at the time points from 10 d to 60 d gradually, then tended to a steady state, meanwhile it showed a stable increasing trend in renal tubule. Cell colony of MSCs could be found in mesenchyma with a slowed down increasing between 30 d to 60 d, but the increasing in tubule was still steady.MSCs originated from the donor can enter the kidney of acceptor and distribute from blood capillary to renal mesenchyma and tubule, and they can long time inhabit there and make propagation.

To determine whether insulin resistance (IR) was associated with essential hypertension (EH) in YI nationality living in Liangshan, Sichuang Province.A case-control study consisting of 113 YI hypertensives as cases and 156 YI normotensives as controls were conducted to investigate the level of fasting glucose (FG) and fasting insulin (FINS), and insulin resistance index was used as the indicator of IR.It was found that impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and IR were associated with EH significantly among YI migrants, and OR (95% CI) were 3.98 (2.14 approximately 7.42, P0.001) and 2.55 (1.35 approximately 4.83, P = 0.004) respectively. Being stratified by sex, both IFG and IR were associated with EH significantly among YI male migrant, and OR were 4.31 (2.01 approximately 9.24, P0.001) and 3.14 (1.45 approximately 6.82, P = 0.003) respectively; but only IFG was associated with EH significantly among YI female migrant and OR was 3.46 (1.17 approximately 10.22, P = 0.022). Among YI farmers, both IFG and IR were not associated with EH significantly. The non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that IR was associated significantly with EH among YI migrants. This was not as same as observed in YI farmers.It is likely that IR is the risk factor of EH among YI migrants in our study. However, the association between IR and EH among YI farmers needs some further studies.

To find new peroxisome proliferator-activated y agonists with high activity and low toxicity.Based on JTT-501 and JTT-20993, new isoxazolidine-3,5-dione and noncyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds were designed and synthesized. Their insulin-sensitizing activities were evaluated.Eight new compounds were obtained. The structures of synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR, MS and IR. Four compounds (1A-4A) showed insulin-sensitizing activities.Compounds (1A and 3A) showed excellent insulin-sensitizing activities and should be worth further investigation.