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Cell wall is the first physical barrier to aluminum (Al) toxicity. Modification of cell wall properties to change its binding capacity to Al is one of the major strategies for plant Al resistance, nevertheless, how it is regulated in rice remains largely unknown. In this study, we showed that exogenous application of putrescines (Put) could significantly restore the Al resistance of art1, a rice mutant lacking the central regulator Al RESISTANCE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 (ART1), and reduce its Al accumulation particularly in the cell wall of root tips. Based on RNA-sequencing, yeast-one-hybrid and EMSA assays, we identified an R2R3 MYB transcription factor OsMYB30 as the novel target in both ART1-dependent and Put-promoted Al resistance. Furthermore, transient dual-luciferase assay showed that ART1 directly inhibited the expression of OsMYB30, and in turn repressed Os4CL5-dependent 4-coumaric acid (PA) accumulation, hence reducing the Al-binding capacity of cell wall and enhancing Al resistance. Additionally, Put repressed OsMYB30 expression by eliminating Al-induced H

Groundwater potential mapping is an important prerequisite for evaluating the exploitation, utilization, and recharge of groundwater. The study uses BFT (best-first decision tree classifier), CART (classification and regression tree), FT (functional trees), EBF (evidential belief function) benchmark models, and RF-BFTree, RF-CART, and RF-FT ensemble models to map the groundwater potential of Wuqi County, China. Firstly, select sixteen groundwater spring-related variables, such as altitude, plan curvature, profile curvature, curvature, slope angle, slope aspect, stream power index, topographic wetness index, stream sediment transport index, normalized difference vegetation index, land use, soil, lithology, distance to roads, distance to rivers, and rainfall, and make a correlation analysis of these sixteen groundwater spring-related variables. Secondly, optimize the parameters of the seven models and select the optimal parameters for groundwater modeling in Wuqi County. The predictive performance of each model was evaluated by estimating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and statistical index (accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity). The results show that the seven models have good predictive capabilities, and the ensemble model has a larger AUC value. Among them, the RF-BFT model has the highest success rate (AUC = 0.911), followed by RF-FT (0.898), RF-CART (0.894), FT (0.852), EBF (0.824), CART (0.801), and BFtree (0.784), respectively. Groundwater potential maps of these 7 models were obtained, and four different classification methods (geometric interval, natural breaks, quantile, and equal interval) were used to reclassify the obtained GPM into 5 categories: very low (VLC), low (LC), moderate (MC), high (HC), and very high (VHC). The results show that the natural breaks method has the best classification performance, and the RF-BFT model is the most reliable. The study highlights that the proposed ensemble model has more efficient and accurate performance for groundwater potential mapping.

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic heavy metal with definite cardiotoxic properties. Selenium (Se) is a heart-healthy trace element and has been demonstrated to attenuate heavy metal induced organ toxicity. This study was designed to explore the antagonistic effect of Se on the cardiotoxicity of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in chicken. Histopathological observations demonstrated that Se attenuated HgCl2-induced myocardial injury, which was further confirmed by the results of serum CK and LDH levels assay and myocardial tissues oxidative stress indexes assessment. The results showed that Se prevented HgCl2-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ overload and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ depletion mediated by Ca2+-regulatory dysfunction of the ER. Importantly, ER Ca2+ depletion led to unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), resulting in apoptosis of cardiomyocytes via the PERK/ATF4/CHOP pathway. Subsequently, the heat shock proteins expression activated by HgCl2 through these stress responses, which was reversed by Se. Moreover, Se supplementation partially eliminated the effects of HgCl2 on the expression of several ER-settled selenoproteins, including selenoprotein K (SELENOK), SELENOM, SELENON and SELENOS. In conclusion, these results suggested that Se alleviated ER Ca2+ depletion and oxidative stress induced ERS dependent apoptosis via PERK/ATF4/CHOP pathway in chicken myocardium after HgCl2 exposure.

Mercury (Hg) is a heavy metal widely distributed in ecological environment, poisoning the immune system of humans and animals. Selenium (Se) is an essential microelement and selenoproteins involved in the procedure of Se antagonizing organ toxicity induced by heavy metals. The aim of this research was to investigate the changes of gene expression profile of selenoproteins induced by mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in chicken spleen lymphocytes. We established cytotoxicity model of chicken spleen lymphocytes by HgCl2 exposure, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of 25 selenoproteins in spleen lymphocytes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the gene expression pattern of selenoproteins was revealed by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the mRNA expression levels of 13 selenoproteins (GPX3, GPX4, TXNRD2, TXNRD3, DIO2, SELENOS, SELENON, SELENOT, SELENOO, SELENOP, SELENOP2, MSRB1, and SEPHS2) were decreased in HgCl2 treatment group, and there was strong positive correlation between these selenoproteins and component 1 as well as component 2 of the PCA. At the same time, the protein expression levels of GPX4, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, SELENOM, SELENOS, and SELENON were detected by Western blotting, which were consistent with the changes of gene expression. The results showed that the expression levels of selenoproteins were aberrant in response to HgCl2 toxicity. The information presented in this study provided clues for further research on the interaction between HgCl2 and selenoproteins, and the possible mechanism of immune organ toxicity induced by HgCl2.

RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8 (RPW8) defines a unique N-terminal coiled-coil domain of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors required for immune signaling in plants. Arabidopsis RPW8.2 is specifically induced by the powdery mildew (PM) fungus (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) in the infected epidermal cells to activate immunity. The mechanism of RPW8.2-induction is not well understood. Here, we identify aG. cichoracearumfactor delivered to the nucleus of the host cell, named Gc-RPW8.2 interacting protein 1 (GcR8IP1). Ectopic expression of GcR8IP1 in Arabidopsis orNicotiana benthamianasuppressed host immune responses and enhanced susceptibility to PM. Host-induced gene silencing ofGcR8IP1compromised PM infectivity in susceptible Arabidopsis plants. Co-expression of GcR8IP1 with RPW8.2 increased nuclear localization of RPW8.2, which in turn, promoted transcriptional amplification ofRPW8.2. Thus, RPW8.2-dependent defense strengthening is due to altered partitioning of RPW8.2 by an effector of a PM fungus, which exemplifies an atypical form of effector-triggered immunity.

Kidney is a primary target organ for mercuric chloride (HgCl2) toxicity. Selenium (Se) can exert antagonistic effect on heavy metals–induced organ toxicity by regulating the expression of selenoproteins. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of HgCl2 on the gene expression of selenoproteins in chicken kidney. Sixty male Hyline brown chickens were randomly and evenly divided into two groups. After acclimatization for one week, chickens were provided with the standard diet as well as non-treated water (CON group), and standard diet as well as HgCl2-treated water (250 ppm, HgCl2 group). After seven weeks, kidney tissues were collected to examine the mRNA expression levels of 25 selenoproteins genes and protein expression levels of 4 selenoproteins. Moreover, correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the expression patterns of 25 selenoproteins. The results showed that HgCl2 exposure significantly decreased the mRNA expression of Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), GPX4, Thioredoxin reductase 2 (TXNRD2), Iodothyronine deiodinase 1 (DIO1), Methionine-Rsulfoxide reductase 1 (SELR), 15-kDa selenoprotein (SEP15), selenoprotein I (SELI), SELK, SELM, SELN, SELP, SELS, SELT, SELW, and SEPHS2. Meanwhile, HgCl2 exposure significantly increased the mRNA expression of GPX3, TXNRD1, and SELU. Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of GPX3, TXNRD1, SELK, and SELN were concordant with these mRNA expression levels. Analysis results of selenoproteins expression patterns showed that HgCl2-induced the main disorder expression of selenoproteins with antioxidant activity and endoplasmic reticulum resident selenoproteins. In conclusion, selenoproteins respond to HgCl2 exposure in a characteristic manner in chicken kidney.

Mercuric chloride (HgCl

Mercury (Hg) is a persistent environmental and industrial pollutant that accumulated in the body and induces oxidative stress and inflammation damage. Selenium (Se) has been reported to antagonize immune organs damage caused by heavy metals. Here, we aimed to investigate the prevent effect of Se on mercuric chloride (HgCl

Mercuric chloride (HgCl

Mercuric chloride (HgCl

Mercury (Hg) is a persistent heavy metal contaminant with definite hepatotoxicity. Selenium (Se) has been shown to alleviate liver damage induced by heavy metals. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the mechanism of the antagonistic effect of Se on mercury chloride (HgCl2)-induced hepatotoxicity in chickens. Firstly, we confirmed that Se alleviated HgCl2-induced liver injury through histopathological observation and liver function analyzation. The results also showed that Se prevented HgCl2-induced liver lipid accumulation and dyslipidemia by regulating the gene expression related to lipid as well as glucose metabolism. Moreover, Se blocked the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathway, which was the key to alleviate the inflammation caused by HgCl2. Mechanically, Se inhibited immoderate mitochondrial division, fusion, and biogenesis caused by HgCl2, and also improved mitochondrial respiration, which were essential for preventing energy metabolism disorder and inflammation. In conclusion, our results suggested that Se inhibited energy metabolism disorder and inflammation by regulating mitochondrial dynamics, thereby alleviating HgCl2-induced liver injury in chickens. These results are expected to provide potential intervention and therapeutic targets for diseases caused by inorganic mercury poisoning.

In this study, seaweed kelp, respectively, with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol, distilled water kelp extract effective parts, and its contents were measured. The results show that: effective parts kelp has some antioxidant properties, its strength depends on the extraction solvent, with different organic solvents for extraction kelp, each extract antioxidant activity order: ethyl acetate extract> chloroform extract> n-butanol extract> aqueous layer extract. Each component seaweed extract contains flavonoids and polyphenols composition and content of different types, but most of ethyl acetate containing the sum of both.

This paper prepared by ultrasonic reinforced hydroxylapatite nano-materials, nano-HAP belongs resulting hexagonal crystal grain size are 10-20nm level, belong to smaller nanometer range; the product is difficult in the conventional synthetic methods obtained hollow spherical structure, therefore, to strengthen the preparation of ultrasonic method has wide application to promote significance.

A transformer model was built using PSCAD. The generation mechanism, waveform characteristics and influence factors of inrush current were simulated and analyzed. Combined with transformer differential protection, this paper discussed the conventional methods to identify inrush current and the operation logic to prevent mal-operation caused by inrush current. The typical transformer differential protection operating criteria were also simulated under different fault conditions. The results show that digital simulation can properly present inrush current waveform characteristics, different kinds of transformer fault status and inrush current influence on differential protection.

This paper will discuss strengthening mechanism of ultrasonic hydroxyapatite nm from each ultrasound parameters, such as: research ultrasonic power, intensity, frequency, etc., the findings concluded that ultrasound is through a liquid medium to a solution of molecules, ions action. When the ultrasound propagation in a liquid medium and the energy reaches a certain threshold, it will have a "cavitation" phenomenon. Thus, the formation of cavitation nuclei and growth has played a significant role in promoting, ultrafine, uniform nano-powders obtained provides a good foundation, it has been widely used in the preparation of nanometer powder.

This paper discusses the peak of both glucose uptake and standards of polysaccharides are Gracilaria maximum absorption at 485nm, it is OK to select UV measured drawing and polysaccharide content in the sample solution of polysaccharide from Gracilaria glucose standard curve absorptiometry a wavelength of 485nm. The results show that: the regression equation of the standard curves for glucose, correlation coefficient, indicating that the glucose concentration in the standard range (0 ~ 0.1mg) with absorbance good linear relationship.

In this study, seaweed kelp as the raw material, the use of ultrasound-assisted method of extraction process of total flavonoids kelp discussed. Discussion on the ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, time and other factors affecting the extraction of total flavonoids ultrasound, by orthogonal experiment The optimum conditions were: extraction temperature 65 C, extraction time 4h, ethanol concentration of 40%. The results showed that ultrasonic strengthening of total flavonoids extracted kelp is feasible, ultrasound has to save time, extraction rate, saving energy and environmental advantages.

Water is a vital natural resource, which is becoming increasingly scarce around the world. The balance between water availability and demand has reached critical levels in many regions due to water demand increasing, and availability diminishing through drought and over-extraction. Water resources have been very important to us human beings since our ancient society. And the use of water in irrigation is a momentous part. Effective and productive irrigation requires the most appropriate water application strategies that take soil, climate, and farming operations into account. In addition to this, inputs used must be applied to where it is required without giving any harmful effects to the environment. In this study, we took a comprehensive consideration of the related records, summarized the methods of water-saving technology in the world for need.

SUMMARY Analytical investigation was undertaken to assess the seismic performance of Wenchuan Hospital located in Wenchuan county, southwest China’s Sichuan province, where a severe earthquake has occurred in May 2008. The structure consists of a four-storey reinforced concrete frame with viscous dampers. The irregular building is 18·35-m tall and has a total fl oor area of 17 000 m 2 . Viscous dampers are set along the outside surface of structure to get a more effi cient reduction of structure responses. The design idea of performance-based seismic design is presented in this paper. Seismic performance of the structure with and without viscous dampers under different levels of ground motion is analysed and verifi ed by different methods, including elastic analysis under frequent earthquake, unyielding and elastic check of structure element under medium earthquake, static nonlinear analysis and dynamic nonlinear analysis under rare earthquake. And a comparative analysis is presented, such as results between elastic and inelastic analysis, static nonlinear analysis and dynamic nonlinear analysis, and structure with and without viscous dampers. The control effects of viscous dampers on internal force, deformation and energy dissipation of the structure are also studied. Meanwhile, a practical method to calculate the sup plemental damping ratio added by viscous dampers is proposed for elastic analysis with dampers. After a series of analysis, the performance objective of the structure can be well verifi ed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

SUMMARY The HUBα-Sightseeing Gate in Guangzhou, which is a connected tall building structure, is composed of two main frame–shear wall towers, which are 86·5 m high, and two steel galleries at top and bottom, respectively. The top gallery is a 120 m long-span steel truss. Vicious dampers are set in the two main towers and the top gallery. It is an ultra-limit structure with complicated structural shape and hybrid structure system. Design idea of performance-based seismic design is presented in this paper. Seismic performance of the structure under different levels of ground motion is analysed and verifi ed by different methods, such as elastic analysis under frequent earthquake, unyielding and elastic check of structure element under medium earthquake and inelastic dynamic time history analysis under rare earthquake. Taking the result of shaking table test as a reference, reasonable enhanced measures of seismic design are suggested. Meanwhile, wind-induced vibration time history analysis under different directions based on wind tunnel test is applied in this paper, and comfortableness problem can be well resolved. The control effects of vicious dampers on internal force, deformation, acceleration and energy dissipation of the structure are also studied. By means of the analysis methods mentioned above, and other analyses such as whole structure stability, temperature effect, fl oor vibration and so on, relevant measures of ultra-limit structure design are suggested, and the performance objective of the structure can be well realized. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper wastewater aniline reaction solution, the first reaction was added H2O2 degradation, changing the initial concentration of aniline were simulated wastewater, amount of H2O2, reaction time, pH value, investigate the effect of aniline degradation efficiency, the experimental results show : degradation rate of aniline in the 5.0mg/L-30.0mg/L concentration range as the initial concentration of aniline wastewater temperature increased, the pH value of 6:00, aniline degradation rate could reach 82.7%, with the H2O2 increased dosage, increasing the lead degradation of aniline wastewater, and then decreased significantly, with time, the degradation rate of aniline gradually increased, reaching 79.2% in 40min time. Aniline is one of the substances most representative of aromatic amines, is a colorless, oily liquid with a fragrant odor (1) . Aniline as an important organic chemical raw materials and chemical products, widely used pesticides, printing and dyeing, military and other rubber industries. Aniline dyeing industry is one of the most important intermediates in the dye industry can be used in the manufacture of various organic dyes; in the pesticide industry, aniline is used to produce a variety of insecticides, fungicides (2) ; also be used as medicine NZ

In this study, seaweed kelp as the raw material, the use of ultrasound-assisted method of extraction process kelp total polyphenols were discussed. Research on the single factor affecting the total polyphenol extraction: ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic temperature, ethanol concentration. And the use of orthogonal experiment to optimize their processes, resulting from the visual analysis of optimum extraction process: The optimum conditions were: extraction time 4h, a temperature of 65 to ℃, ethanol concentration of 80%. The results show that: the ultrasonic assisted extraction of total polyphenols kelp practical and simple and efficient method for the application of ultrasonic assisted extraction process chemical composition of algae provide references.

To explore the effects of retinol acid (RA) and triiodothyronine (T3) on alleviating the impairment of cognitive function by sleep deprivation (SD).Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control group (C group), sleep deprivation group (SD group), sleep deprivation + RA group (SD + RA group) and sleep deprivation + T3 group (SD + T3 group). Open field test (OFT) was used to observe the nervous behavior of the rats after SD and electrophysiological brain stereotactic method was used to test long-term potentiation (LTP) in dentate gyrus (DG) of the rats. Ng protein expression was determined by Western blot.Compared with the SD group, the number of crossing in OFT, the changes of amplitude of population spike (PS) and the expression of Ng protein in hippocampus were higher significantly in the SD + RA and SD + T3 groups. All of these had not significant difference comparing with the C group.RA and T3 may alleviate the restrain state of neural system after SD by augmenting the expression of Ng protein in hippocampus.

To analyze and evaluate the fatigue of shoulder skeletal muscle caused by different lifting loads with surface electromyography (sEMG).According to the loading standard of1 Repetition Maximum (1RM), ten male volunteers performed 3 tasks of upper limb flexion, i.e. 10%, 50% and 90%-1RM. During action process, the signals of Upper Trapezius (UT), Lower Trapezius (LT), Serratus Anterior (SA) and Anterior Deltoid (AD) were recorded by sEMG. The Mean Amplitude (MA) served as an index to evaluate the changes in skeletal muscle fatigue.The scores of Borg were 15.6, 15.9 and 15.2 for 3 loads of 10%-1RM, 50%-1RM and 90%-1RM, respectively (P0.05). The mean amplitudes (MAs) of Upper Trapezius, Lower Trapezius, Anterior Deltoid and Serratus Anterior in shoulders increased obviously. Under the load intensity of 10%-1RM, the MAs of Upper Trapezius and Anterior Deltoid increased significantly (P0.05), which were 0.898 and 0.736, respectively. After the exhaustion, the contribution of mean amplitude in shoulder muscle did not change significantly (P0.05).The low-load action for long time can induce easily the fatigue of upper trapezius and anterior deltoid.

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bar is a new construction material with light weight, high tensile strength and strong resistance to corrosion. FRP bars are increasingly used instead of steel bars to solve corrosion problems in reinforced concrete structures. But researchers gradually realize that FRP bars are prone to be corroded under harsh environment. FRP bars embedded in concrete for several years are exposed to an alkaline environment with aggressive ions that may cause a loss in mechanical properties. The paper introduces the progress of the durability of FRP bars under alkali environment, especially analyses the degradation mechanism of FRP bars under alkali environment. In addition, a theoretical model predicting the influence on durability of FRP rods in alkaline solutions is given and future study trend on durability of FRP rods is discussed.

The applications of smart structures can solve the problem that external loads and environmental conditions could cause the large displacement and high stress in the structure. This paper proposed a type of smart concrete structure, in which the shape memory alloy(SMA) external tendons producing recovery force due to phase reverse transformation were placed in the concrete frame. Experimental work on smart repairment of a seismic-damaged precast concrete frame with SMA tendons was carried out. Test results showed that SMA could effectively control the deformation and the crack of the seismic-damaged frame. The maximum values of the displacement recovery and the crack closure were 18.9mm and 3mm, respectively.

G46B is a promising holding line used for three-lines breeding strategy in hybrid rice, but it is susceptible to blast disease caused by Pyricularia grisea. To improve its blast resistance, three rice varieties, Digu, BL-1, and Pi-4, with blast resistance genes, Pi-d(t), Pi-b, and Pi-ta2, respectively, were used to be crossed with G46B, and 15 plants with these three blast resistance genes, Pi-d(t)1, Pi-b, and Pi-ta2, were selected from their F2 and B1C1 populations via a marker-aided crossing procedure. Among them, four plants were heterozygotes in the three resistance genes, with the genotype of Pi-d(t)1 pi-d(t)/Pi-b pi-b/ Pi-ta2 pi-ta2; ten plants were heterozygotes in two of the three resistance genes, of which six with the genotype of Pi-d(t)1 Pi-d(t)1/Pi-b pi-b/Pi-ta2 pi-ta2, three with the genotype of Pi-d(t)1 pi-d(t)1/Pi-b pi-b/Pi-ta2 Pi-ta2, and one with the genotype of Pi-d(t)1pi-d(t)1/Pi-b Pi-b/Pi-ta2 pi-ta2; and only one plant was homozygote in two of the three resistance genes with the genotype of Pi-d(t)1 Pi-d(t)/Pi-b pi-b/Pi-ta2 Pi-ta2. These results demonstrate the capacity of maker-assisted selection (MAS) in gene pyramiding for rice blast resistance and its enhancement for the efficiency in rice resistance breeding.

Publisher Summary The chapter explains that the hysteresis curves of two frames with composite beams are all plump. The shape of hysteresis loops is like a parallelogram, which showed that steel beams of frames have good elasticity and plasticity. Based on the tests of two frames under low reversed cyclic loading, failure pattern, failure mechanism, ductility, energy dissipation, and deformation-restoring behaviors are studied systematically in the chapter. The failure mechanism of two frames showed that the frames with composite beams are typical ductile structures with strong columns and weak beams. From hysteresis curves, failure mechanism, ductility and energy dissipation, it is concluded that the frames with common steel-concrete composite beams and the frames with prestressed steel-concrete composite beams all have a better seismic performance.

The transformation mediated by Agrobacterium has been successfully applied to rice in recent years. In the previous research we have transferred the Xa21 gene into five rice varieties of China, using Agrobacterium-mediated trasformation. In this study, T-DNA flanking sequences of Xa21 transgenic rice lines were obtained by using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR). The flanking sequences which are actual rice DNA were identified and located on molecular linkage map developed from a ZYQ8/JX17 double haploid (DH) population. A total of 22 T-DNA flanking rice sequences were isolated. Nineteen of them displayed RFLPs between the two parents, ZYQ8 and JX17, and were mapped on the rice chromosomes, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12, respectively. The genetic mapping of T-DNA integration sites in Xa21 transgenic rice will benefit the study of position effect and stable inheritance of the transgene Xa21.