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Branchinotogluma is one of the most diverse genera among the polynoids inhabiting deep-sea chemosynthetic environments. A total of 14 species have been described from the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps worldwide. Our phylogenetic analyses based on four genes (COI, 16S, 18S, and 28S rRNA) recovered the current Branchinotogluma as paraphyletic, with seven clades scattered in two main clades. The monophyly of the main clade composed of Branchinotogluma (except Branchinotogluma segonzaci), Branchipolynoe, and Peinaleopolynoe is supported by the presence of 20–21 segments with 9–10 pairs of elytra, ventral papillae starting from segment 12 in males, and arborescent branchiae. The monophyly of another main clade composed of B. segonzaci, Bathykurila, Lepidonotopodium, Levensteiniella, and Thermopolynoe is supported by the presence of usually 22–30 segments with 11 pairs of elytra and the lack of ventral papillae in females. In addition, our study recognized two new species, Branchinotogluma nanhaiensis sp. nov. and B. robusta sp. nov., based on specimens collected from the deep-sea cold seeps in the South China Sea. Both the morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses support the validity of the two new species and the sister relationships between B. nanhaiensis and B. japonicus and between B. robusta and B. pettiboneae as well.

The polychaete species of Capitella are widely distributed in the China seas, however little is known about Capitella taxonomy, and specimens collected from China have been identified as Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780) for more than 50 years. C. capitata was considered to be Arctic and subarctic in distribution, therefore the records of C. capitata in the China seas probably represent other species. A taxonomic study based on the samples collected from the northeast coastal water of Shandong Province reveals a different species, Capitella teleta Blake et al., 2009, which is recorded in the China seas for the first time. Morphologically, C. teleta can be easily distinguished from C. capitata by the absence of neuropodial capillaries on chaetigers 8 and 9. The identity of C. teleta is further supported by genetic distance and phylogenetic analyses assessed from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. In addition, the regeneration feature of C. teleta was studied through whole mount immunohistochemistry and chemical staining. After amputation, the wound of C. teleta was healed within 24 h, forming a significant regeneration blastema by 3 days post amputation (dpa). By 5 dpa, muscle tissues regenerated, nerve fibers also extended. By 7 dpa, neurites and muscle tissues are both significantly regenerated. Notably, there are more than ten segments regenerated until 16 dpa. As a highly opportunistic species, Capitella teleta is distributed in China, Japan, Korea, North America, and the Mediterranean. It is expected to be an excellent model for studying developmental genetics and evolution of regeneration.

Laetmonice Kinberg, 1856 is a remarkable genus characterized by having harpoon notochaetae in the polychaete family Aphroditidae. We describe a new species of Laetmonice, Laetmonice iocasica sp. nov., found from seamounts on the Caroline Ridge in the tropical Western Pacific. The new species is readily distinguished from congeners, particularly those distributed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean by possessing 45 segments with 18 pairs of elytra, and the tuberculated harpoon notochaetae in the elytrigerous segments, which are replaced by tuberculated notochaetae without recurved fangs on segments 4 and 5. Laetmonice iocasica sp. nov. is closely related to L. producta Grube, 1877, but differs in both morphology and the genetic distance of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. Laetmonice producta Grube, 1877 contained five varieties reported in various marine areas, which have been raised to species level. However, the records of L. producta from the Sagami Bay and Suruga Bay in Japan and in the south-eastern Australia remain obscure and probably represent a different species. The data indicate that L. producta, which was originally described from Kerguelen Islands in the Southern Ocean and later commonly found on the Antarctic shelf, is probably distributed only at high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere.

Flexible and lightweight supercapacitors with satisfactory energy density and long-term stability are urgently required to provide power for flexible, foldable, and wearable electronic devices. Her...

Although much attention has been paid to efficient treatment of oily wastewater, it is still a tough challenge to treat oil-in-water emulsions with tiny oil droplets. In this work, hierarchical TiO...

Introduced mangroves are widely used to restore mangrove ecosystems in South China. Results of potential impacts on indicative benthic macroinvertebrates are divergent. We explored the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in the mangrove ecosystem of northern Beibu Gulf, China across four habitats: native Avicennia marina mangrove, introduced Laguncularia racemosa mangrove, native-introduced mixed mangrove, and unvegetated intertidal flat. Based on the Hill number, community structure was estimated from the dimensions of estimated species richness, diversity, evenness, and species composition similarity. Benthic macroinvertebrates in the unvegetated flat significantly differed from the other three assemblages in mangroves; introduced L. racemosa mangrove had relatively distinct benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage from the native A. marina and the mixed mangroves, with lower species richness and similarity but higher diversity and evenness. Considering the lack of unanimous conclusion of potential impact on benthic macroinvertebrates under complex species interactions, native mangroves should be of top priority in ecosystem restoration.

Species delimitation in sternaspid polychaetes is currently based on the morphology of a limited suite of characters, namely characters of the ventro-caudal shield—a unique feature of the family. Sternaspid species description has increased rapidly in recent years; however, the validity of the shield as a diagnostic character has not been assessed through molecular means. This study performs the largest molecular taxonomy of Sternaspidae to date, using the nuclear gene 18S, and the mitochondrial genes 16S and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) to assess phylogenetic relationships within the family, to reassess the placement of Sternaspidae within the wider polychaete tree and to investigate the effectiveness of the shield as a diagnostic morphological character. This study includes many new records and reports Sternaspis affinis Stimpson, 1864 from USA Pacific coastline and genetic connectivity between specimens identified as Sternaspis cf. annenkovae Salazar-Vallejo & Buzhinskaja, 2013 from off southeastern Australia and specimens identified as Sternaspis cf. williamsae Salazar-Vallejo & Buzhinskaja, 2013 from the northwestern Pacific. In addition, we investigate material identified as Sternaspis cf. scutata (Ranzani, 1817) in the English Channel and compare with S. scutata through both molecular and morphological means. We further perform a detailed morphological and molecular investigation of new sternaspid material collected from the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Peninsula and regard Sternaspis monroi Salazar-Vallejo, 2014 syn. n. as a junior synonym of Sternaspis sendalli Salazar-Vallejo, 2014, two species recently described from the region, raising questions concerning the validity of current morphological delimitation.

Power marketing is one of the core businesses of power supply enterprises, which has an important impact on enterprise efficiency. Especially in the intelligent information environment, the rapid development of power supply enterprise information construction, the entire power marketing standardized and unified management, can effectively improve the efficiency and economic benefits of power supply enterprises. Therefore, based on the smart grid environment, this paper evaluates the development of the power marketing information management platform, and studies the platform's software architecture and hardware platform, trying to provide effective feasibility recommendations. Platform tests show that the designed platform data query, data update response time does not exceed 3 seconds, 4 seconds Web server CPU usage rate maintained at about 11.3%, achieved the desired results.

Studies of the chemical characteristics of mussels and clams in seafloor hydrothermal fields are important for understanding mass fluxes and elemental partitioning from hydrothermal vents into the biosphere, metal bioaccumulation of seafloor hydrothermal ecosystems, and the sources and sinks of biogeochemical and fluid cycles. We are the first to measure the mineral, major, trace and rare earth element, and carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of mussels (Bathymodiolus platifrons) and clams (Conchocele bisecta) from the Tangyin and Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal fields in the southwestern Okinawa Trough. Mineralogical analysis shows that the carbonate shells of the mussel and clam samples are mainly composed of calcite and aragonite. Metal elements exhibit linear correlations in the shells (e.g., V and U) and tissues (e.g., Li and Rb) of the mussels and clams, suggesting that not all positive correlations of elements in tissues are inherited by the shells. V/As, Ca/Sr, and Fe/Cr ratios in the mussels and clams are close to those in the seawater, indicating that element ratios of seawater might be inherited by the mussels and clams. In addition, the Fe/Cr ratio of the shells of both mussels and clams can be used to trace the local seawater composition. The total LREE concentrations of mussel and clam tissue samples are higher than those of the mussel and clam shell samples, are similar to the hydrothermal fluids, exhibit LREE enrichment (LaCN/NdCN ratios = 1.86-32.1), and no or only slightly negative Eu anomalies, indicating that benthic animals are a sink of LREEs from hydrothermal fluids, and that the Eu/Eu* ratios of fluids change when fluids are incorporated into the tissues of the mussels and clams. In addition, the δ13C values of mussel shell samples are heavier than those of the clam shell samples in the hydrothermal field, indicating that more than one carbon source may be involved in defining the δ13C compositions of the shells. The majority of the δ18O values of clam shell samples fall in the range of δ18O values of the mussel shell samples, and are close to the hydrothermal fluid δ18OH2O values, implying that the δ18O values of mussel and clam shell carbonate is influenced by the hydrothermal environment (magmatic water and fluid dilution with seawater).

Sinonereis heteropoda Wu & Sun, 1979 (Figs 1-3) Sinonereis heteropoda Wu & Sun, 1979: 96, figs 1a-j, 2a-d. ��� Wu et al. 1985: 52-54, figs 1A-J, 2A-D. ��� Sun & Yang 2004: 80-82, fig. 3 A-N. Nicon sinica Wu & Sun, 1979: 99 -101, fig. 3a-j, n. syn. ��� Wu et al. 1985: 60-61, fig. 3 A-J. ��� Miura 1990: 11-14, figs 1a-i, 2a-j. ��� Paik 1997: 154, fig. 2a-j. ��� Sun & Yang 2004: 79-80, fig. 3 A-J. TYPE MATERIAL OF S. HETEROPODA . ��� Holotype. China, Yellow Sea, MBMCAS A-36, ♂, R/ V Handan, collection No. H 0038-28, St. 3031 (36��00N, 121��00E), 30 m, mud and gravel, 27.I.1959. Paratypes. China, East China Sea. MBMCAS A-37 (1), ♂, R/V 401, Collection No. D 14 B-1, St. 4083 (28��00N, 123��30E), 90 m, fine brown sand, 8.XII.1959. ��� China, South China Sea. MBMCAS A-38 (1), ♂, R/V 101, collection No. N 19 B-19, St. 6060 (22��00N, 113��36E), 93 m, mud and sand, 7.V.1960. TYPE MATERIAL OF N. SINICA. ��� Holotype. China, Yellow Sea, MBMCAS A-39, R/ V Yancheng, collection No. Y 28 B-5B, St. 3031, 29 m, brown sand and gravel, 13. VI.1959. ��� Paratype. China, South China Sea. MBMCAS A-41 (1), R/ V Hanggong, collection No. K 6 B-4, St. 0 79 (20��00N, 113��00E), 117 m, mud and sand, 11.VII.1959. DISTRIBUTION. ��� Yellow Sea; East China Sea; South China Sea; Pacific Ocean off Honsu, Japan. DESCRIPTION OF EPITOKE Body Holotype of Sinonereis heteropoda (MBMCAS A-36) male, complete with 60 chaetigers, 12.6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at chaetiger 10 (including parapodia); paratype (MBMCAS A-37) male, complete with 60 chaetigers, fragmented into two parts, anal cirri missing, 12.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at chaetiger 10. Body yellowish, tapering posteriorly, pigmentation absent (Fig. 2 A-C); whitish bundles of sperm in coelom present. Anterior end Prostomium ovate, wider than long; two independent antennae, half as long as prostomium; palps biarticulated, as long as antennae; eyes black, ovate to reniform, subequal (Figs 1A; 2A, B). Achaetous ring twice longer than first chaetiger; anterior cirri smooth, posterodorsal one reaching chaetiger 14 (Figs 1A, 2A). Jaws transparent, brownish, dentate, each jaw with 7-8 teeth (Fig. 2 D-E); pharynx smooth (Figs 1A; 2D, E). Chaetigers Body divided into non-natatory and natatory regions. Nonnatatory region subdivided in three subregions: a) chaetigers 1-4 with dorsal cirri fusiform and ventral cirri cirriform; b) chaetigers 5-7 with dorsal cirri napiform and ventral cirri fusiform; and c) chaetigers 8-21 with both dorsal and ventral cirri cirriform. Natatory region from chaetiger 22 to end of body. First two chaetigers with neuroaciculae only, following chaetigers with both noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetiger 1, dorsal cirrus cirriform, 1.5 times longer than dorsal ligule. Dorsal ligule digitiform, twice as long as neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical; postchaetal lobe digitate, 1.5 times longer than neuroacicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, as long as dorsal ligule. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetiger 3 (Fig. 1B), dorsal cirrus fusiform (i.e., cirrophore slightly swollen, cirrostyle distinct), two times as long as notopodial ventral ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule absent; prechaetal lobe inconspicuous; notopodial ventral ligule digitate, as long as neuropodial postchaetal lobe. Neuroacicular ligule subconical, half as long as postchaetal lobe; postchaetal lobe digitate; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, as long as postchaetal lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetigers 5-7 (Fig. 2H, I), dorsal cirrus with cirrophore globose or ovoid, cirrostyle cirriform. Notopodial dorsal ligule digitate, half as long as dorsal cirrus, as long as notopodial ventral ligule; prechaetal lobe rounded, very small; notopodial ventral ligule digitate, twice longer than neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical; postchaetal lobe digitate, slightly longer than neuroacicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, as long as neuroacicular ligule. Ventral cirrus fusiform, 0.8 times as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetigers 8-21, dorsal and ventral cirri slender, cirriform. Notopodial and neuropodial ligules similar as in chaetigers 5-7. Chaetigers from 22 to end of body modified (Fig. 2 J-K). Dorsal cirrus with cirrophore slightly swollen, cirrostyle cirriform, 1.3 times length of notopodial dorsal ligule, becoming as the same length toward posterior chaetigers; dorsal lamella twice larger than cirrophore of dorsal cirrus. Notopodial dorsal ligules subconical, as long as notopodial ventral ligule; prechaetal lobe rounded, small; notopodial ventral ligule subconical or digitate, twice as long as neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical; postchaetal lobe expanded, lamellar, as long as and as wide as neuroacicular ligule, becoming shorter toward posterior chaetigers, tip with a small apex; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, twice as long as neuroacicular ligule. Ventral cirrus cirriform, 0.8 times as long as neuropodial ventral ligule, with two small basal lamellae, becoming inconspicuous toward posterior chaetigers. Chaetae Notochaetae homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supraacicular fascicles (Fig. 2F); heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles (Fig. 2G). Natatory chaetae absent. Notopodial and neuropodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size toward distal end; neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size toward distal end, blade shorter than homogomph ones (Fig. 2F, G). Neuropodial heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth minute, distal tooth stout, incurved, with a distal tendon, both supra- and sub-acicular falcigers similar in size and shape in the same chaetiger; blades of falcigers increasing in size, teeth increasing in number, and size of both distal tooth and tendons decreasing in size, toward posterior chaetigers (Fig. 2F, G). Posterior end Pygidium tripartite; anal cirri cirriform, as long as last eight chaetigers (Fig. 2A, insert). DESCRIPTION ATOKE Body Holotype of Nicon sinica (A-39) atoke specimen with 51 chaetigers, 11.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide at chaetiger 10; paratype (A-41) immature with 48 chaetigers, 12 mm long, 1.4 mm wide at chaetiger 10. Body yellowish, tapering posteriorly; brown pigment spots in prostomium and palps, brown spots in anterior margin of anterior chaetigers aligned in a band, fading in most-posterior chaetigers. Glandular masses brown at the base of dorsal cirri, both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules, and neuropodial ventral ligules, in first third of body, enhancing toward posterior chaetigers; glandular masses in neuropodial ventral ligules disappearing toward posterior chaetigers. Anterior end Prostomium subpyriform, as long as wide; two independent antennae, half as long as prostomium; palps biarticulated, as long as antennae; eyes black, rounded, subequal (Fig. 3A, B). Achaetous ring twice longer than first chaetiger; anterior cirri smooth, posterodorsal one reaching chaetiger 14 (Fig. 3 A-C). Jaws dentate, each with 6-7 teeth; pharynx bare (Fig. 3E). Chaetigers First two chaetigers with neuroacicula only, following ones with both noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetiger 3 (Fig. 3H), dorsal cirri cirriform, 1.5 times longer than dorsal ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule absent; prechaetal lobe inconspicuous; notopodial ventral ligule digitate, 1.5 times longer than neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule digitate, twice longer than postchaetal lobe; postchaetal lobe subconical, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate. Ventral cirrus cirriform, 0.6 times as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetiger 7 (Fig. 3I), dorsal cirrus cirriform, 0.8 times as long as notopodial dorsal ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule subconical, as long as notopodial ventral ligule; prechaetal lobe rounded, small; notopodial ventral ligule subconical, 1.5 times length of neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical, as long as neuropodial ventral ligule; postchaetal lobe digitate, as long as neuroacicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule subconical. Ventral cirrus cirriform, 0.6 times as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetigers 19 and 39 (Fig. 3 J-K), dorsal cirrus cirriform, 0.8 times as long as notopodial dorsal ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule subconical, 0.8 times as long as notopodial ventral ligule; prechaetal lobe rounded, small; notopodial ventral ligule subconical, twice as long as neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical, 0.8 as long as neuropodial ventral ligule; postchaetal lobe digitate, as long as neuroacicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule subconical. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. Chaetae Notochaetae homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles. Notopodial and neuropodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size toward distal end; neuropodial heterogomph spiniger pectinate, teeth decreasing in size toward distal end, blade shorter than homogomph ones (Fig. 3F). Neuropodial heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth minute, distal tooth stout, incurved, with a distal tendon, increasing in size toward posterior chaetigers (Fig. 3G); both supra-and sub-acicular falcigers similar. Posterior end Pygidium tripartite; anal cirri cirriform (one missing in holotype), as long as last four chaetigers (Fig. 3D). REMARKS The examination of the type material revealed a high resemblance between Sinonereis heteropoda and Nicon sinica, mainly in the long anterior cirri, lack of pharyngeal ornamentation, and quite similar parapodial and chaetal morphology, such as the unusual start of the notopodial dorsal ligules from chaetiger 4, as well as the progressive change of the blade shape in neuropodial falcigers. Wu & Sun (1979) likely overlooked these high similarities because they focused on the modification of dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7 in S. heteropoda, which were absent in the epitokes of Nicon species described in their study, N. maculata and N. moniloceras (Wu & Sun 1979). The examined material differs slightly from those of Miura (1990) mainly in the size of the cirrophores of dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7, and the size of the lamellae in natatory chaetigers, particularly in those joined to the ventral cirri. This difference might reflect changes during the process of transformation. N����ez et al. (2000) reported Nicon sinica from Cape Breton Canyon, Cantabrian Sea, at 917-954 m depth and compared their specimens with those described from Japan, and later N����ez (2004) identified the specimens as Sinonereis heteropoda. N����ez et al. (2000) highlighted the lack of pigmentation and higher amount of notopodial homogomph spinigers (23-52) in chaetiger 10, whereas the Japanese specimens have pigmentation and a lower amount of such spinigers (9-15) (N����ez et al. 2000: 32). There are additional differences: in Chinese specimens the posterodorsal pair of anterior cirri reach chaetiger 14, in chaetiger 10 both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules are subequal and the ventral cirrus is half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule; whereas in the specimens from Cape Breton Canyon the posterodorsal pair of anterior cirri reach chaetiger 6, in chaetiger 10 notopodial dorsal ligule is shorter than notopodial ventral one and the ventral cirrus is longer than neuropodial ventral ligule. On the other hand, Gillet & Dauvin (2000) reported Sinonereis sp. in the vicinity of Hy��res Seamount at 480-705 m depth in bioclastic sand, sponges and gravel, but they did not include any description or justification. Whether the above two records belong to Sinonereis requires a further study to elucidate their status. In this contribution, we confirm the proposal of Miura (1990) that the two species belong to different stages of a single species, i.e., S. heteropoda and N. sinica are described based on epitokes and atokes, respectively. The well-defined sexual dimorphism is also emphasized that not only atokes but also females have no heteronereid transformation. Further, this revision of the type material supports the synonymy of Sinonereis heteropoda and Nicon sinica, but we consider Sinonereis as a separate genus, because epitokal modification is definitely different between Nicon and Sinonereis. The main differences are that epitokes of Nicon species have no napiform dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7, and notopodial dorsal ligules start from chaetiger 3. The genera can also be separated by some other characters as shown in Table 1. For instance, heteronereis of N. aestuarensis Knox, 1951 has both upper and lower lamellae of dorsal cirri and a lamella below the notopodial dorsal ligule (Knox 1951), which are all absent in S. heteropoda. Parapodia of natatory region have only a ventral lamellar process in N. maculata Kinberg, 1865 but four modified processes are present in S. heteropoda. Natatory chaetae are present in N. moniloceras (Hartman, 1940) but absent in S. heteropoda (Hartman 1940; Wu & Sun 1979). Wu & Sun (1979: 96) compared Sinonereis with Leptonereis Kinberg, 1865 because the expanded ���shape of the dorsal cirri��� and bare pharynx (Kinberg 1865), but they regarded both genera as independent because in Leptonereis such structures are in the posterior chaetigers, whereas in Sinonereis they are in the anterior chaetigers. Wu et al. (1985) noted that the expanded dorsal cirri in Leptonereis species are actually the notopodial dorsal ligules (Hartman 1945) and added the lack of neuropodial postchaetal lobes in Leptonereis and present in Sinonereis, likely they referred to ventral lamellae present in natatory chaetigers of Sinonereis epitokes but absent in the holotype of L. laevis after it consists of an atoke specimen (Hartman 1948). Nevertheless, the expanded notopodial ligules in posterior chaetigers are also absent in the atokes of S. heteropoda, ensuring its separation from L. laevis. The genus Rullierinereis Pettibone, 1971 is also closely similar to Sinonereis after the bare pharynx and smooth tentacular cirri but a set of both atokous and epitokous features ensure their separation. Atokes of Rullierinereis species have notopodial homogomph falcigers and the notopodial dorsal ligules decrease in size and even disappear toward posterior chaetigers, features absent in atokes of Sinonereis species; further, atokes of Sinonereis have prechaetal notopodial lobes which are absent in Rullierinereis species (Pettibone 1971). Moreover, epitokes of Rullierinereis species have lower lamellae in dorsal cirri, natatory chaetae, and the females transform into heteronereis, whereas all these features are absent in epitokes of Sinonereis species; also, Sinonereis male epitokes have napiform dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7, feature absent in Rullierinereis male epitokes (Table 1) (Pettibone 1971). Sinonereis closely re- sembles Kainonereis Chamberlin, 1919 because they have a similar modification of dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7 (Chamberlin 1919). However, in Kainonereis the dorsal cirrophores are clearly modified into elytriform structures, namely dorsal discs (Conde-Vela et al. 2018), whilst in Sinonereis corresponding cirrophores are globose or ovoid. Moreover, males of Kainonereis have anterior cirri truly articulated, upper and lower lamellae of dorsal cirri, notopodial homogomph falcigers in first seven chaetigers and well-developed natatory chaetae, all of which are absent in males of Sinonereis (Table 1). In addition, females have similar heteronereid modifications as males in Kainonereis (only lacking the notopodial homogomph falcigers in first seven chaetigers), whereas in Sinonereis females display no heteronereid transformation. The start of notopodial dorsal ligules from chaetiger 4 in males and chaetiger 3 in females is also remarkable in Kainonereis epitokes, whereas in Sinonereis they start from chaetiger 4 in both males and females. As an additional confirmation of how problematic it is matching atokes and epitokes, we must recall that the atokes of Sinonereis, and atoke and epitokes of some Kainonereis species, were regarded as different species in Nicon because of the simple definitions of these genera. However, the differences among the epitoke specimens belonging to the genera Kainonereis, Nicon and Sinonereis mentioned above allow us to recognize Sinonereis as a distinct, valid genus. The lack of heteronereid transformations in females has been reported for other nereidid species. Males of Alitta virens (Sars, 1835) undergo epitoky and the heteronereis spawn in front of the galleries of the unmodified females, which trap the sperm by moving the water inside, and after release the oocytes and the eggs and the benthic larvae which are retained inside (Bass & Brafield 1972). Also, there are metabolic differences between males and females because of the energetic requirements for swimming (Chatelain et al. 2008). Similarly, females of Sinonereis heteropoda could remain inside their galleries in the mud and the fecundation could occur inside, and therefore a restricted distribution is expected. Future studies about the ecology, physiology and reproduction of this species are encouraged to elucidate such issues., Published as part of V��ctor M. CONDE-VELA & Xuwen WU, 2019, Revision of Sinonereis Wu & Sun, 1979 (Annelida: Nereididae), pp. 151-161 in Zoosystema 41 (9) on pages 155-160, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2019v4a9, http://zenodo.org/record/2652323, {"references":["WU B. - L. & SUN R. 1979. - Revision of the genera Nicon and Rullierinereis, with description of a new genus Sinonereis (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Oceanic Selections 2 (2): 95 - 112.","WU B. - L., SUN R. & YANG D. J. 1985. - Nereidae (Polychaetous annelids) of the Chinese coast. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 234 p.","SUN R. & YANG D. J. 2004. - Annelida. Polychaeta II. Nereidida (= Nereimorpha). Nereididae, Syllidae, Hesionidae, Pilargidae, Nephtyidae, in HUO C. & ZHAO G. (eds), Fauna Sinica, Invertebrata, Vol. 33. Beijing: 520 p.","MIURA T. 1990. - Nicon sinica Wu and Sun, 1979, a newly recorded polychaete from Japan. Benthos Research 38: 11 - 17.","PAIK E. - I. 1997. - New record of Nicon sinica (Polychaeta: Nereidae) in Yellow Sea, Korea. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society 31: 152 - 157.","NUNEZ J., AGUIRREZABALAGA F. & CEBERIO A. 2000. - Species of Nereididae from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, Northeast Atlantic). Bulletin of Marine Science 67 (1): 25 - 37.","NUNEZ J. 2004. - Familia Nereididae, in RAMOS M. A. (ed.), Fauna Iberica. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid: 293 - 390.","GILLET P. & DAUVIN J. - C. 2000. - Polychaetes from the Atlantic seamounts of the southern Azores: biogeographical distribution and reproductive patterns. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 80: 1019 - 1029.","KNOX G. A. 1951. - The polychaetous annelids of Banks Peninsula. Part I. Nereidae. Records of the Canterbury Museum 5 (5): 213 - 229.","KINBERG J. G. H. 1865. - Annulata Nova (Nereidum Dispositio Nova. Leonnatidea, Nereidea, Aretidea, Pisenoidea, Niconidea). Ofversigt af Kongelige Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 22 (2): 167 - 179.","HARTMAN O. 1940. - Polychaetous annelids. Part II. Chrysopetalidae to Goniadidae. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 7 (3): 173 - 287.","HARTMAN O. 1945. - The marine annelids of North Carolina. Duke University Marine Station Bulletin 2: 1 - 51.","HARTMAN O. 1948. - The marine annelids erected by Kinberg with notes on some other types in the Swedish State Museum. Arkiv for Zoologi 42 A (1): 1 - 137.","PETTIBONE M. H. 1971. - Revision of some species referred to Leptonereis, Nicon, and Laeonereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 104: 1 - 53.","CHAMBERLIN R. V. 1919. - The Annelida Polychaeta of the Albatross Tropical Pacific Expedition, 1891 - 1905. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 48: 1 - 514.","BASS N. R. & BRAFIELD A. E. 1972. - The life-cycle of the polychaete Nereis virens. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 52 (03): 701 - 726. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400021664","CHATELAIN E. H., BRETON S., LEMIEUX H. & BLIER P. U. 2008. - Epitoky in Nereis (Neanthes) virens (Polychaeta: Nereididae): A story about sex and death. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 149 (1): 202 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cbpb. 2007.09.006"]}

Genus Sinonereis Wu & Sun, 1979 Sinonereis Wu & Sun, 1979: 95. TYPE SPECIES. ��� Sinonereis heteropoda Wu & Sun, 1979, by original designation. DISTRIBUTION. ��� The only species, Sinonereis heteropoda, is distributed along Eastern Asian coasts (Yellow Sea to eastern Japan). The genus has been signaled from the Atlantic Ocean but these records deserve confirmation. DIAGNOSIS (emended, new features highlighted in boldface). ��� Prostomium with entire anterior margin. Four pairs of anterior cirri. Pharynx surface smooth. Upper notopodial ligule present from chaetiger 4 in atokes and epitokes. Notopodial prechaetal lobe present throughout body. In males, chaetigers 5 to 7 with napiform dorsal cirri (i.e., cirrophores globose or ovoid, cirrostyles cirriform); parapodia of natatory region with four lamellar processes (dorsal lamella, ventral lamella, upper and lower lamellae of ventral cirri); females without heteronereid transformation. Notochaetae homogomph spinigers; neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles, heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles. REMARKS The original diagnosis by Wu & Sun (1979) focused in the presence of dorsal cirri with ���inflated��� cirrophores in anterior chaetigers. Relevant features included in the new diagnosis are the presence of notopodial prechaetal lobes throughout the body, the presence of dorsal lobes in natatory chaetigers, the occurrence of notopodial dorsal ligules from chaetiger 4 in both atokes and epitokes (instead of 3 as usual in most nereidids), and the lack of heteronereid transformation in females. Other key features are the lack of both upper and lower lamellae (usually upper or both lamellae are present) and crenulations in dorsal cirri of natatory chaetigers. Wu et al. (1985) placed Sinonereis into the subfamily Nereidinae based on the presence of biramous parapodia, a small number of chaetae in the first chaetigers, and single ventral cirrus in all chaetigers (Wu et al. 1985: 44). Later, Sun & Yang (2004) placed Sinonereis in the subfamily Gymnonereidinae sensu Fitzhugh (1987) because of the lack of paragnaths in pharynx, and the presence of biramous parapodia. In the phylogenetic analysis by Santos et al. (2005), Sinonereis has an uncertain subfamily condition, a similar condition for several other genera. In their cladograms, Sinonereis appeared in a clade together with Leptonereis Kinberg, 1865, Tylonereis Fauvel, 1911 and Tylorrhynchus Grube, 1866 (Santos et al. 2005: figs 7, 8). This clade was supported by the character of enlarged notopodial dorsal ligules (in posterior chaetigers) (Santos et al. 2005), which match with Leptonereis, Tylonereis, and Tylorrhynchus, but not with Sinonereis. Sinonereis resembles Tylonereis and Ty - lorrhynchus by having neuropodial falcigers but separated from them by having basally expanded dorsal cirri, and unilobated neuropodial postchaetal lobes (Santos et al. 2005); additional differences with these genera are the presence of pharyngeal papillae and compound spinigers only in Tylonereis, and lack of both notopodial dorsal ligules and neuropodial ventral ligules in Tylorrhynchus, whereas Sinonereis species have no papillae in pharynx, have both compound falcigers and spinigers, and both notopodial dorsal ligules and neuropodial ventral ligules., Published as part of V��ctor M. CONDE-VELA & Xuwen WU, 2019, Revision of Sinonereis Wu & Sun, 1979 (Annelida: Nereididae), pp. 151-161 in Zoosystema 41 (9) on pages 154-155, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2019v4a9, http://zenodo.org/record/2652323, {"references":["WU B. - L. & SUN R. 1979. - Revision of the genera Nicon and Rullierinereis, with description of a new genus Sinonereis (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Oceanic Selections 2 (2): 95 - 112.","WU B. - L., SUN R. & YANG D. J. 1985. - Nereidae (Polychaetous annelids) of the Chinese coast. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 234 p.","SUN R. & YANG D. J. 2004. - Annelida. Polychaeta II. Nereidida (= Nereimorpha). Nereididae, Syllidae, Hesionidae, Pilargidae, Nephtyidae, in HUO C. & ZHAO G. (eds), Fauna Sinica, Invertebrata, Vol. 33. Beijing: 520 p.","FITZHUGH K. 1987. - Phylogenetic relationships within the Nereididae (Polychaeta): implications at the subfamily level. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 7: 174 - 183.","SANTOS C. S. G., PLEIJEL F., LANA P. D. C. & ROUSE G. W. 2005. - Phylogenetic relationships within Nereididae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Invertebrate Systematics 19 (6): 557 - 576. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 05001","KINBERG J. G. H. 1865. - Annulata Nova (Nereidum Dispositio Nova. Leonnatidea, Nereidea, Aretidea, Pisenoidea, Niconidea). Ofversigt af Kongelige Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 22 (2): 167 - 179."]}

Víctor M. CONDE-VELA, Xuwen WU (2019): Revision of Sinonereis Wu & Sun, 1979 (Annelida: Nereididae). Zoosystema 41 (9): 153-161, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2019v4a9.

Genus Sinonereis Wu & Sun, 1979 Sinonereis Wu & Sun, 1979: 95. TYPE SPECIES. — Sinonereis heteropoda Wu & Sun, 1979, by original designation. DISTRIBUTION. — The only species, Sinonereis heteropoda, is distributed along Eastern Asian coasts (Yellow Sea to eastern Japan). The genus has been signaled from the Atlantic Ocean but these records deserve confirmation. DIAGNOSIS (emended, new features highlighted in boldface). — Prostomium with entire anterior margin. Four pairs of anterior cirri. Pharynx surface smooth. Upper notopodial ligule present from chaetiger 4 in atokes and epitokes. Notopodial prechaetal lobe present throughout body. In males, chaetigers 5 to 7 with napiform dorsal cirri (i.e., cirrophores globose or ovoid, cirrostyles cirriform); parapodia of natatory region with four lamellar processes (dorsal lamella, ventral lamella, upper and lower lamellae of ventral cirri); females without heteronereid transformation. Notochaetae homogomph spinigers; neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles, heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles. REMARKS The original diagnosis by Wu & Sun (1979) focused in the presence of dorsal cirri with ‘inflated’ cirrophores in anterior chaetigers. Relevant features included in the new diagnosis are the presence of notopodial prechaetal lobes throughout the body, the presence of dorsal lobes in natatory chaetigers, the occurrence of notopodial dorsal ligules from chaetiger 4 in both atokes and epitokes (instead of 3 as usual in most nereidids), and the lack of heteronereid transformation in females. Other key features are the lack of both upper and lower lamellae (usually upper or both lamellae are present) and crenulations in dorsal cirri of natatory chaetigers. Wu et al. (1985) placed Sinonereis into the subfamily Nereidinae based on the presence of biramous parapodia, a small number of chaetae in the first chaetigers, and single ventral cirrus in all chaetigers (Wu et al. 1985: 44). Later, Sun & Yang (2004) placed Sinonereis in the subfamily Gymnonereidinae sensu Fitzhugh (1987) because of the lack of paragnaths in pharynx, and the presence of biramous parapodia. In the phylogenetic analysis by Santos et al. (2005), Sinonereis has an uncertain subfamily condition, a similar condition for several other genera. In their cladograms, Sinonereis appeared in a clade together with Leptonereis Kinberg, 1865, Tylonereis Fauvel, 1911 and Tylorrhynchus Grube, 1866 (Santos et al. 2005: figs 7, 8). This clade was supported by the character of enlarged notopodial dorsal ligules (in posterior chaetigers) (Santos et al. 2005), which match with Leptonereis, Tylonereis, and Tylorrhynchus, but not with Sinonereis. Sinonereis resembles Tylonereis and Ty - lorrhynchus by having neuropodial falcigers but separated from them by having basally expanded dorsal cirri, and unilobated neuropodial postchaetal lobes (Santos et al. 2005); additional differences with these genera are the presence of pharyngeal papillae and compound spinigers only in Tylonereis, and lack of both notopodial dorsal ligules and neuropodial ventral ligules in Tylorrhynchus, whereas Sinonereis species have no papillae in pharynx, have both compound falcigers and spinigers, and both notopodial dorsal ligules and neuropodial ventral ligules.

Sinonereis heteropoda Wu & Sun, 1979 (Figs 1-3) Sinonereis heteropoda Wu & Sun, 1979: 96, figs 1a-j, 2a-d. — Wu et al. 1985: 52-54, figs 1A-J, 2A-D. — Sun & Yang 2004: 80-82, fig. 3 A-N. Nicon sinica Wu & Sun, 1979: 99 -101, fig. 3a-j, n. syn. — Wu et al. 1985: 60-61, fig. 3 A-J. — Miura 1990: 11-14, figs 1a-i, 2a-j. — Paik 1997: 154, fig. 2a-j. — Sun & Yang 2004: 79-80, fig. 3 A-J. TYPE MATERIAL OF S. HETEROPODA . — Holotype. China, Yellow Sea, MBMCAS A-36, ♂, R/ V Handan, collection No. H 0038-28, St. 3031 (36°00N, 121°00E), 30 m, mud and gravel, 27.I.1959. Paratypes. China, East China Sea. MBMCAS A-37 (1), ♂, R/V 401, Collection No. D 14 B-1, St. 4083 (28°00N, 123°30E), 90 m, fine brown sand, 8.XII.1959. — China, South China Sea. MBMCAS A-38 (1), ♂, R/V 101, collection No. N 19 B-19, St. 6060 (22°00N, 113°36E), 93 m, mud and sand, 7.V.1960. TYPE MATERIAL OF N. SINICA. — Holotype. China, Yellow Sea, MBMCAS A-39, R/ V Yancheng, collection No. Y 28 B-5B, St. 3031, 29 m, brown sand and gravel, 13. VI.1959. — Paratype. China, South China Sea. MBMCAS A-41 (1), R/ V Hanggong, collection No. K 6 B-4, St. 0 79 (20°00N, 113°00E), 117 m, mud and sand, 11.VII.1959. DISTRIBUTION. — Yellow Sea; East China Sea; South China Sea; Pacific Ocean off Honsu, Japan. DESCRIPTION OF EPITOKE Body Holotype of Sinonereis heteropoda (MBMCAS A-36) male, complete with 60 chaetigers, 12.6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at chaetiger 10 (including parapodia); paratype (MBMCAS A-37) male, complete with 60 chaetigers, fragmented into two parts, anal cirri missing, 12.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at chaetiger 10. Body yellowish, tapering posteriorly, pigmentation absent (Fig. 2 A-C); whitish bundles of sperm in coelom present. Anterior end Prostomium ovate, wider than long; two independent antennae, half as long as prostomium; palps biarticulated, as long as antennae; eyes black, ovate to reniform, subequal (Figs 1A; 2A, B). Achaetous ring twice longer than first chaetiger; anterior cirri smooth, posterodorsal one reaching chaetiger 14 (Figs 1A, 2A). Jaws transparent, brownish, dentate, each jaw with 7-8 teeth (Fig. 2 D-E); pharynx smooth (Figs 1A; 2D, E). Chaetigers Body divided into non-natatory and natatory regions. Nonnatatory region subdivided in three subregions: a) chaetigers 1-4 with dorsal cirri fusiform and ventral cirri cirriform; b) chaetigers 5-7 with dorsal cirri napiform and ventral cirri fusiform; and c) chaetigers 8-21 with both dorsal and ventral cirri cirriform. Natatory region from chaetiger 22 to end of body. First two chaetigers with neuroaciculae only, following chaetigers with both noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetiger 1, dorsal cirrus cirriform, 1.5 times longer than dorsal ligule. Dorsal ligule digitiform, twice as long as neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical; postchaetal lobe digitate, 1.5 times longer than neuroacicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, as long as dorsal ligule. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetiger 3 (Fig. 1B), dorsal cirrus fusiform (i.e., cirrophore slightly swollen, cirrostyle distinct), two times as long as notopodial ventral ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule absent; prechaetal lobe inconspicuous; notopodial ventral ligule digitate, as long as neuropodial postchaetal lobe. Neuroacicular ligule subconical, half as long as postchaetal lobe; postchaetal lobe digitate; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, as long as postchaetal lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetigers 5-7 (Fig. 2H, I), dorsal cirrus with cirrophore globose or ovoid, cirrostyle cirriform. Notopodial dorsal ligule digitate, half as long as dorsal cirrus, as long as notopodial ventral ligule; prechaetal lobe rounded, very small; notopodial ventral ligule digitate, twice longer than neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical; postchaetal lobe digitate, slightly longer than neuroacicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, as long as neuroacicular ligule. Ventral cirrus fusiform, 0.8 times as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetigers 8-21, dorsal and ventral cirri slender, cirriform. Notopodial and neuropodial ligules similar as in chaetigers 5-7. Chaetigers from 22 to end of body modified (Fig. 2 J-K). Dorsal cirrus with cirrophore slightly swollen, cirrostyle cirriform, 1.3 times length of notopodial dorsal ligule, becoming as the same length toward posterior chaetigers; dorsal lamella twice larger than cirrophore of dorsal cirrus. Notopodial dorsal ligules subconical, as long as notopodial ventral ligule; prechaetal lobe rounded, small; notopodial ventral ligule subconical or digitate, twice as long as neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical; postchaetal lobe expanded, lamellar, as long as and as wide as neuroacicular ligule, becoming shorter toward posterior chaetigers, tip with a small apex; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, twice as long as neuroacicular ligule. Ventral cirrus cirriform, 0.8 times as long as neuropodial ventral ligule, with two small basal lamellae, becoming inconspicuous toward posterior chaetigers. Chaetae Notochaetae homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supraacicular fascicles (Fig. 2F); heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles (Fig. 2G). Natatory chaetae absent. Notopodial and neuropodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size toward distal end; neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size toward distal end, blade shorter than homogomph ones (Fig. 2F, G). Neuropodial heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth minute, distal tooth stout, incurved, with a distal tendon, both supra- and sub-acicular falcigers similar in size and shape in the same chaetiger; blades of falcigers increasing in size, teeth increasing in number, and size of both distal tooth and tendons decreasing in size, toward posterior chaetigers (Fig. 2F, G). Posterior end Pygidium tripartite; anal cirri cirriform, as long as last eight chaetigers (Fig. 2A, insert). DESCRIPTION ATOKE Body Holotype of Nicon sinica (A-39) atoke specimen with 51 chaetigers, 11.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide at chaetiger 10; paratype (A-41) immature with 48 chaetigers, 12 mm long, 1.4 mm wide at chaetiger 10. Body yellowish, tapering posteriorly; brown pigment spots in prostomium and palps, brown spots in anterior margin of anterior chaetigers aligned in a band, fading in most-posterior chaetigers. Glandular masses brown at the base of dorsal cirri, both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules, and neuropodial ventral ligules, in first third of body, enhancing toward posterior chaetigers; glandular masses in neuropodial ventral ligules disappearing toward posterior chaetigers. Anterior end Prostomium subpyriform, as long as wide; two independent antennae, half as long as prostomium; palps biarticulated, as long as antennae; eyes black, rounded, subequal (Fig. 3A, B). Achaetous ring twice longer than first chaetiger; anterior cirri smooth, posterodorsal one reaching chaetiger 14 (Fig. 3 A-C). Jaws dentate, each with 6-7 teeth; pharynx bare (Fig. 3E). Chaetigers First two chaetigers with neuroacicula only, following ones with both noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetiger 3 (Fig. 3H), dorsal cirri cirriform, 1.5 times longer than dorsal ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule absent; prechaetal lobe inconspicuous; notopodial ventral ligule digitate, 1.5 times longer than neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule digitate, twice longer than postchaetal lobe; postchaetal lobe subconical, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate. Ventral cirrus cirriform, 0.6 times as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetiger 7 (Fig. 3I), dorsal cirrus cirriform, 0.8 times as long as notopodial dorsal ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule subconical, as long as notopodial ventral ligule; prechaetal lobe rounded, small; notopodial ventral ligule subconical, 1.5 times length of neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical, as long as neuropodial ventral ligule; postchaetal lobe digitate, as long as neuroacicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule subconical. Ventral cirrus cirriform, 0.6 times as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. In chaetigers 19 and 39 (Fig. 3 J-K), dorsal cirrus cirriform, 0.8 times as long as notopodial dorsal ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule subconical, 0.8 times as long as notopodial ventral ligule; prechaetal lobe rounded, small; notopodial ventral ligule subconical, twice as long as neuroacicular ligule. Neuroacicular ligule subconical, 0.8 as long as neuropodial ventral ligule; postchaetal lobe digitate, as long as neuroacicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule subconical. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. Chaetae Notochaetae homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles. Notopodial and neuropodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size toward distal end; neuropodial heterogomph spiniger pectinate, teeth decreasing in size toward distal end, blade shorter than homogomph ones (Fig. 3F). Neuropodial heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth minute, distal tooth stout, incurved, with a distal tendon, increasing in size toward posterior chaetigers (Fig. 3G); both supra-and sub-acicular falcigers similar. Posterior end Pygidium tripartite; anal cirri cirriform (one missing in holotype), as long as last four chaetigers (Fig. 3D). REMARKS The examination of the type material revealed a high resemblance between Sinonereis heteropoda and Nicon sinica, mainly in the long anterior cirri, lack of pharyngeal ornamentation, and quite similar parapodial and chaetal morphology, such as the unusual start of the notopodial dorsal ligules from chaetiger 4, as well as the progressive change of the blade shape in neuropodial falcigers. Wu & Sun (1979) likely overlooked these high similarities because they focused on the modification of dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7 in S. heteropoda, which were absent in the epitokes of Nicon species described in their study, N. maculata and N. moniloceras (Wu & Sun 1979). The examined material differs slightly from those of Miura (1990) mainly in the size of the cirrophores of dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7, and the size of the lamellae in natatory chaetigers, particularly in those joined to the ventral cirri. This difference might reflect changes during the process of transformation. Núñez et al. (2000) reported Nicon sinica from Cape Breton Canyon, Cantabrian Sea, at 917-954 m depth and compared their specimens with those described from Japan, and later Núñez (2004) identified the specimens as Sinonereis heteropoda. Núñez et al. (2000) highlighted the lack of pigmentation and higher amount of notopodial homogomph spinigers (23-52) in chaetiger 10, whereas the Japanese specimens have pigmentation and a lower amount of such spinigers (9-15) (Núñez et al. 2000: 32). There are additional differences: in Chinese specimens the posterodorsal pair of anterior cirri reach chaetiger 14, in chaetiger 10 both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules are subequal and the ventral cirrus is half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule; whereas in the specimens from Cape Breton Canyon the posterodorsal pair of anterior cirri reach chaetiger 6, in chaetiger 10 notopodial dorsal ligule is shorter than notopodial ventral one and the ventral cirrus is longer than neuropodial ventral ligule. On the other hand, Gillet & Dauvin (2000) reported Sinonereis sp. in the vicinity of Hyères Seamount at 480-705 m depth in bioclastic sand, sponges and gravel, but they did not include any description or justification. Whether the above two records belong to Sinonereis requires a further study to elucidate their status. In this contribution, we confirm the proposal of Miura (1990) that the two species belong to different stages of a single species, i.e., S. heteropoda and N. sinica are described based on epitokes and atokes, respectively. The well-defined sexual dimorphism is also emphasized that not only atokes but also females have no heteronereid transformation. Further, this revision of the type material supports the synonymy of Sinonereis heteropoda and Nicon sinica, but we consider Sinonereis as a separate genus, because epitokal modification is definitely different between Nicon and Sinonereis. The main differences are that epitokes of Nicon species have no napiform dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7, and notopodial dorsal ligules start from chaetiger 3. The genera can also be separated by some other characters as shown in Table 1. For instance, heteronereis of N. aestuarensis Knox, 1951 has both upper and lower lamellae of dorsal cirri and a lamella below the notopodial dorsal ligule (Knox 1951), which are all absent in S. heteropoda. Parapodia of natatory region have only a ventral lamellar process in N. maculata Kinberg, 1865 but four modified processes are present in S. heteropoda. Natatory chaetae are present in N. moniloceras (Hartman, 1940) but absent in S. heteropoda (Hartman 1940; Wu & Sun 1979). Wu & Sun (1979: 96) compared Sinonereis with Leptonereis Kinberg, 1865 because the expanded ‘shape of the dorsal cirri’ and bare pharynx (Kinberg 1865), but they regarded both genera as independent because in Leptonereis such structures are in the posterior chaetigers, whereas in Sinonereis they are in the anterior chaetigers. Wu et al. (1985) noted that the expanded dorsal cirri in Leptonereis species are actually the notopodial dorsal ligules (Hartman 1945) and added the lack of neuropodial postchaetal lobes in Leptonereis and present in Sinonereis, likely they referred to ventral lamellae present in natatory chaetigers of Sinonereis epitokes but absent in the holotype of L. laevis after it consists of an atoke specimen (Hartman 1948). Nevertheless, the expanded notopodial ligules in posterior chaetigers are also absent in the atokes of S. heteropoda, ensuring its separation from L. laevis. The genus Rullierinereis Pettibone, 1971 is also closely similar to Sinonereis after the bare pharynx and smooth tentacular cirri but a set of both atokous and epitokous features ensure their separation. Atokes of Rullierinereis species have notopodial homogomph falcigers and the notopodial dorsal ligules decrease in size and even disappear toward posterior chaetigers, features absent in atokes of Sinonereis species; further, atokes of Sinonereis have prechaetal notopodial lobes which are absent in Rullierinereis species (Pettibone 1971). Moreover, epitokes of Rullierinereis species have lower lamellae in dorsal cirri, natatory chaetae, and the females transform into heteronereis, whereas all these features are absent in epitokes of Sinonereis species; also, Sinonereis male epitokes have napiform dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7, feature absent in Rullierinereis male epitokes (Table 1) (Pettibone 1971). Sinonereis closely re- sembles Kainonereis Chamberlin, 1919 because they have a similar modification of dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7 (Chamberlin 1919). However, in Kainonereis the dorsal cirrophores are clearly modified into elytriform structures, namely dorsal discs (Conde-Vela et al. 2018), whilst in Sinonereis corresponding cirrophores are globose or ovoid. Moreover, males of Kainonereis have anterior cirri truly articulated, upper and lower lamellae of dorsal cirri, notopodial homogomph falcigers in first seven chaetigers and well-developed natatory chaetae, all of which are absent in males of Sinonereis (Table 1). In addition, females have similar heteronereid modifications as males in Kainonereis (only lacking the notopodial homogomph falcigers in first seven chaetigers), whereas in Sinonereis females display no heteronereid transformation. The start of notopodial dorsal ligules from chaetiger 4 in males and chaetiger 3 in females is also remarkable in Kainonereis epitokes, whereas in Sinonereis they start from chaetiger 4 in both males and females. As an additional confirmation of how problematic it is matching atokes and epitokes, we must recall that the atokes of Sinonereis, and atoke and epitokes of some Kainonereis species, were regarded as different species in Nicon because of the simple definitions of these genera. However, the differences among the epitoke specimens belonging to the genera Kainonereis, Nicon and Sinonereis mentioned above allow us to recognize Sinonereis as a distinct, valid genus. The lack of heteronereid transformations in females has been reported for other nereidid species. Males of Alitta virens (Sars, 1835) undergo epitoky and the heteronereis spawn in front of the galleries of the unmodified females, which trap the sperm by moving the water inside, and after release the oocytes and the eggs and the benthic larvae which are retained inside (Bass & Brafield 1972). Also, there are metabolic differences between males and females because of the energetic requirements for swimming (Chatelain et al. 2008). Similarly, females of Sinonereis heteropoda could remain inside their galleries in the mud and the fecundation could occur inside, and therefore a restricted distribution is expected. Future studies about the ecology, physiology and reproduction of this species are encouraged to elucidate such issues.

A new species belonging to the subfamily Macellicephalinae (Annelida: Polynoidae), Levensteiniella manusensis sp. nov., is described based on material collected from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Manus Back-Arc Basin. The new species is readily distinguished from the congeners by having two pairs of ventral papillae on segments 11 and 12, the first pair of which is distally dichotomous. Levensteiniella manusensis is also characterized by the combination of the notochaetae which are smooth or serrated on the curved side, and the elytra with micro- and macropapillae on the surface and thickened bulbous projections on the posterior border. Based on morphological comparisons of the main features, we provide two keys to six species of Levensteiniella described to date based on males and females respectively.

Víctor Manuel Conde-Vela, Xuwen Wu, and Sergio Ignacio Salazar-Vallejo (2018) Kainonereis Chamberlin, 1919 was proposed to include only one species, K. alata, based on epitokes provided with elytriform structures in chaetigers 5-7. The species was thoroughly described and illustrated, but its unique features were enigmatic and the genus is currently regarded as taxon inquirendum. In order to have a better understanding of its diagnostic features and determine how this genus differs from similar ones, type material of K. alata and two other species bearing elytriform structures-Nicon polaris Hartman, 1967 and Rullierinereis elytrocirra Sun and Wu, 1979, including additional material from Gulf of California and Caribbean Sea-were examined. Because the K. alata type material is in good condition and the presence of elytriform structures in chaetigers 5-7 is confirmed, this paper regards it as a valid genus. Given that the elytriform structures, or dorsal discs, together with a set of diagnostic features, are consistent in structure and position in all epitokes examined, they are regarded as homologous structures delineating Kainonereis. Consequently, K. alata is redescribed, the new combinations K. polaris comb. n. and K. elytrocirra comb. n. are proposed and redescribed, and two new species are described: K. chamberlini sp. n. from the Caribbean Sea, and K. peltifera sp. n. from the Gulf of California. Also, the discovery of an atoke on K. polaris comb. n. allowed us to better distinguish Kainonereis from the similar genera Nicon Kinberg, 1865 and Rullierinereis Pettibone, 1971. A key to identifying all known Kainonereis species is also included.

The polynoid worms Branchinotogluma spp. are common and frequently abundant in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They have the highest species diversity among the vent polynoids and various kinds of sexual dimorphism. Our investigation of polychaete specimens collected from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Manus Back-Arc Basin revealed four species of Branchinotogluma , including two new ones. These include Branchinotogluma segonzaci Miura and Desbruyeres (1995); B. trifurcus Miura and Desbruyeres (1995); B. pettiboneae sp. nov.; and B. ovata sp. nov. Branchinotogluma pettiboneae sp. nov. resembles B. tunnicliffeae (Pettibone, 1988), but can be distinguished from the latter by the reduced parapodia on segment 20 without notopodial lobes or notochaetae. Branchinotogluma ovata sp. nov. is most similar to B. elytropapillata Zhang et al., 2018, but differs from the latter in the structure of segment 19 in males, which is almost entirely wrapped inside segment 18 and invisible ventrally. The identities of the four species were well supported by genetic distance and phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial c oxidase subunit I ( COI ), 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA genes. By combining reliable data on Branchinotogluma , Branchipolynoe , Lepidonotopodium , and Levensteiniella , the four most diverse polynoid genera occurring in hydrothermal vents, we evaluated their distribution pattern and delineated seven major hydrothermal biogeographic provinces worldwide. The Western Pacific harbors a higher species diversity of vent polynoids than the Eastern Pacific. Our analysis indicates that the Western Pacific is geographically complex and may have played an important role in the dispersal and speciation of vent polynoids.

A taxonomic survey of benthic marine animals from coastal regions of Hainan Island, South China Sea, revealed specimens of a new species of Eunice (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae), Eunice uschakovi n. sp., collected from the intertidal zone. The species belongs to the group of Eunice that has yellow tridentate subacicular hooks and branchiae scattered over an extensive region of the body. It resembles E. miurai and E. havaica in having both bidentate and tridentate falcigers, but can be readily distinguished by branchial features. Comparisons between E. uschakovi and the two related species are presented.

Two species of Sternaspidae, Sternaspis chinensis sp. nov. and S. liui sp. nov., are described based on historic material and recently collected specimens in the sea areas of China. Sternaspis chinensis is abundantly distributed from the Bohai Sea southwards to the East China Sea. It has been frequently misidentified as the nominally cosmopolitan species S. scutata (Ranzani, 1817) in China since the 1950s. However, S. chinensis differs from the latter by possessing concentric bands on the shield (vs. absent) and crenulated posterior margin reaching or slightly expanded beyond the posterolateral corners (vs. posterior margin smooth and markedly expanded beyond the posterolateral corners). Sternaspis chinensis most resembles the NE Pacific species S. affinis Stimpson, 1864, but differs distinctly by its markedly concentric bands decorated from margin to center (vs. mainly restricted in the marginal area). Sternaspis liui is characterized within the genus by its slightly soft shield with firmly adhered sediment particles, which gives it a superficial resemblance to species of Caulleryaspis SendallSalazar-Vallejo, 2013. However, the shields of the latter are remarkably soft and poorly developed, without ribs and concentric lines, while in Sternaspis liui both the ribs and concentric lines are well defined. Variations of both species with remarks on juvenile shield development are provided.

A taxonomic study of Eunice species based on material deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (MBMCAS) including recently collected specimens from coastal regions of Hainan Island, yielded two new species: Eunice hainanensis n. sp. and E. carrerai n. sp. Both species were collected from dead coral rocks in the reefs of the coastal region of Hainan Island, northern South China Sea. Eunice hainanensis has translucent bidentate subacicular hooks and branchiae present over an extensive region of the body. Within the Eunice group possessing these characters, the new species highly resembles E. schizobranchia Claparède, 1870 in having a numerous chaetigers and a very late start of branchiae (348-570 chaetigers with branchiae from chaetigers 69-72 vs. 731 chaetigers with branchiae from chaetiger 67). However, the two species differ by the presence of the maxillary plate VI (MxVI) in the new species (vs. absent in the latter). Besides, E. hainanensis is much smaller (1.7-1.9 mm vs. 5 mm in maximal width). Eunice carrerai belongs to the Eunice group that has dark bidentate subacicular hooks and branchiae present over an extensive region of the body. It can be distinguished from similar congeners that have the branchiae starting from chaetigers 3-4 and prostomial appendages with moniliform articulations by a combination of characters such as the presence of MxVI, notopodial articulations limited to anterior chaetigers, peristomial cirri articulated and extending to anterior edge of first peristomial ring. A key to 16 species of Eunice identified from China seas in the material examined with notes on their distribution is provided. The major characters of these species are briefly summarized.

The original description as well as illustrations of Onuphis fukianensis Uschakov & Wu, 1962 from the East China Sea is simple and no type material is available. The species is peculiar in the genus Onuphis by having very long ceratophores (40 rings on the lateral antennae) and a late start of branched branchiae (chaetiger 47) and thus transferred to the genus Heptaceras. Examination of newly collected material from the region of the type locality allowed us to demonstrate that the reassignment was incorrect. To clarify the status of the species, we designate a neotype and redescribe O. fukianensis. Our examination of historic material revealed another species of Onuphis, which also has relatively long ceratophores and pectinate branchiae that is described below as Onuphis uschakovi sp. nov. The new species highly resembles O. eremita parva Berkeley & Berkeley, 1941, a subspecies described from the southern coast of California. However, the two taxa can be easily distinguished by the number of ceratophoral rings (27–32 vs. 21), the start of subacicular hooks (chaetigers 12–13 vs. chaetiger 8) and the shape of pectinate chaetae (oblique with 8–10 teeth vs. transverse with 15 teeth).

A one-step process was applied to directly converting wet oil-bearing microalgae biomass ofChlorella pyrenoidosacontaining about 90% of water into biodiesel. In order to investigate the effects of water content on biodiesel production, distilled water was added to dried microalgae biomass to form wet biomass used to produce biodiesel. The results showed that at lower temperature of 90°C, water had a negative effect on biodiesel production. The biodiesel yield decreased from 91.4% to 10.3% as water content increased from 0% to 90%. Higher temperature could compensate the negative effect. When temperature reached 150°C, there was no negative effect, and biodiesel yield was over 100%. Based on the above research, wet microalgae biomass was directly applied to biodiesel production, and the optimal conditions were investigated. Under the optimal conditions of 100 mg dry weight equivalent wet microalgae biomass, 4 mL methanol, 8 mL n-hexane, 0.5 M H2SO4, 120°C, and 180 min reaction time, the biodiesel yield reached as high as 92.5% and the FAME content was 93.2%. The results suggested that biodiesel could be effectively produced directly from wet microalgae biomass and this effort may offer the benefits of energy requirements for biodiesel production.

Two species of Sternaspidae, Sternaspis chinensis sp. nov. and S. liui sp. nov., are described based on historic material and recently collected specimens in the sea areas of China. Sternaspis chinensis is abundantly distributed from the Bohai Sea southwards to the East China Sea. It has been frequently misidentified as the nominally cosmopolitan species S. scutata (Ranzani, 1817) in China since the 1950s. However, S. chinensis differs from the latter by possessing concentric bands on the shield (vs. absent) and crenulated posterior margin reaching or slightly expanded beyond the posterolateral corners (vs. posterior margin smooth and markedly expanded beyond the posterolateral corners). Sternaspis chinensis most resembles the NE Pacific species S. affinis Stimpson, 1864, but differs distinctly by its markedly concentric bands decorated from margin to center (vs. mainly restricted in the marginal area). Sternaspis liui is characterized within the genus by its slightly soft shield with firmly adhered sediment particles, which gives it a superficial resemblance to species of Caulleryaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013. However, the shields of the latter are remarkably soft and poorly developed, without ribs and concentric lines, while in Sternaspis liui both the ribs and concentric lines are well defined. Variations of both species with remarks on juvenile shield development are provided.

A taxonomic study of Eunice species based on material deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (MBMCAS) including recently collected specimens from coastal regions of Hainan Island, yielded two new species: Eunice hainanensis n. sp. and E. carrerai n. sp. Both species were collected from dead coral rocks in the reefs of the coastal region of Hainan Island, northern South China Sea. Eunice hainanensis has translucent bidentate subacicular hooks and branchiae present over an extensive region of the body. Within the Eunice group possessing these characters, the new species highly resembles E. schizobranchia Claparede, 1870 in having a numerous chaetigers and a very late start of branchiae (348-570 chaetigers with branchiae from chaetigers 69-72 vs. 731 chaetigers with branchiae from chaetiger 67). However, the two species differ by the presence of the maxillary plate VI (MxVI) in the new species (vs. absent in the latter). Besides, E. hainanensis is much smaller (1.7-1.9 mm vs. 5 mm in maximal width). Eunice carrerai belongs to the Eunice group that has dark bidentate subacicular hooks and branchiae present over an extensive region of the body. It can be distinguished from similar congeners that have the branchiae starting from chaetigers 3-4 and prostomial appendages with moniliform articulations by a combination of characters such as the presence of MxVI, notopodial articulations limited to anterior chaetigers, peristomial cirri articulated and extending to anterior edge of first peristomial ring. A key to 16 species of Eunice identified from China seas in the material examined with notes on their distribution is provided. The major characters of these species are briefly summarized.