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Until recently, abundance estimates for bound molecular complexes have been affected by uncertainties of a factor 10–100. This is due to the difficulty of accurately obtaining the equilibrium constant, either from laboratory experiments or by statistical thermodynamic calculations. In this paper, we firstly present laboratory experiments that we performed in order to determine the molecular structure of H2O-O2. We also derive global abundance estimates for H2O-O2 in the Earth's atmosphere. The equilibrium constant Kp evaluated using the "anharmonic oscillator approach" (AHOA) (Sabu et al., 2005) was employed: the AHOA explains well the structure of the complex obtained by the present experiment. The Kp calculated by this method shows a realistic temperature dependence. We used this Kp to derive global abundance estimates for H2O-O2 in the Earth's atmosphere. The distribution of H2-O2 follows that of water vapour in the troposphere and seems inversely proportional to temperature in the lower stratosphere. Preliminary estimates at the surface show amount of H2O-O2 is comparable to CO or N2O, ranking water vapour complexes among the ten most abundant species in the boundary layer.

This study explored the psychological and behavioral mechanisms of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in Japanese cancer patients using two applied behavioral models, the transtheoretical model (TTM), and theory of planned behavior (TPB).Questionnaires were distributed to 1100 patients at three cancer treatment facilities in Japan and data on 521 cancer patients were used in the final analysis. The questionnaire included items based on TTM and TPB variables, as well as three psychological batteries.According to the TTM, 88 patients (17%) were in precontemplation, 226 (43%) in contemplation, 33 (6%) in preparation, 71 (14%) in action, and 103 (20%) in maintenance. The model derived from structural equation modeling revealed that the stage of CAM use was significantly affected by the pros, cons, expectation from family, norms of medical staff, use of chemotherapy, period from diagnosis, and place of treatment. The primary factor for the stage of CAM use was the expectation from family.The findings revealed the existence of a number of psychologically induced potential CAM users, and psychological variables including positive attitude for CAM use and perceived family expectation greatly influence CAM use in cancer patients.

Crystal growth of Pb[(In 1/2 Nb 1/2 ), (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ),Ti]O 3 (PIMNPT) near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was investigated using the top-seeded solution growth. A mixture of PbO+B 2 O 3 was used as flax and the melt composition was PIMNPT/PbO/B 2 O 3 = 60/37/3 wt%. Pb[(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ),Ti]O 3 crystal was used as seeds in the growth. Obtained crystal had a complete perovskite structure, and showed its Curie temperature T c = 201°C and rhombohedral-to-tetragonal phase transition temperature T rt = 165°C. Phase diagrams for crystal growth near MPB with 0.25 mole of Pb(In 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 were obtained.

We fabricated a conduction-cooled HTS coil wound with the conductors composed of four Ag-sheathed Bi2223 tapes, which have no insulator, and a CuNi tape coated with polyimide for reinforcement and insulation. Using the HTS coil we measured AC loss and investigated thermal stability of the conduction-cooled HTS coil. The coil is composed of 12 single-pancake coils and impregnated with epoxy resin. The inner diameter of the coil is /spl phi/100 mm, the outer diameter is /spl phi/190 mm and the height is 90 mm. The HTS coil carried 800 A at 20 K as designed and generated 2.9 T at the central point of the coil. Sinusoidal currents were supplied to the HTS coil at 20-50 K and AC losses were measured using the electrical method. The AC losses per cycle of the HTS coil increased with increasing the frequency of the current, which indicates the coupling losses would generate between Ag-sheathed Bi2223 tapes in addition to the hysteresis losses. Sinusoidal waveform current of 100 A and 1.32 Hz was continuously supplied to the coil in order to investigate the thermal stability of the coil in AC operations. Although the coil generated an AC loss of 125.6 W, the temperature of the coil became stable approximately 200 sec after starting operation, which indicates that Ag-sheathed Bi2223 coils have high thermal stability in AC operations and are suitable for AC applications.

We fabricated and tested a cryocooler-cooled high temperature superconducting (HTS) single pancake coil wound with a Bi2223 tape in order to investigate thermal stability of the HTS coil. The inner diameter of the coil is ∅100 mm and the outer diameter is ∅257 mm. The coil is impregnated with epoxy resin and a conduction plate made of aluminum is fixed on the surface of the coil through an AlN plate for insulation. We measured thermal runaway currents at several temperatures. In this paper the thermal stability of the coil is discussed.

A project to develop a high-temperature superconducting split magnet for 8 inch silicon single-crystal growth applications began in October 1997. This split coil system is composed of 2 coils, each consisting of 18 pancakes. Each coil has an outer diameter of 1.2 m and a thickness of 0.1 m. Moreover, we developed a highly efficient GM-type cryocooler to cool a HTS coil to below 20 K. This paper presents the test results for a full-scale magnet. Each coil was cooled by the GM-cryocooler with a 3.3 kW compressor. The cool-down of the coil was completed within 480 hours with temperature difference among pancakes maintained at less than 18 K. In April 2001 this split coil was successfully energized up to rated current of 210 A at 20 K without a quench. The stored energy of this split coil reached 1.1 MJ at 216 A, 20 K, and the fastest charging time in our experiments was 1 minute.

We conducted a study in order to determine a suitable design for a 3.6 MJ class high-temperature superconducting (HTS) SMES. Magnet size and volume are expected to be reduced by using the HTS since the HTS wire keeps better properties at high magnetic field than does LTS wire. We carried out parameter surveys of the magnetic fields applied to the HTS-SMES magnets, the elemental coil shapes of the magnets and the number of the elemental coils, and studied a suitable magnet dimension. 7–8 T of the maximum magnetic field applied to the magnet and a large number of elemental coils are suitable for a 3.6 MJ HTS magnet.

We studied the feasibility of a cryocooler cooled 15 kW h HTS-SMES for system stabilization. HTS magnets will have better properties at high magnetic field than do LTS magnets, the volumes of HTS magnets are expected to be reduced. In the study, we calculated volumes, flux-flow losses and ac losses of various shapes of the HTS magnets at a settled load factor and found that more than 10 T of maximum applied field to the magnets should be selected for the cryocooler cooled 15 kW h HTS-SMES magnet designs.

A project to develop a high-temperature superconducting split magnet for Si single crystal growth applications has progressed. This split coil system is composed of two coils, each consisting of 18 pancakes, and the total length of Bi2223 tapes is approximately 80 km. In last fiscal year ending 31 March, 2000, testing and evaluation of an experimental magnet, incorporating two or four pancake coils of the same size as those of the target magnet, has been accomplished. In these tests, we have demonstrated 290 A operation with generating a magnetic field of 0.41 T and accumulated energy as high as 50 kJ. No critical current degradation of these coils occurred at the hoop stress of 46 MPa, which would be applied to the target magnet. The final design of the target magnet has been completed and all the pancake coils for the magnet have been fabricated. The electric performance of each coil was tested in liquid nitrogen and each coil will be placed at the most suitable position in the magnet according to these results. This target magnet will be tested in December 2000.

The authors have completed a 3.6 MJ/1 MW module-type low Tc superconducting (LTS) SMES named ESK (Experimental SMES of Kyushu Electric Power Co. Inc.) as a full system to be tested on a power line in Fukuoka. Our analysis shows that in order to operate the ESK on a real power system, any SMES with a maximum energy capacity of 1 GJ or more and a maximum output of 100 MW is required. With a view that high Tc superconducting (HTS) magnet could be more compact and stable than LTS coils because the former could operate under a greater strength of magnetic field than the latter, our study focused on toroidal magnet, contributing to reduction of its size, volume and the magnetic force applied to the conductor of a 1 GJ HTS-SMES. The study result revealed that a magnetic field in the range from 10 to 14 T is suitable for designing the magnet.

Funded by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of Japan, a project to develop a cryocooler-cooled high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet for Si single crystal growth applications began in October 1997 on the basis of collaboration between Toshiba Corp., Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd, and Shin-Etsu Handotai Co., Ltd. So far, we have finished a design of the HTS magnet and basic tests using a model coil. The target magnet is composed of 36 single pancake coils using Ag-sheathed Bi2223 tapes and total length of the HTS tapes is approximately 80 km. Stored electromagnetic energy of the magnet will amount to 1 MJ at rated current operations. The magnet is to be cooled to below 20 K by a GM (Gifford-McMahon) cryocooler. Before fabricating the target magnet, we tested a model coil composed of 4 single pancake coils which were the same size as those of the target magnet, in order to investigate basic characteristics of the HTS coils. We performed a 290 A continuous current flowing operation using the model coil and reached 50 kJ of electromagnetic energy storage.

A project to develop a high-temperature superconducting split magnet for Si single-crystal growth applications began in October 1997 and is scheduled to be completed for three years. The project is being executed on the basis of collaboration between Toshiba Corp., Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. and Shin-Etsu Handotai Co. Ltd., and is partially funded by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of Japan. The purpose of this project is to confirm the energy-saving performance and high reliability of a large HTS split magnet (1 MJ) using Bi2223 tapes. This split coil system is composed of 2 coils, each consisting of 18 pancakes, and the total length of HTS tapes is approximately 80 km. The magnet is to be cooled to below 20 K by a highly efficient GM-type cryocooler in order to make overall current density of the magnet close to the density of metal superconducting magnets. In the first year of this project, a conceptual design was established and R&D of the fragile HTS tapes was carried out. In the second year, the design, fabrication, testing and evaluation of an experimental magnet, incorporating pancake coils of the same size as those of the actual magnet, has been accomplished. This work will contribute to the improvement of the design and fabrication of the full-scale magnet in the final year of this project.

A superconducting magnet for a 40 T hybrid magnet was designed to be as compact as possible, and to be constructed with epoxy-impregnated layer winding using highly strengthened Nb/sub 3/Sn wires. The magnet generates 16 T in a 420 mm inner diameter of windings. The total coil mass of 4.1 tons, approximately 40% of the conventional cryostabilized magnet wound with copper-matrix wire was attained.

The Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) has been designing and developing the central solenoid (CS) model coil for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The CS model coil is composed of two modules and they will be manufactured by a United States Home Team and a Japanese Home Team. The coil winding method is two-conductors-in-hand and the coil, which has an inner diameter of 1.6 m and an outer diameter of 3.6 m, produces a maximum field of 13 T. The coil will be tested in the JAERI facility. This paper describes the coil design, manufacturing procedure, stress analysis on the winding pack and AC loss analysis.

Until recently, abundance estimates for bound molecular complexes have been affected by uncertainties of a factor 10–100. This is due to the difficulty of accurately obtaining the equilibrium constant, either from laboratory experiments or by statistical thermodynamic calculations. In this paper, we firstly present laboratory experiments that we performed in order to determine the molecular structure of H2O-O2. We also derive global abundance estimates for H2O-O2 in the Earth's atmosphere. The equilibrium constant Kp evaluated using the "anharmonic oscillator approach" (AHOA) (Sabu et al., 2005) was employed: the AHOA explains well the structure of the complex obtained by the present experiment. The Kp calculated by this method shows a realistic temperature dependence. We used this Kp to derive global abundance estimates for H2O-O2 in the Earth's atmosphere. The distribution of H2O-O2 follows that of water vapour in the troposphere and seems inversely proportional to temperature in the lower stratosphere. Preliminary estimates at the surface show amount of H2O-O2 is comparable to CO or N2O, ranking water vapour complexes among the ten most abundant species in the boundary layer.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) single crystals have been grown at temperatures ranging from 450–900 °C and for 1–12 h, using hydrous KOH and NaOH melts as fluxes. For a KOH flux, brown ZnO single crystals with diameter 0.5 mm × 7.5 mm were grown under conditions of 500 °C for 20 h and white crystals of diameter 0.5 mm × 7 mm were grown at 800 °C for 20 h, using a small crucible (average 50 ml). When a large crucible (average 400 ml) was used, ZnO single crystals with diameter 0.5 mm × 8 mm were formed at 900 °C for 30 h. When using a KOH + NaOH (1∶1) flux, light-brown and long crystals with diameter 1.0 mm × 18 mm could be grown. The grown ZnO single crystals were bounded with only both p- and m-faces. It seems that crystal qualities were good under conditions of 900 °C for 30 h. The following mechanisms of dissociation and formation of ZnO single crystal from KOH (or NaOH) + ZnO melt seemed to occur $$KOH(or{\text{ NaOH}}){\text{ }} \to {\rm K}^ + {\text{ (or Na}}^{\text{ + }} {\text{) + OH}}^ - $$ $$ZnO{\text{ + 2 OH}}^ - \to {\text{ ZnO}}_{\text{2}}^{{\text{2}} - } {\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O,}}$$ $${\text{ZnO}}_{\text{2}}^{{\text{2}} - } {\text{ }} \to {\text{ ZnO + O}}^{{\text{2}} - } .$$

We have measured the angular dependence of the voltage–current characteristics in Bi-2223/Ag tape which has a high critical current density, 33 kA/cm2 at 77 K and self-magnetic field. The angular dependence can be attributed to that of the so-called glass–liquid transition field. It will be shown that the critical current density can be described by the statistics model as a function of the magnetic field and its angle.

The C5N radical has been detected for the first time by using a pulsed-discharge-nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The radical was generated by a discharge in a mixture of HC5N and HC3N diluted in Ar and subsequently cooled to a few kelvins in a supersonic free jet expansion. The rotational transitions of C5N have been observed with resolved fine and hyperfine structures in the range from 5 to 17 GHz. The ground state of C5N was determined to have 2Σ symmetry. The present laboratory observation have allowed us to perform a deep radio astronomical search for C5N in interstellar molecular clouds.

Bilateral control, the technology of teleoperation with force feedback, is progressing rapidly and has a field with an important application in space, oceanic engineering, medicine, and so on. Many researchers have employed velocity, force or impedance information to propose a variety of bilateral control. As a conventional bilateral control, position-position, force-position architecture are known. But, these architecture was only intuitive and did not have a clear performance index. Hannafod, Lawrence and so on had established a clear design method based on transparency by using the H matrix and a four-channel architecture, and among the control architectures that incorporate velocity and force feedforward, the 4-channel architecture has shown perfect transparency in ideal condition. Furthermore, by using a local force feedback, one can counteract an impact force imposed by the operator or the environment force reflection. But, it seems that this modified 4-channel architecture does not show the effect of local force feedback well from the point of view of visual. In addition, like a parallel control and a compliance control, control architecture which have a part where force information is converted into position information through filter cannot be expressed clearly in this architecture. So, the authors transformed the 4-channel architecture to make these control laws easy to evaluate. The authors introduce the transformation of the modified 4-channel architecture to clarify the meaning of local force feedback, and to express the above-mentioned controller clearly.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor in human cancer tissue. To clarify the clinical significance of this factor, we investigated the VEGF expression in early and advanced gastric cancer. This study included analysis of data on 243 patients with gastric cancer, including 118 in the early stage and 125 in the advanced stage. VEGF was immunohistochemically stained. Of 243 tumors, 102 (42%) were VEGF-positive. The VEGF-positive gastric cancers were larger, more invasive, and classified in the more advanced stage than VEGF negative ones. Patients with VEGF-positive cancers had significantly lower survival rates than did those with negative ones, both in early and advanced stages (P0.05, P0.01, respectively). The VEGF-positive isolates had more hematogenous metastases than VEGF-negative ones. Multivariate analysis revealed VEGF to be an independent prognostic factor and independent risk factor for liver metastasis. The VEGF expression in cancer cells can serve as a pertinent prognostic indicator both in early and advanced gastric cancer.

Electric field vs. current density (E-J) characteristics in Bi-2223/Ag tapes have been studied over a wide range of E, temperatures, T, magnetic fields, B, and angles, θ. Using a statistic E-J model along with a scaling analysis of the pinning force density, we derive an analytical expression describing the nonlinear E-J characteristics as a function of T, B, and θ. It has been confirmed that the calculation results agree well with measurements. Moreover, we can predict the E-J characteristics using limited data sets, i.e., B-dependence at perpendicular magnetic field and the anisotropy ratio between parallel and perpendicular field to the tape surface.

The clinical significance of angiogenesis was investigated in Borrmann type IV gastric cancer. Tumors with high microvessel density (MVD) often metastasized to the liver and lymph nodes. A significant correlation was recognized between macrophage infiltration and MVD. However, MVD was not a prognostic factor. Peritoneal dissemination was a prognostic factor in Borrmann type IV gastric cancer. Thus, angiogenesis plays an important role in the metastasis, but not prognosis in Borrmann type IV gastric cancer.

The number of cases of stage T1c prostate cancer has dramatically been increasing since the introduction of PSA as a screening test. The patients with T1c prostate cancer are usually treated by radical prostatectomy. In this group, however, some cancers are of small tumor volume and with a Gleason score of less than 7. These cancers are considered to be good candidates for watchful waiting management. We have investigated 40 patients with T1c prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy between 1996 and 1998. All 9 patients harboring tumors of Gleason score 7 or greater had tumors larger than 0.5 cm3. We have investigated PSA-related parameters including total PSA (PSA), PSA density (PSAD), free PSA, and % free PSA in 31 patients with T1c cancers of Gleason score 6 or less in order to clarify good preoperative predictors of tumor volume. We compared the distribution of PSA, PSAD, free PSA, and % PSA between the larger and smaller tumor groups. There was no significant difference in PSA, PSAD, or free PSA value. The small tumor group had a greater mean % free PSA than the larger tumor group (23.27 versus 11.88, p = 0.007). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.715, 0.794, 0.636, and 0.842 for PSA, PSAD, free PSA and % free PSA. In stage T1c prostate cancer of Gleason score 6 or less, % free PSA may be the most useful preoperative predictor for tumor volume of 0.5 cm3 or greater.

A 47-year-old Japanese woman with a history of epigastric pain and a recent episode of acute pancreatitis (back pain, nausea, and vomiting) and anemia was found to have a pancreatic cyst of the tail on CT-scan and ultrasonography. Especially, ultrasonography revealed the papillary solid lesion in the cyst. With the tentative diagnosis of a cystic neoplasm, distal pancreatectomy was performed. Histological examination of sections showed massive hemorrhage, surrounded fibrous connective tissue, and numerous macrophages with hemosiderin deposits; these histological findings resembled cystic endometriosis. The clinicopathological features and pathogenesis of the pancreatic endometrial cyst are discussed.

Eight patients with locally advanced bladder cancer who were not candidates for radical cystectomy or concurrent intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy were treated with combined platinum-based chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Six of the eight patients (75%) achieved a clinical complete response (CR). The effect of therapy in four patients whose histopathological responses were evaluated was effect grade 3. One of the eight patients died of treatment-related myelosuppression. The other two patients died of intercurrent disease, while the remaining five patients are alive with preservation of a functional bladder. The 2-year overall survival rate was 87.5%. Adverse events due to chemotherapy were mainly bone marrow suppression. Those caused by radiation therapy were rectal irritability. We considered concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy useful for the treatment of locally advanced bladder cancer.

We report here three cases of bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma. One of the 3 patients underwent bilateral partial nephrectomy, while the other 2 underwent combined partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy. All patients received adjuvant therapy of interferon-alpha and tegafur uracil. In the management of synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma, we discussed the selection of surgical procedure for primary lesions, i.e., based on the renal function of both sides, and the necessity of adjuvant therapy in such cases.

To evaluate the efficacy of chemoendocrine therapy for the initial treatment of stage D2 prostate cancer, we conducted a prospective randomized study which compared combined androgen blockade alone to that combined with UFT. Twenty-one patients received LH-RH agonist and flutamide (Group-A), and 23 patients received LH-RH agonist, flutamide and UFT (Group-B). The overall response rate and the PSA response rate of Group-A was 71.4% and 100% respectively, against 65.2% and 90%, respectively in Group-B. The median follow-up period was 24 months. The 2-year progression-free survival rate of Group-A was 7.4% and that of Group-B was 15.9%. The response rate and progression-free survival rate did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Liver dysfunction due to flutamide was common in both groups, and a total of 4 patients did not continue the treatment because of this adverse effect. We conclude that in patients with stage D2 prostate cancer, treatment with combined androgen blockade and UFT is not superior to treatment with combined androgen blockade alone.

We investigated the endocrinological effects of pretreatment with chlormadinone acetate (CMA) in preventing the initial testosterone surge induced by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogue. A total of 25 patients with previously untreated prostate cancer were included in this study. The patients were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: Group 1; CMA therapy was begun 4 weeks before the initial LH-RH analogue injection. Group 2; CMA therapy was begun 2 weeks before the initial LH-RH analogue injection. After the initial LH-RH analogue injection, CMA was administered during this study. After LH-RH analogue application, the mean values of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone increased in both groups on day 3. However, LH and testosterone levels remained beneath pretreatment values in both groups. The mean relative PSA levels did not significantly increased on day 3 and day 7 in both groups. Our results indicate that pretreatment with CMA for 2 weeks was sufficient to prevent the initial testosterone surge in the maximal androgen blockade which was associated with CMA.

Forty-five patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with intra-arterial doxorubicin chemotherapy plus low-dose radiotherapy between September 1979 and March 1990 were retrospectively studied. Twenty-eight (62%) patients achieved a complete response (CR) and in all of them, a functional bladder could be preserved. The 10-year cause-specific survival rate of patients with CR was 95.5%, but that of patients not achieving a CR was 39%. These results demonstrate that in patients who achieve a CR with this treatment, we may be able to preserve a functional bladder. In a prospective study, we designed a new intra-arterial chemotherapy regimen in order to achieve a higher degree of effectiveness and to preserve a functional bladder. Twenty-three patients were treated with concurrent pirarubicin/cisplatin intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy after complete transurethral resection. Twenty-one (91%) patients achieved CR. One of these patients had relapse with lung metastases and was treated surgically. Two patients who did not achieve a CR died of cancer, and 21 patients are alive with preservation of functional bladder. For treatment of prostate cancer, we now administer only adjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy plus irradiation for patients after radical prostatectomy.

A 57-year-old man was admitted with the chief complaint of macrohematuria. Digital rectal examination showed a slightly enlarged, irregular prostate with stony consistency. Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) were elevated. Transurethral resection (TUR)-biopsy of the prostate revealed small cell carcinoma with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Various radiological examinations revealed metastases to pelvic lymph nodes and liver. He was treated with chemoendocrine therapy consisting of cisplatin, etoposide, flutamide and luleinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist. The primary tumor and metastatic lesion decreased and serum PSA, NSE and ProGRP levels were decreased to normal ranges after 5 cycles of chemotherapy. After the 5-cycle chemotherapy, TUR-biopsy proved viable tumor cells. During the additional chemotherapy, tumor markers increased and 4 months later liver metastasis progressed. He died 13 months after diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the prostate.

We evaluated the efficacy of pretreatment with chlormadinone acetate (CMA) in preventing the initial testosterone surge induced by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogue. A total of 44 patients with previously untreated prostate cancer was included in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: Group I-CMA therapy was begun 4 weeks before the initial LH-RH analogue injection. Group II-CMA therapy was begun 2 weeks before the initial LH-RH analogue injection. After the initial LH-RH analogue injection, CMA was administered for 12 weeks or more. After LH-RH analogue application mean values of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone increased in both groups on day 3. However, LH and testosterone levels remained below pretreatment values in both groups. CMA pretreatment reduced the mean serum PSA. The mean relative PSA level slightly increased after administration of the LH-RH analogue in group I on day 7. In group II, the mean relative PSA level decreased after LH-RH analogue administration. Objective response rates at 12 weeks were 83.3% and 93.8% in group I and group II. Our results indicate that pretreatment with CMA for 2 weeks appeared to be sufficient to prevent the initial testosterone surge induced by LH-RH analogue.

The spectrum of the VATER association has been debated ever since its description more than two decades ago. To assess the spectrum of congenital anomalies associated with VATER while minimizing the distortions due to small samples and referral patterns typical of clinical series, we studied infants with VATER association reported to the combined registry of infants with multiple congenital anomalies from 17 birth defects registries worldwide that are part of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems (ICB-DMS). Among approximately 10 million infants born from 1983 through 1991, the ICB-DMS registered 2,295 infants with 3 or more of 25 unrelated major congenital anomalies of unknown cause. Of these infants, 286 had the VATER association, defined as at least three of the five VATER anomalies (vertebral defects, anal atresia, esophageal atresia, renal defects, and radial-ray limb deficiency), when we expected 219 (P0.001). Of these 286 infants, 51 had at least four VATER anomalies, and 8 had all five anomalies. We found that preaxial but not other limb anomalies were significantly associated with any combination of the four nonlimb VATER anomalies (P0.001). Of the 286 infants with VATER association, 214 (74.8%) had additional defects. Genital defects, cardiovascular anomalies, and small intestinal atresias were positively associated with VATER association (P0.001). Infants with VATER association that included both renal anomalies and anorectal atresia were significantly more likely to have genital defects. Finally, a subset of infants with VATER association also had defects described in other associations, including diaphragmatic defects, oral clefts, bladder exstrophy, omphalocele, and neural tube defects. These results offer evidence for the specificity of the VATER association, suggest the existence of distinct subsets within the association, and raise the question of a common pathway for patterns of VATER and other types of defects in at least a subset of infants with multiple congenital anomalies.

The usefulness of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on autologous blood transfusion was investigated in 18 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (mean age 67.4 years). A total of 800 ml blood was deposited by two donations of 400 ml each, concomitant with subcutaneous administration of 24,000 U rHuEPO at each donation. All patients completed two successive donations with no adverse effects. The mean hemoglobin concentration was 13.7 g/dl before the donation and 13.0 g/dl on the day of operation. The decrease in hemoglobin was effectively prevented in 12 patients (66.7%) with rHuEPO, when compared with the predicted decrease in the absence of recovery from anemia. During radical prostatectomy, no homologous blood transfusion was required in 16 of 18 patients (88.9%). In conclusion, predeposit autologous blood transfusion with rHuEPO is useful for diminishing the risks associated with homologous blood transfusions.

We studied the efficacy of glutathione in the prevention of CDDP-induced neurotoxicity. Nine patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer were treated with intra-arterial THP and CDDP chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. Glutathione was given at a dose of 1,500 mg/m2 before CDDP administration and at a dose of 600 mg/body on days 2 to 4. The CR rate of 9 patients was 89%, and 2 of the 9 patients developed grade 1 neurotoxicity. These patients were then compared with 15 patients treated with the same regiment but without glutathione. The two groups did not differ in CR rate (89% vs 87%), but the incidence of neurotoxicity of patients with glutathione was significantly lower than that of patients without glutathione (22% vs 73%).

Thirteen patients with invasive bladder cancer treated by induction intra-arterial chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy achieved a complete response (CR). All of them were treated by prophylactic intra-arterial chemotherapy using pirarubicin (10), epirubicin (2) and carboplatin (1). The treatment was given once a month for 2 years. In the followup period from 14 to 43 months (median; 22.5 months), only one of the 13 patients had an invasive recurrence of bladder cancer and died of it. Ten of the 13 patients are now disease-free and alive with functional bladder. The complications of this therapy were mild and tolerable. The results suggest that prophylactic intra-arterial chemotherapy is a useful regimen for CR patients with invasive bladder cancer after induction therapy.

The effects of individual glycosaminoglycan (GAG) species on calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal growth were studied in vitro by the observation of crystal morphology grown in a supersaturated calcium oxalate solution in the presence of GAGs using optical and scanning electron microscopes. GAGs affected the morphology of COM crystals differently depending on the species. The growth rates of the crystals formed in the presence of chondroitin-6-sulfate (ChS-C) were higher in length and lower in width and thickness than those of control crystals. The incorporation of dermatan sulfate or heparin into the crystals formed in the presence of these GAGs was revealed by X-ray microanalysis, whereas ChS-C was not detected in the crystals grown with it. The experiment using dicarboxylates, as a simple model of GAG molecules, showed that a distance between the side groups was important for their morphological effects. These findings suggested that the different effects of GAGs on the crystal morphology resulted from the differences in their interaction modes with COM crystal faces, that is, the differences in their binding behavior, their inhibition modes of crystal growth, and other roles played after binding to the crystals.

Eleven patients with prostate cancer were treated by intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and radiotherapy combined with hormone therapy. CDDP was given one patient, THP and CDDP to eight patients, and THP and CBDCA to two others. All patients were treated by whole pelvis with prostate boost radiation. Seven patients underwent castration and four were administered LH-RH agonist in hormone therapy. Clinically, CR was observed in two patients and PR in nine. Histologically, G3 was observed in six patients, G2 in four patients and G1 in one. The main side effects were myelosuppression and rectal disturbances, but treatment could be completed in all patients. These results suggest that this treatment is a useful regimen for prostate cancer.

Three patients with locally advanced bladder cancer were given intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy. The treatment regimen was epirubicin, 30 mg/m2 days 1-2; cisplatin, 50 mg/m2 IA days 1-2; and etoposide, 100 mg/m2 IV days 3-5, repeated every 21 days. The tip of the catheter was inserted through the femoral artery into the common iliac artery and we compressed both femoral arteries during infusion. The patients were evaluated for the clinical and pathological efficacy of the treatment. Clinically (according to Japanese response criteria for urological cancer treatment), the efficacy of all patients was CR and pathologically (according to Shimosato's response criteria), the efficacy was two in Grade IV b, and one in Grade II b. Myelosuppression was the major toxicity. Other toxicities were mild. There were no treatment-related deaths. These results suggest that this treatment is effective and well tolerated in advanced bladder cancer.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). To examine the relationship between defective HTLV-I proviruses and clinicopathological features, we examined 95 patients with ATLL showing clonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA; 77 patients (81%) showed 1 clonal band, 15 (16%) showed 2 clonal bands, and 3 (3%) showed 3 clonal bands. In addition, the defective proviral form was detected in 28 patients (29%): 23 (30%) of the 77 with 1 clonal band, 4(27%) of the 15 with 2 clonal bands, and 1(33%) of the 3 with 3 clonal bands. The numbers of clonal bands had no association with the presence of defective proviruses. We classified the 95 patients with ATLL into four types according to clinicopathological features (smoldering leukemia, chronic leukemia, acute leukemia, and lymphoma types). The distribution of patients with the defective form was not different among these four types. The HTLV-I genomes must have integrated into the human genome DNA and been deleted partially in the cells. The defective form was kept during the clinical stage. All patients with the defective form showed defect of the gag or/and env region. No patient had a defect of the pX region. These data suggest that the pX region of HTLV-I must have played an important role in ATLL genesis.

The blood and tissue levels of pirarubicin (THP) were studied in dogs by HPLC analysis. The THP (1.5 mg/kg) was infused from the bifurcation of internal iliac artery. We measured the concentration of THP after 1 or 2 hours of intra-arterial infusion (IA) and compared with the concentration of THP administered intravenously (IV). The plasma levels of THP following IA rapidly disappeared the same as for IV. The blood cell level of THP following both IA and IV was significantly higher than the plasma level. The bladder mucosa and muscle levels of THP following IA were about 8 times as high as that of IV. The bladder muscle level of THP 2 hours after IA was about twice as high as after 1 hour and the same as the bladder mucosa level of THP after both 1 and 2 hours. It is considered that THP by the present method may have the transition from the mucosa to the muscle in the bladder. In the other intrapelvic tissues (perivesical adipose tissue, pelvic lymph node and prostate), IA also had higher concentrations compared with IV. However, the extrapelvic tissues (heart, liver and kidney) levels of THP following IA were the same as those for IV. It was concluded that THP was a reasonable agent for IA chemotherapy for bladder cancer.

Eight patients with bladder cancer and two patients with prostate cancer were given intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy using the reservoir system. The tip of the catheter was inserted through the femoral artery to the common iliac artery and we compressed both femoral arteries during infusion. Five patients with locally advanced bladder cancer and two patients with prostate cancer were evaluated for the clinical and pathological efficacy of the treatment. Clinically, the efficacy of four of the five patients with bladder cancer was CR or PR and pathologically (according to Shimosato's criteria), the efficacy was two in IVb or III, and three in IIb. Clinically, the efficacy in two patients with prostate cancer was CR or PR, and pathologically the efficacy was IVb or IIb. Three patients had complications of the reservoir system. These results suggest that good therapeutic efficacy and an improved quality of life can be obtained by intra-arterial chemotherapy using the reservoir system.

Between 1976 and 1985, 35 patients with bladder cancer were preoperatively treated with intra-arterial doxorubicin (ADM) chemotherapy. We separated these patients into 2 groups according to regimen: A) 1-3 shots of ADM infusion with or without radiotherapy, and B) 3-day courses of ADM infusion with low-dose radiotherapy. The 5-year actual survival rate according to stage (T category) was 100% in T1-2, 37.5% in T3 and 23.3% in T4. In T1-2, bladder preservative operations were done on 50% of the patients in group A and 100% in group B. In T3-4, the 5-year actual survival rate in group A was 22.5%, while in group B it was 52.8% (p less than 0.01). The bladder preservative operations were done on 33.3% of the patients in group A and 73.3% in group B. The patients who received ADM intra-arterial chemotherapy combined with low-dose radiotherapy for bladder cancers, who achieved complete or partial remission, might be able to preserve their bladder.

A 69-year-old man was admitted for further examination of right hydronephrosis in November 1988. Radiologically, excretory urography showed right non-functional kidney and antegrade pyelography revealed filling defect of right renal pelvis and ureter. Cytology findings of right renal urine indicated transitional cell carcinoma. Computed tomography revealed multiple mass of liver. The patient was administered M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) combination chemotherapy. After the 4 courses of treatment, the mass of the primary lesion and hepatic metastasis disappeared and he achieved complete remission. The side effects noted were mild myelosuppression, alopecia and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

The construction program of 40 T-class hybrid magnet is proceeding on the base of a 5-year plan starting from 1988 fiscal year. At the 1st stage we carried out a R & D study on the candidate materials for magnet conductors, such as Nb-tube processed (Nb, Ti)3Sn multifilamentary conductors and Cu-Al203 alloys. The primary design of a 40 T class hybrid magnet with associated facilities were also worked out. The design assumes generation of a back-up field of 15 T (Bmax of 15.7 T) at 4.2 K with a superconducting magnet with a room temperature bore of 400 mm. A water-cooled magnet is designed as a polihelix type one to generate incremental fields up to 25 T in a clear bore of 30 mm with power consumption of about 14 MW.