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Abstract The association between physical function and working memory in older adults is moderated by structural dimensions of physical function, but it is unclear which structural dimensions of physical function are associated with working memory in healthy older adults. The purpose of this study was to construct the structural dimensions of physical function and assess their associations with working memory in adults aged 60–74 years to provide potential targets for earlier identification and interventions of physical function and working memory decline in older adults. To this end, data from 664 to 589 eligible older adults were used for factor analysis and structural equation modeling, respectively. A constructed structural model of three factors of physical function had good reliability and validity. The structural dimensions of physical function in adults aged 60–74 years were mobility and dynamic balance, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory endurance. Physical function in older adults was closely associated with working memory, with mobility and dynamic balance—but not muscular strength and cardiorespiratory endurance— closely associated with working memory.

Abstract Background Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) typically exhibit low levels of physical activity (PA) and delayed motor skills. Understanding the motor skill factors that influence PA participation in this population is essential for designing effective interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between fundamental motor skills (FMS) and objectively measured PA among orphan children with severe ID residing in welfare institutions. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was undertaken from January 2019 and October 2020. A total of 267 children (180 boys and 87 girls) with severe ID, with a mean age of 10.51 years, from 12 cities’ welfare institutions in China were included. FMS were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2). PA was objectively measured by an ActiGraph GT3X + accelerometer. Multiple linear regression to examine associations between two FMS components (object control skills and locomotor skills) and PA (weekday and weekend day PA), separately. Results Children with severe ID living in welfare institutions displayed relatively low weekly PA, with mean moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA, ≥ 2800 counts/min) of 33.29 (range: 16.43–59.86) minutes. Pearson correlation indicated that light PA (100-2,799 counts/min), MVPA, and total PA showed moderate but positive correlations with both locomotor skills (range: r = 0.359–0.433) and object control skills (range: r = 0.381–0.449). Regression analysis indicated that object control skills explained more of the total variance than locomotor skills for weekly light PA (β = 0.287 vs. β = 0.243, p

IntroductionGroup sports activities have been demonstrated to have an impact on the physical activity and social interaction abilities of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).MethodsThus, this work, taking different types of group sports as the primary variable, explored the impact of 12-week group sports activities on the physical activity and social interaction abilities of children with ASD. A quasi-experimental design was used to divide 21 children with ASD into Experimental group (N = 11) and Control group 1 (N = 10), while healthy children of the same age were selected as Control group 2 (N = 12). The experimental group performed group sports activities for 60 min/time, 4 times/week, for a total of 12 weeks, while the control group maintained the traditional sports activities of Peizhi School. Physical activity was monitored using a three-axis accelerometer (Model: ActiGraph GT3X+), and social interaction ability was measured using the playground observation of peer engagement (POPE) observation scale to evaluate the social interaction states of children in the experimental group after the physical activities.Results and discussionAfter the intervention, the sitting time of children in the experimental group was significantly reduced (t = −12.735, p < 0.001, Cohen d = 2.75), and the time of moderate and high-intensity physical activity was significantly increased (t = −8.79, p < 0.001, Cohen d = 1.82). In social interaction ability, the duration of loneliness was significantly reduced (t = −2.567, p < 0.017, Cohen d = 0.57), and the duration of joint participation (t = −3.009, p < 0.007, Cohen d = 0.02) and the regular game (t = −2.511, p < 0.026, Cohen d = 0.46) were significantly increased, respectively. 4 weeks after the intervention, the sedentary behavior and loneliness of the experimental group both continued to decrease. Group physical activities can improve the physical activity levels and social interaction skills of children with ASD and have a good effect on the maintenance.

PurposeTo compare the efficacy of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents with oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) in treating cystoid macular edema (CME) secondary to retinitis pigmentosa (RP).MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed 98 patients (98 eyes) with RP-CME: 47 (48.0%) received intravitreal anti-VEGF agents (Ranibizumab or Bevacizumab) and 51 (52.0%) were treated with oral CAIs (methazolamide 50 mg/day or acetazolamide 500 mg/day). Medical records were reviewed to assess best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment using Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE). Adverse events and risk factors influencing visual prognosis were also evaluated.ResultsBoth groups showed significant improvement in BCVA and reduction in CMT at 1 and 3 months post-treatment compared to baseline (all p < 0.001). In the oral CAIs group, these improvements persisted until 6 months. However, by 12 months, neither group exhibited significant improvements in BCVA or CMT compared to baseline (all p > 0.05). Intragroup comparisons revealed that the oral CAIs group had significantly better BCVA and CMT improvements at 3 and 6 months than intravitreal anti-VEGF group (p < 0.001 for BCVA at 3 months, p = 0.003 for BCVA at 6 months; all p < 0.001 for CMT at both 3 and 6 months). No significant differences were found between the two groups in BCVA and CMT at 12 months or in IOP at any time point (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated that oral acetazolamide was more effective than methazolamide in reducing CMT and improving BCVA at 3 and 6 months (p = 0.005 for BCVA at 3 months, p = 0.015 for BCVA at 6 months; p = 0.037 for CMT at 3 months, p < 0.001 for CMT at 6 months). There were no significant differences in outcomes between intravitreal Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab (all p > 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that worse BCVA at 12 months was associated with older age (r = 0.202, p = 0.046), higher baseline CMT (r = 0.353, p < 0.001), poorer baseline BCVA (r = 0.579, p < 0.001), but showed no correlation with genotype. Adverse effects from oral CAIs included tingling sensation (3.9%), altered taste (9.8%), and gastrointestinal upset (7.8%). The Ranibizumab group required an average of 3.7 ± 0.8 treatments, and the Bevacizumab group required an average of 3.8 ± 0.5 treatments over the course of 1 year without experiencing severe adverse effects.ConclusionBoth intravitreal anti-VEGF agents and oral CAIs effectively improved CMT and BCVA in RP-CME patients within the first 3 months of treatment. However, oral CAIs demonstrated superior anatomic and functional improvements at 6 months. Poorer BCVA prognosis was associated with older age, higher baseline CMT, poorer baseline visual acuity. Larger, randomized clinical trials with extended follow-up periods are needed to confirm these findings.

The poor soil structure caused by salinization is a major factor affecting crop growth and soil structure will further affect hydrological function. Biochar is widely used to improve soil physical structure because of its special porous material. However, the mechanism of soil pore structure on hydrological function (e.g., soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, plant available water, least limiting water range) after biochar incorporation in saline soil remains unclear. Therefore, the present study examined the response of soil structural properties of different biochar addition in saline clay loam, and subsequently assessed how the pore structure influence soil hydrological function. The study involved four treatments: CK (Control)、C1 (7.5 t ha−1 biochar)、C2 (15 t ha−1 biochar)、C3 (30 t ha−1 biochar). Soil aggregate stability increased from 15 % to 30 % when the amount of biochar addition increased from 7.5 t ha−1 to 30 t ha−1. The highest connectivity index (2.36) and the highest fractal dimension (2.56) were found at the biochar addition of 30 t ha−1. Biochar addition reduced the proportion of small pores (300 µm pore size). Biochar amendment reduced the soil penetration resistance, with the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, plant available water and the least limiting water range were measured 46 %, 27 % and 40 % greater in rate of 30 t ha−1 biochar addition as compared with those of the CK, respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis and redundancy analysis revealed that the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with large pores (diameter >300 μm) and pore connectivity (p < 0.05). The lowest least limiting water range of the CK was primarily constrained by a relatively higher penetration resistance. The improved pore connectivity and elongated pore structures were the key responsible for the reduced penetration resistance in biochar-amended soil, which subsequently increased the least limiting water range. These quantitative estimates highlight the positive effects of biochar amendment-induced soil pore structure alternations towards improving soil hydrological functionalities. These findings are essential for devising effective strategies to enhance sustainable agriculture in saline soils.

Abstract Background While it has been examined whether there are similar magnitudes of muscle strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low-load resistance training combined with blood-flow restriction training (BFR-RT) and high-load resistance training (HL-RT), some important potential moderators (e.g., age, sex, upper and lower limbs, frequency and duration etc.) have yet to be analyzed further. Furthermore, training status, specificity of muscle strength tests (dynamic versus isometric or isokinetic) and specificity of muscle mass assessments (locations of muscle hypertrophy assessments) seem to exhibit different effects on the results of the analysis. The role of these influencing factors, therefore, remains to be elucidated. Objectives The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effects of BFR- versus HL-RT on muscle adaptations, when considering the influence of population characteristics (training status, sex and age), protocol characteristics (upper or lower limbs, duration and frequency) and test specificity. Methods Studies were identified through database searches based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular strength; (2) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular hypertrophy; (3) comparison of BFR-RT vs. HL-RT; (4) score ≥ 4 on PEDro scale; (5) means and standard deviations (or standard errors) are reported or allow estimation from graphs. In cases where the fifth criterion was not met, the data were requested directly from the authors. Results The main finding of the present study was that training status was an important influencing factor in the effects of BFR-RT. The trained individuals may gain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy with BFR-RT as compared to HL-RT. However, the results showed that the untrained individuals experienced similar muscle mass gains and superior muscle strength gains in with HL-RT compared to BFR-RT. Conclusion Compared to HL-RT, training status is an important factor influencing the effects of the BFR-RT, in which trained can obtain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy gains in BFR-RT, while untrained individuals can obtain greater strength gains and similar hypertrophy in HL-RT.

Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LR), known as “black goji berry” or “black wolfberry”, is widely utilized in chinese herbal medicine. LR fruit showed its antioxidant and/or anti-inflammation activity in treating cardiac injury, experimental colitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, fatigue, and aging. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Besides elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This study investigated the treatment effects of LR water extract (LRE) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) threatened by sustained IOP elevation in a laser-induced chronic ocular hypertension (COH) mouse model and the DBA/2J mouse strain. The antioxidation and anti-inflammation effects of LRE were further tested in the H2O2-challenged immortalized microglial (IMG) cell line in vitro. LRE oral feeding (2 g/kg) preserved the function of RGCs and promoted their survival in both models mimicking glaucoma. LRE decreased 8-hydroxyguanosine (oxidative stress marker) expression in the retina. LRE reduced the number of Iba-1+ microglia in the retina of COH mice, but not in the DBA/2J mice. At the mRNA level, LRE reversed the COH induced HO-1 and SOD-2 overexpressions in the retina of COH mice. Further in vitro study demonstrated that LRE pretreatment to IMG cells could significantly reduce H2O2 induced oxidative stress through upregulation of GPX-4, Prdx-5, HO-1, and SOD-2. Our work demonstrated that daily oral intake of LRE can be used as a preventative/treatment agent to protect RGCs under high IOP stress probably through reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting microglial activation in the retina.

This study investigated rice straw hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) in water, optimizing operating conditions to enhance solid carbon content and nitrogen content in hydrochar. Additionally, we conducted hydrothermal co-carbonization (co-HTC) of rice straw and acid whey, achieving significant improvements in hydrochar properties. Co-HTC resulted in a 53.6% increase in HHVs, 20.0% higher yield, and a 42.7% rise in carbon content, accompanied by notable reductions in ash content. Nitrogen content increased by 26.0%, P content by 12.7 times, and K content by 27.6%. Analytical techniques revealed promising modifications, indicating potential applications of hydrochar in solid fuel or organic fertilizers, thus contributing to a circular bioeconomy in agricultural waste management.

Background Abnormal gait is prevalent among the elderly population, leading to reduced physical activity, increased risk of falls, and the potential development of dementia and disabilities, thus degrading the quality of life in later years. Numerous studies have highlighted the crucial roles of lower limb muscle strength asymmetry and static postural control in gait, and the reciprocal influence of lower limb muscle strength asymmetry on static postural control. However, research exploring the interrelationship between lower limb muscle strength asymmetry, static postural control, and gait performance has been limited. Methods A total of 55 elderly participants aged 60 to 75 years were recruited. Isokinetic muscle strength testing was used to assess bilateral knee extension strength, and asymmetry values were calculated. Participants with asymmetry greater than 15% were categorized as the Asymmetry Group (AG), while those with asymmetry less than 15% were classified in the Symmetry Group (SG). Gait parameters were measured using a plantar pressure gait analysis system to evaluate gait performance, and static postural control was assessed through comfortable and narrow stance tests. Results First, participants in the AG demonstrated inferior gait performance, characterized by slower gait speed, longer stance time and percentage of stance time in gait, and smaller swing time and percentage of swing time in gait. Spatial-temporal gait parameters of the weaker limb tended to be abnormal. Second, static postural control indices were higher in AG compared to SG in all aspects except for the area of ellipse during the comfortable stance with eyes open test. Third, abnormal gait parameters were associated with static postural control. Conclusion Firstly, elderly individuals with lower limb muscle strength asymmetry are prone to abnormal gait, with the weaker limb exhibiting poorer gait performance. Secondly, lower limb muscle strength asymmetry contributes to diminished static postural control in the elderly. Thirdly, the mechanism underlying abnormal gait in the elderly due to lower limb muscle strength asymmetry may be linked to a decline in static postural control.

How different fertilization practices modify soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is still unclear. Our study aimed to evaluate the changes in SOC stocks and their physical fractions after 10 years of organic and inorganic fertilization. Five treatments were established under a wheat-maize system in Northern China: control (CK), chemical fertilizer (F), straw plus chemical fertilizer (SF), manure plus chemical fertilizer (MF), and straw and manure plus chemical fertilizer (SMF). The results showed that the SOC sequestration rate at 0–20 cm depth decreased in the following order: SMF (1.36 Mg C/ha/yr) > MF (1.13 Mg C/ha/yr) > SF (0.72 C/ha/yr) > F (0.15 Mg C/ha/yr) > CK (−0.25 Mg C/ha/yr). The values indicated that straw returning and manure application were important measures to achieve the “4 per 1000” target, and the application of manure was a more effective strategy. The high input of chemical fertilizer only maintained the initial SOC level and was not a powerful C-farming practice. A minimum input of 4.93 Mg C/ha/yr was required to keep the initial SOC storage. The SOC associated with small macroaggregate (0.25–2 mm) was the most sensitive indicator for the changes of bulk SOC. In addition, the accumulation of SOC under SMF, MF, and SF treatments mainly occurred in the occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) in small macroaggregates, indicating that the physical protection of macroaggregates played a predominant role in SOC sequestration. The SMF, MF, and SF treatments also displayed higher mineral organic C (mSOC) in soil aggregates than the CK and F treatments. A transformation of oPOC towards the mSOC fraction indicated that exogenous C further shifted into stable C pools under the physical protection of soil aggregates. In conclusion, these findings confirmed the important role of straw returning and manure application in SOC accumulation and stabilization, highlighting that a combination strategy of straw + manure + chemical fertilizer had the best effect.

IntroductionChildren with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibit deficits in working memory (WM) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), both of which are closely associated with the core symptoms of ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rope skipping exercise (RSE) on the WM and CRF of children with ADHD, to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimization of exercise intervention programs tailored to children with ADHD.MethodsThis study recruited 55 children (age range 6–12 years) and randomly assigned them into three groups: the ADHD with RSE (AWRSE, n=22, mean age: 10.18 ± 1.10 years), the ADHD with sports game (SG) (AWSG, n=16, mean age: 9.38 ± 0.96 years), and the typically developing (TD) control group (CG, n=17, mean age: 8.94 ± 0.56 years). The AWRSE underwent a RSE intervention, while the other two groups participated in SG. The exercise intervention lasted for 8 weeks, with sessions held twice a week for 60 minutes each, at a moderate-to-vigorous-intensity (64–95% HRmax). All children in each group underwent pre-test and post-test, including height, weight, BMI, n-back, and 20mSRT. One-way analysis of variance (Ony-way ANOVA) and paired sample t-test were used to analyze inter- and intra-group differences respectively.ResultsBefore the intervention, children with ADHD exhibited a significantly lower VO2max compared to the TD children (p0.05). After the intervention, no significant inter-group differences were found across all indices for the three groups of children (p > 0.05). The AWRSE had significant improvements in the accuracy of 1-back task, Pacer (laps), and VO2max (p

Background and objectiveBarrett's esophagus (BE) is a precancerous condition that has the potential to develop into esophageal cancer (EC). Currently, there is a wide range of management options available for individuals at different pathological stages in Barrett's esophagus (BE). However, there is currently a lack of knowledge regarding their comparative efficacy. To address this gap, we conducted a network meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials to examine the comparative effectiveness of all regimens.MethodsData extracted from eligible randomized controlled trials were utilized in a Bayesian network meta-analysis to examine the relative effectiveness of BE's treatment regimens and determine their ranking in terms of efficacy. The ranking probability for each regimen was assessed using the surfaces under cumulative ranking values. The outcomes under investigation were complete ablation of BE, neoplastic progression of BE, and complete eradication of dysplasia.ResultsWe identified twenty-three RCT studies with a total of 1675 participants, and ten different interventions. Regarding complete ablation of non-dysplastic BE, the comparative effectiveness ranking indicated that argon plasma coagulation (APC) was the most effective regimen, with the highest SUCRA value, while surveillance and PPI/H2RA were found to be the least efficacious regimens. For complete ablation of BE with low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, or esophageal cancer, photodynamic therapy (PDT) had the highest SUCRA value of 94.1%, indicating it as the best regimen. Additionally, for complete eradication of dysplasia, SUCRA plots showed a trend in ranking PDT as the highest with a SUCRA value of 91.2%. Finally, for neoplastic progression, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and surgery were found to perform significantly better than surveillance. The risk of bias assessment revealed that 6 studies had an overall high risk of bias. However, meta-regression with risk of bias as a covariate did not indicate any influence on the model. In terms of the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis evaluation, a high level of confidence was found for all treatment comparisons.ConclusionEndoscopic surveillance alone or PPI/H2RA alone may not be sufficient for managing BE, even in cases of non-dysplastic BE. However, APC has shown excellent efficacy in treating non-dysplastic BE. For cases of BE with low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, or esophageal cancer, PDT may be the optimal intervention as it can induce regression of BE metaplasia and prevent future progression of BE to dysplasia and EC.

Abstract Background Congenital ectopia lentis (EL) refers to the congenital dysplasia or weakness of the lens suspensory ligament, resulting in an abnormal position of the crystalline lens, which can appear as isolated EL or as an ocular manifestation of a syndrome, such as the Marfan syndrome. The fibrillin‐1 protein encoded by the FBN1 gene is an essential component of the lens zonules. Mutations in FBN1 are the leading causes of congenital EL and Marfan syndrome. Owing to the complexity and individual heterogeneity of FBN1 gene mutations, the correlation between FBN1 mutation characteristics and various clinical phenotypes remains unclear. Methods This study describes the clinical characteristics and identifies possible causative genes in eight families with Marfan syndrome or isolated EL using Sanger and whole‐exome sequencing. Results Eight FBN1 mutations were identified in these families, of which three (c.5065G > C, c.1600 T > A, and c.2210G > C) are reported for the first time. Based on in silico analyses, we hypothesized that these mutations may be pathogenic by affecting the fibrillin‐1 protein structure and function. Conclusion These findings expand the number of known mutations involved in EL and provide a reference for the research on their genotype and phenotype associations.

Background Physical function is a strong indicator of biological age and quality of life among older adults. However, the results from studies exploring the structural dimensions of physical function are inconsistent, and the measures assessed vary greatly, leading to a lack of comparability among them. This study aimed to construct a model to identify structural dimensions that are suitable and best assess physical function among community-dwelling adults 60–74 years of age in China. Method This study was conducted in 11 communities in Shanghai, China, from May to July 2021. A total of 381 adults 60–74 years of age were included in the study. Measured physical function data were used in factor analyses. Data collected from individuals were randomly assigned to either exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 190) or confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 191). The statistical software used in the study was SPSS for EFA and AMOS for CFA. To test the properties of the structural dimension model of physical function, various fit indices, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were calculated. Results The EFA results derived seven indicators in three factors, with 58.548% of the total variance explained. The three factors were mobility function (three indicators), which explained 26.380% of the variance, handgrip strength and pulmonary function (two indicators), which explained 19.117% of the variance, and muscle strength (two indicators) which explained 13.050% of the variance. The CFA indicated that this model had an acceptable fit (χ2/df ratio, 2.102; GFI, 0.967; IFI, 0.960; CFI, 0.959; and RMSEA, 0.076), and the criteria for convergent validity and discriminability were also met by the model. Conclusion The constructed structural dimension model of physical function appeared to be a suitable and reliable tool to measure physical function in community-dwelling adults aged 60–74 years in China. The structural dimension indicators identified by this model may help sports medicine experts and healthcare providers offer more targeted interventions for older adults to reverse or slow the decline of physical function and to offer actionable targets for healthy aging in this population.

Introduction The world’s population is ageing. Age-related declines in physical function negatively affect the quality of life but may be ameliorated by certain types of exercise. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of combining resistance training (RT) with balance training on physical function in older community-dwelling adults to provide a reference for this type of exercise compared with other exercises and to provide a theoretical basis for optimising exercise plans to improve physical function among older adults.Methods This single-blind randomised controlled trial will recruit 66 community dwelling adults 60–89 years of age with normal cognition. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: RT, RT combined with balance training or a control group with usual daily activities. Exercise interventions will be conducted in three 45 min sessions per week for 24 weeks. Primary physical function outcomes will be assessed using the timed up and go test, usual walking speed, maximal walking speed, 30 s chair stand and 30 s arm curl. Secondary assessments will be conducted using the 2 min step test, back scratch test and chair sit-and-reach test. All physical function assessments will be performed at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of exercise interventions. Exercise intensity will be monitored to maintain moderate intensity by heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale. Data that conform to a normal distribution will be expressed as means±SD, otherwise as medians and interquartile intervals. Pretest, mid-test and post-test outcomes will be analysed for within-group and between-group comparisons using two-way repeated measures analyses of variance.Ethics and dissemination This proposal was reviewed and approved by the Shanghai University of Sport Research Ethics Committee (102772021RT067). The results will be disseminated to the trial participants and as a peer-reviewed publication.Trial registration number ChiCTR2200056090.

The ability to stop a response promptly when a stop signal is presented is named response inhibition. It is generally accepted that the process of response inhibition requires a subject to pay attention to the stop instruction and then cancel the action. A wealth of converging evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) can promote response inhibition, but the potential contributions of attentional capture to the relationship between PA and response inhibition are currently unknown. In this study, the standard stop-signal task (SST) and two novel versions of the SST were used to solve this gap. A total of 58 college students were divided into a higher PA group and a lower PA group, respectively. In Experiment 1, the classical SST determined that the participants in the higher PA group displayed a significantly faster stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) than those in the lower PA group. Experiment 2 separated the attentional capture in the SST and revealed that the participants in the higher PA group could detect the signal faster than those in the lower PA group. Experiment 3 further added a stop signal to Experiment 2 and demonstrated that the participants in the higher PA group could more effectively deploy attentional resources to complete the task. Overall, these findings indicate that PA is positively associated with response inhibition and that the positive relationship is associated with effective allocation of attentional resources for faster attentional capture.

Background: Meeting 24-h movement guidelines by children and adolescents has been associated with improved indicators of health, although it has been under-studied in China. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines, its correlates, and its relationships with body mass index in children and adolescents in China. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2017 Youth Study in China of 114,072 children and adolescents (mean age = 13.75 years, 49.18% boys) were used. Meeting 24-h movement guidelines (≥60 min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, ≤2 h of daily leisure screen time, 9–11 h and 8–10 h nightly sleep duration for 6–13-year-olds and 14–17-year-olds, respectively) and height and weight of all participants were assessed. The prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and World Health Organization weight status categories were determined. Generalized linear models were used to determine the correlates of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and the relationships of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines with overweight (OW) and obesity (OB). Results: Only 5.12% of Chinese children and adolescents met the 24-h movement guidelines, and 22.44% were classified as OW/OB. Older children and adolescents were less likely to meet the 24-h movement guidelines. Parental education level and family income were positively related to meeting the 24-h movement guidelines. Children and adolescents meeting the 24-h movement guidelines showed lower odds ratios for OW/OB. Compared with participants meeting the 24-h movement guidelines, boys in 4th–6th grades met none of the recommendations (OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.06–1.40), met the screen time recommendation only (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.01–1.28), met the nightly sleep duration recommendation only (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.03–1.28), and had significantly higher odds ratios for OW/OB. Similar trends were observed for girls in 4th–6th grades: meeting none of the guidelines (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.14–1.59), meeting sleep duration guidelines only (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.08–1.39), and meeting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity + nightly sleep duration guidelines (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.01–1.54). For girls in 7th–9th grades, the following trend was observed: meeting none of the guidelines (OR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.01–1.67). Conclusion: Very few Chinese children and adolescents met the 24-h movement guidelines. Age (negatively correlated), parental education level, and family income (both positively correlated) were correlates of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines. Children and adolescents meeting the 24-h movement guidelines were more likely to have lower risks for OW/OB, especially in the youngest age group (Grades 4–6); and girls in the middle age group (Grades 7–9) were also more likely to have lower risks for OW/OB. Further research studies should explore additional correlates and determinants for meeting the 24-h movement guidelines. Also, future studies should use longitudinal or interventional designs to determine the relationships between meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and OW/OB and other health indicators, while taking sex and age differences into account.

BackgroundSince the implementation of inclusive education in China, students with special education needs (SEN) have increasingly been integrating into mainstream schools, like physical education classes. However, inclusive physical education (IPE) in China has developed slowly, and gaps can be found in the knowledge of the factors that inhibit or promote the participation in IPE of students with SEN.ObjectivesThe purpose of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive summary of the factors related to inclusion in IPE of students with SEN, by applying a socio-ecological model (SEM). Five databases were searched: ERIC, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, Education Full Text (H.W.Wilson), PsychINFO and CNKI in March 2022, to find studies that identify factors regarding IPE in China. Two researchers independently screened studies and summarized relevant data.ResultsFourteen studies were included in the detailed review. By applying the SEM, multi-level factors were identified, ranging from intrapersonal to societal levels that positively or negatively influenced IPE participation in students with SEN. This review indicates that multi-level factors affect the IPE participation of students with SEN in China.ConclusionThe findings will help assist educators and policymakers to develop effective IPE for Chinese students with SEN.

Background Maintaining both walking speed and cognitive function is essential for active, healthy aging. This study investigated age-related differences in walking speed and global cognitive function with aging and the association between them among older adults residing in the developing country of China. Methods This cross-sectional study measured usual (UWS) and maximal walking speed (MWS) of participants for six meters. The Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment was used to evaluate global cognition through in-person interviews. Analyses of variance were used to compare the differences in UWS, MWS, and global cognition between genders and age groups. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine the association between walking speed and global cognitive function. Results In total, 791 Chinese adults (252 men and 539 women) aged 60–89 years were included in this study. Markedly slowed UWS and worse global cognitive function scores were observed for both genders among adults ≥80 years of age. MWS slowed considerably in men ≥85 years of age and in women ≥80 years of age. There was a significant gender difference in MWS—with men walking faster than women—but not in UWS. Linear regression analysis adjusted for the confounding factors of gender, height, weight, years of education, and chronic disease indicated that MWS, but not UWS, was significantly associated with global cognitive function (β = 0.086, [0.177, 1.657], P = 0.015) such that slower maximal walking speed was associated with poorer cognitive performance. This association was statistically significant only for adults aged 75-79 years (β = 0.261 [0.647, 4.592], P = 0.010). Conclusion Walking speed was slower in the older age groups. Global cognitive function deteriorated markedly after 80 years of age. After controlling for confounding variables, slower MWS, but not UWS, was associated with poorer global cognitive function. MWS may serve as a potential indicator for earlier identification of poor cognition and motoric cognitive risk syndrome in an older Chinese population.

Introduction Lower limb motor dysfunction is common in patients with stroke, and usually caused by brain neural connectivity disorder. Previous studies have shown that the whole-body vibration training (WBVT) significantly improves the lower limb motor function in patients with stroke and may promote nerve remodelling. The prior purpose of this study is to explore effects of WBVT on lower limb motor function and neuroplasticity in patients with stroke.Methods A single-blind randomised controlled trial will be conducted. Sixty patients with stroke will be recruited and allocated randomly to WBVT, routine rehabilitation training (RRT) and control group (CG). The WBVT and RRT interventions will be implemented as five 25 min sessions weekly for continuous 12 weeks; the CG will remain daily habitual living styles and routine treatments, in community or hospital, and will also receive telephone follow-up and health-related lectures. Transcranial magnetic stimulation will be used to assess neural plasticity while lower limb motor function is assessed using indicators of strength, walking ability and joint activity. The assessments will be conducted at the period of baseline, week 6, week 12 as well as on 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, after intervention completion.Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the Shanghai University of Sport Research Ethics Committee (102772021RT067) and will provide data on the effects of WBVT relative to RRT in terms of the improvement of stroke patients’ lower limb motor function and neural plasticity. The results of this study will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at international conference.Trial registration number ChiCTR2200055143.

Abstract Background Gastroparesis is a recognized complication of diabetes but its pathogenic mechanism incompletely understood. Our aim was to determine whether HIF-1α and VEGF are secreted from gastric tissue is a fundamental factor that drives diabetic gastroparesis. Methods Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 4 and 12 weeks, rats were euthanized for assaying body weight, blood glucose, gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying. Morphologic changes in gastric mucosa were observed by the light microscope. Expression of HIF-1α and VEGF were assessed using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Results Compared with control group, blood glucose were significantly increased and body weight were markedly decreased in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Gastric emptying was significantly decreased in diabetic rats compared to the control group at different times. The number of parietal cells was obviously decreased, and vacuolated degeneration in diabetic rats. Gastric acid secretion in diabetic group was significantly decreased, and expression of HIF-1α and VEGF were significantly increased in the diabetic group. Conclusion These results indicated that overexpression of HIF-1α and VEGF in the gastric mucosa and played a pivotal role in the progression of diabetic gastroparesis.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of leflunomide (LEF) combined with prednisone for the treatment of PLA2R-associated primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) and changes in anti-PLA2R antibody titers after treatment. Methods Sixty patients with nephrotic syndrome, biopsy-proven MN and anti-PLA2R antibody positivity were included in this study conducted from December 2017 to February 2019. The patients were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). The patients in the experimental group were treated with LEF combined with prednisone, whereas the patients in the control group were treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX) combined with prednisone. We assessed 24-h urinary protein and serum albumin levels, kidney function markers, blood lipid levels and anti-PLA2R antibody titers before and after treatment. Adverse reactions during treatment were recorded. Results After 16 weeks of treatment, there were 2 cases of complete remission and 6 cases of partial remission in the experimental group, with a total effective rate of 26.67%. In the control group, there were 4 cases of complete remission and 8 cases of partial remission, with a total effective rate of 40% (p > .05). After 24 weeks of treatment, the total effective rates of the experimental and control groups were 66.67% and 76.67%, respectively (p > .05). There were no significant differences in 24-h urinary protein, serum albumin, kidney function marker or blood lipid levels between the two groups after treatment (p > .05). However, there were fewer adverse reactions in the experimental group than in the control group (p .05). Conclusion LEF combined with prednisone has a certain efficacy for the treatment of PLA2R-associated PMN and provokes few adverse reactions. A large-sample randomized double-blind controlled study with a long follow-up period is needed to verify the efficacy of LEF combined with prednisone.

Determining the effects of fertilization regimes on soil aggregates, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) distribution, and pH is essential for improving soil structure and soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation to help in proper soil fertility management. Based on a 41-year field fertilization experiment conducted on dark brown soil in northeast China, we examined the soil aggregate size distribution and associated C, N, and pH to provide a scientific basis for elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the effects of fertilization treatments on soil structure and fertility. Six different fertilization treatments included no fertilizer (CK), low-dose chemical fertilizer (NP), moderate-dose chemical fertilizer (2NP), high-dose chemical fertilizer (4NP), normal-dose organic fertilizer (M), and normal-dose organic fertilizer plus moderate-dose chemical fertilizer (M+2NP). Our findings showed that compared to CK, M and M+2NP significantly increased the proportion of macroaggregates by 40% and 28%, respectively, whereas 4NP significantly decreased it by 19%. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) under M and M+2NP were significantly higher than that under CK, at 12–21% and 24–36%, respectively. The fractal dimension (D) value of M+2NP was significantly lower than those of 2NP and 4NP by 4% and 5%, respectively. Soil pH under the M treatment was highest, followed by M+2NP. Soil pH under 2NP and 4NP more significantly decreased, by 0.1 and 0.2 units, than under M treatment. Soil pH values were correlated with the proportion of soil macroaggregates, MWD, and GWD, respectively (p < 0.05). Relative to CK, M and M+2NP increased the contents and stocks of SOC (by 40–49% and 89–93%, respectively) and total N (59–68% and 119–123%, respectively). Furthermore, the contents and stocks of aggregate-associated SOC and total N decreased following the order: NP > 2NP > 4NP. Overall, the long-term application of organic fertilization regimes (M and M+2NP) effectively improved soil aggregation as well as SOC accumulation and decreased soil acidification in dark brown soil in northeast China.

Negative pressure irrigation (NPI) is an important water management strategy that can improve crop yields and water use efficiency (WUE). However, because NPI is affected by vital factors, such as negative pressure values, soil properties, and fertilization dosages, there is a lack of systematic analyses of the application effects of NPI on various crops. Hence, this study collected the results of 44 published studies and established the validity of 142 crop yields, 121 WUEs, 138 crop qualities, and 138 crop nutrient statuses in a database for NPI systems. The meta-analysis method was used to analyze NPI in comparison to conventional irrigation (CI) conditions. The results showed that the NPI yields and WUEs significantly improved by 17% and 63% compared to those of CI, respectively. Meanwhile, the negative pressure values were −2~−5 kPa; the improvement effects on yields were the best; and the WUEs exhibited the highest performance with negative pressure values of −6~−10 kPa. NPI promoted crop quality and plant nutrient uptakes under the appropriate NPI conditions. The synergistic impacts for sandy loam, alkalescent soils, and leafy vegetables were greater than for clay loam, neutral soils, and fruit vegetables under NPI conditions. Simultaneously, it was shown that the soil available phosphorus content and application of P fertilizer have a greater impact on NPI and CI crop yields. Therefore, the meta-analysis demonstrated the impacts of NPI on crop yields, WUEs, quality, and nutrient absorption, and quantified the effects of NPI on crop growth under various conditions, which provides an important water-saving technology for greenhouse production.

BackgroundThe combination of antiapoptotic and angiogenic actions may represent a pharmacotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of myocardial infarction. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is expressed in various cell types including endothelial and muscle cells and promotes their survival, migration, and proliferation.Methods and ResultsMyocardial microvascular endothelial cells were divided into four treatment groups, the sham, hypoxia, basic FGF (bFGF), and bFGF plus 2-methoxyestradiol groups, and subjected to in vitro apoptotic analysis and Matrigel assays. An in vivo model of myocardial infarction was established by ligaturing the left coronary artery of mice in the four treatment groups. Cardiac performance, myocardial injury, endothelial cell angiogenesis, and myocardial apoptosis were assessed. bFGF administration after myocardial infarction improved cardiac function and cell viability, attenuated myocardial injury and apoptosis, and enhanced angiogenesis. Western blotting of HIF-1α, p-AKT, VEGF, p53, BAX, and Bcl-2 showed that bFGF increased HIF-1α, p-AKT, VEGF, and Bcl-2 and decreased BAX protein levels.ConclusionThe results of the present study indicated that bFGF attenuates myocardial injury by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting angiogenesis via a novel HIF-1α-mediated mechanism and a potential utility of bFGF in protecting against myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background With increases in inactive lifestyles and mounting pressure for academic excellence in Chinese younger populations, lack of physical activity and increased prevalence of obesity have become a major public health concern in China. The purpose of this study is to provide updated estimates on the prevalence of meeting moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen viewing time guidelines, and overweight and obesity among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents, with a secondary aim examining variations in prevalence by sex, grade groupings, and residential location. Methods The study sample came from the 2017 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study, a cross-sectional and national survey of 131,859 students (aged 7 to 19 years) from 986 public schools in China. Measures of MVPA, screen viewing time, and age- and sex-specific overweight and obese body mass index were used to calculate national prevalence estimates of Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. Results In 2017, 34.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.09–34.11%) of children and adolescents met MVPA guidelines and 65.4% (95% CI, 65.39–65.41%) adhered to screen viewing time guidelines. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 15.1% (95% CI, 15.09–15.11%) and 10.7% (95% CI, 10.69–10.71%), respectively. Prevalence estimates differed by sex (boys, girls), grade grouping (primary schools, junior middle schools, junior high schools), and residential location (rural, urban). Conclusions There remains a low prevalence of meeting MVPA guidelines and high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. Future efforts should focus on monitoring the trend of these behavioral and health risk factors to inform school policies and programs aimed at increasing physical activity and reducing and preventing obesity in younger populations in China.

Objective: By copying the uric acid nephropathy rat model, the oxidative stress injury of mitochondria was caused in renal tubular epithelial cells and the relationship between the injury and the induction of cell apoptosis was identified. Methods: All rats were randomly divided into NC (normal control, NC) group, HUA (high uric acid, HUA) group and GSH (reductive glutathione, GSH) group. The values were quantitatively tested in the kidney tissues, including 24-h urinary protein quantity, serum creatinine, blood uric acid, the MDA (malondialdehyde, MDA) and SOD (superoxide dismutase, SOD) oxidative stress indicators. The expression of p53, Bax and caspase-9/-3 were detected by immunoblotting. TUNEL assays were used to detect the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Result: In HUA and GSH groups, the 24-h urinary protein(24UTP), serum creatinine, and blood uric acid increased gradually with the increase of the replication cycle and the increase was significant compared to the NC group (p

Long-term fertilization alters soil microbiological properties and then affects the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. However, the interrelations of SOC with biological drivers and their relative importance are rarely analyzed quantitatively at aggregate scale. We investigated the contribution of soil microbial biomass, diversity, and enzyme activity to C pool in soil aggregate fractions (>5 mm, 2–5 mm, 1–2 mm, 0.25–1 mm, and 0.25 mm aggregates rather than in 0.25 mm aggregates explained 21% and 2% of C, respectively. Overall, organic matter addition could contribute to higher C storage by boosting fungal community and enzyme activity rather than by changing microbial community diversity in macro-aggregates.

Purpose: This study presents the most recent estimates of prevalence of overweight, obesity, and screen-time viewing among Chinese school-aged children. Demographic differences in these estimates between sexes and resident locales were also examined. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of 116,615 Chinese school children 9 to 17 years of age who participated in the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study project. Outcomes were the prevalence of children's overweight (85th ≤ body mass index (BMI)

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy on the third-lumbar transverse process syndrome treated by chiropractic gun combined with pulse edge needle.Methods:One hundred cases of the third-lumbar transverse process syndrome were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, 50 cases in each group. The control group was treated by pulse edge needle, and the treatment group was treated by chiropractic gun combined with pulse edge needle. VAS score, the lumbar dysfunction score, ADL score and lumbar spine mobility were compared between the two groups before and after treatment, and after treatment were followed up in 2 weeks.Results:Compared with before treatment, VAS score and lumbar dysfunction score of the two groups treated after 2 weeks and 4 weeks were significantly decreased (PPP

V2O5-WO3/TiO2 as a commercial selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst usually used at middle-high temperatures was modified by loading of MnOx for the purpose of enhancing its performance at lower temperatures. Manganese oxides were loaded onto V-W/Ti monolith by the methods of impregnation (I), precipitation (P), and in-situ growth (S), respectively. SCR activity of each modified catalyst was investigated at temperatures in the range of 100–340 °C. Catalysts were characterized by specific surface area and pore size determination (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), etc. Results show that the loading of MnOx remarkably enhanced the SCR activity at a temperature lower than 280 °C. The catalyst prepared by the in-situ growth method was found to be most active for SCR.

Microbial mechanisms associated with soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition are poorly understood. We aim to determine the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil labile carbon (C) pools, microbial community structure and C mineralization rate under an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in Northern China. Soil samples in 0-10 cm layer were collected from a nine-year field trial involved four treatments: no fertilizer, CK; nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers, NP; maize straw combined with NP fertilizers, NPS; and manure plus straw and NP fertilizers, NPSM. Soil samples were analyzed to determine labile C pools (including dissolved organic C, DOC; light free organic C, LFOC; and microbial biomass C, MBC), microbial community composition (using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles) and SOC mineralization rate (from a 124-day incubation experiment). This study demonstrated that the application of chemical fertilizers (NP) alone did not alter labile C fractions, soil microbial communities and SOC mineralization rate from those observed in the CK treatment. Whereas the use of straw in conjunction with chemical fertilizers (NPS) became an additional labile substrate supply that decreased C limitation, stimulated growth of all PLFA-related microbial communities, and resulted in 53% higher cumulative mineralization of C compared to that of CK. The SOC and its labile fractions explained 78.7% of the variance of microbial community structure. Further addition of manure on the top of straw in the NPSM treatment did not significantly increase microbial community abundances, but it did alter microbial community structure by increasing G+/G- ratio compared to that of NPS. The cumulative mineralization of C was 85% higher under NPSM fertilization compared to that of CK. Particularly, the NPSM treatment increased the mineralization rate of the resistant pool. This has to be carefully taken into account when setting realistic and effective goals for long-term soil C stabilization.

Understanding the changes of soil respiration under increasing N fertilizer in cropland ecosystems is crucial to accurately predicting global warming. This study explored seasonal variations of soil respiration and its controlling biochemical properties under a gradient of Nitrogen addition during two consecutive winter wheat growing seasons (2013-2015). N was applied at four different levels: 0, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) (denoted as N0, N12, N18 and N24, respectively). Soil respiration exhibited significant seasonal variation and was significantly affected by soil temperature with Q10 ranging from 2.04 to 2.46 and from 1.49 to 1.53 during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 winter wheat growing season, respectively. Soil moisture had no significant effect on soil respiration during 2013-2014 winter wheat growing season but showed a significant and negative correlation with soil respiration during 2014-2015 winter wheat growing season. Soil respiration under N24 treatment was significantly higher than N0 treatment. Averaged over the two growing seasons, N12, N18 and N24 significantly increased soil respiration by 13.4, 16.4 and 25.4% compared with N0, respectively. N addition also significantly increased easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EEG), soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, ammonium N and nitrate N contents. In addition, soil respiration was significantly and positively correlated with β-glucosidase activity, EEG, SOC, total N, ammonium N and nitrate N contents. The results indicated that high N fertilization improved soil chemical properties, but significantly increased soil respiration.

This randomized controlled trial assessed the feasibility of older adults performing combined resistance and balance training (RBT) and compared the effects of RBT on physical function with those of resistance training (RT) alone and with no exercise training in older adults. In total, 65 communitydwelling adults aged 60-74 years were randomly assigned to an RT (n 5 22), RBT (n 5 22), or control (n 5 21) group. The exercise intervention consisted of RT or RBT for 45 minutes, 3 times per week for 24 weeks. The control group engaged in no exercise training. The compliance rates were 93% in the RT group and 92% in the RBT group. No training-related adverse effect was observed. In the RT and RBT groups, dynamic balance (p 5 0.017; p, 0.001, respectively), maximum walking speed (p 5 0.014; p,0.001), upper extremity (p50.013; p50.009) and lower extremity (p50.009; p,0.001) muscle strength, and spirometry (p5 0.043; p50.018) were significantly improved at 24 weeks compared with the control group. Only the RBT group showed significant improvement in normal walking speed (p 5 0.002). Compared with the RT group, the RBT group showed additional significant improvements in dynamic balance (p 5 0.001) and lower limb muscle strength (p 5 0.027). The findings of this randomized controlled trial indicated that RBT was safe and feasible for older adults. Long-term RBT had better effects than either no exercise training or RT alone on improving physical function in older adults. Compared with RT, RBT additionally benefited dynamic balance and lower limb muscle function, which are clinically important factors in preventing falls, frailty, disability, and other geriatric syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-over study aimed to explore effects of acute whole-body vibration (WBV) at frequencies of 5–35 Hz on heart rate variability and brain excitability. Thirteen healthy physically active college students randomly completed eight interventions under the following conditions: static upright standing without vibration (CON), static squat exercise (knee flexion 150°) on the vibration platform (SSE), and static squat exercise (knee flexion 150°) combined with WBV at vibration frequency of 5, 9, 13, 20, 25, and 35 Hz. Five bouts × 30 s with a 30-s rest interval were performed for all interventions. The brain’s direct current potentials (DCPs), frequency domain variables (FDV) including normalized low frequency power (nLF), normalized high frequency power (nHF) and the ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF), along with the mean heart rate (MHR) were collected and calculated before and after the WBV intervention. Results suggested that WBV frequency at 5 Hz had a substantial effect on decreasing DCPs [−2.13 μV, t(84) = −3.82, p < 0.05, g = −1.03, large] and nLF [−13%, t(84) = −2.31, p = 0.04, g = −0.62, medium]. By contrast, 20–35 Hz of acute WBV intervention considerably improved DCPs [7.58 μV, t(84) = 4.31, p < 0.05, g = 1.16, large], nLF [17%, t(84) = 2.92, p < 0.05, g = 0.79, large] and the LF/HF [0.51, t(84) = 2.86, p < 0.05, g = 0.77, large]. A strong (r = 0.7, p < 0.01) correlation between DCPs and nLF was found at 5 Hz. In summary, acute WBV at 20–35 Hz principally activated the sympathetic nervous system and increased brain excitability, while 5-Hz WBV activated the parasympathetic nervous system and reduced brain excitability. The frequency spectrum of WBV might be manipulated according to the intervention target on heart rate variability and brain excitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]