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Laboratoriesare designed for three main objectives; education, diagnosis and research. The concept ofbiosafety has begun to be prioritized due to the need to protect the personnelworking in laboratories for education, routine diagnosis and research purposes,as well as people outside the laboratory and laboratory materials.Since1990s the concept of biosafety has started to be developed for laboratories andbiosafety guidelines have began to be published by various universities andinstitutions. Precautions that are related tobiosafety and standards are determined based on the risk assessment of microorganismsto be studied in the laboratory. According to these risk assessments, microorganisms have been classified into four riskgroups and, four kinds of laboratory biosafety levels have been determined. Inthese laboratory biosafety levels, as well as standard microbiologicalapplications, specific applications and precautions are taken that are mentionedas primary and secondary property barriers. Animal care units, arthropodsproduction and care centers are also classified as laboratories. The term of biosafetyincludes topics such as proper collection of waste generated in the laboratory,transportation and disposal of chemical and radioactive substances. The topicsmentioned in this review are dealt based on parasitology laboratories. Key words: Biosafety, Microbiology,Parasitology

Malaria caused by Plasmodium species continues to affect the half of the world population. According to the World Health Organization 2017 data, 445.000 cases of malaria and 219 million cases of new clinical malaria cases were reported during the year. African continent is the geographical region where the disease is most frequent. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of imported cases after travels to this continent. In this case report, relaps caused by Plasmodium ovale in a male Republic of Turkey citizen patient who has travelled to Uganda only and no other place a year and half ago was presented. Thin blood smear was prepared from the peripheral blood of the patient who admitted to our hospital with complaints of fever and chills. The smear was stained with Giemsa and examined with a x100 objective microscope and trophozoites belonging to Plasmodium genus were detected. Considering the size and locality of the trophozoites in the erythrocytes, it is thought that the parasite may be Plasmodium vivax. Nested PCR method was used for the species identification. Nested PCR studies were performed using Plasmodium genus and specific primers for P.vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, P.ovale and Plasmodium malariae. Nested PCR products were run on gel and P.ovale was visualized in 787 bp region. P.vivax, P.malariae, P.falciparum, P.ovale and Plasmodium knowlesi species specific primers and probe-based quantitative real-time PCR (qRt-PCR) study revealed that the patient was infected with P.ovale. The patient had no history of chronic illness but had a history of recovered malaria 7-8 years ago. The patient did not have any complaints other than these complaints. CMV IgM and IgG and Brucella aglutinisation tests were negative. It is clear that relapse cases can also be seen when P.ovale species are in hypnozoite stage in the liver. Although there are 18 reported cases of relapse in the last century, these phenomena do not provide sufficient evidence for the theory of relapse. A true relapse is thought to be mild symptoms and even subclinical disease. It is also known that it is difficult to distinguish a true recurrence in cases of relapses that can occur after a long time from primer infection. The best way to overcome this difficulty is to assume being in a malaria endemic area or not between primary infection and recurrence. We think that the applications that are carried out together with the microscope and molecular studies, especially in cases where there is relapses in which low parasitemia or travel story are insufficient, are extremely important both in terms of diagnosis and accurate identification of species and in the selection of treatment.

Toxoplasma gondii is a compulsory intracellular protozoan parasite with a wide range of host in warm-blooded vertebrates and has importance in terms of health and economy. Toxoplasmosis is very common because it can infect people with a variety of ways; ingestion of contaminated water and nutrients; raw or undercooked meats containing tissue cysts, blood transfusions, organ transplantantation and transplacental transfer. The aim of this study was to evaluate serologic and molecular test results of toxoplasmosis pre-diagnosed patients. Anti-T.gondii-IgG, anti-T.gondii-IgM ELISA, anti-T.gondii-IgM IFAT and anti- T.gondii-IgG avidity serological tests and PCR tests were applied by using blood, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, pericardial fluid and abscess samples from patients who have admitted to Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology routine serology and molecular diagnosis laboratories with a pre-diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Among 6547 patients 3.3% (n= 220) were only IgM positive, 9.2% were both IgG and IgM positive (n= 598). Among male patients, the positivity rates were lower and only IgM seropositive patients were 0.6% (n= 45) while the frequency of both IgG and IgM positive patients was 0.8% (n= 47). The number of both IgG and IgM seropositive cases among new borns, constituting 6.4% (n= 425) of the total number of patients, was 20 (0.3%) and the number of IgM seropositive samples was 25 (0.4%). Only 290 patients positive for IgM antibodies were studied for IFAT and 22 of these patients were positive for anti-T.gondii-IFAT IgM. Anti- T.gondii IgG avidity test was performed in all IgG positive patients regardless of their IgM seropositivity; low avidity was found in 0.7% (n= 18) of IgM-negative patients' sera and equivocal avidity was detected in 6.5% (n= 179). Low avidity was detected in 2.6% of IgM positive patients. Nine of the patients evaluated as anti-T.gondii IgM negative and IgG positive were detected as positive by PCR and two of them were negative. One of these PCR-positive patient's amniotic fluid was sent after the serological test results and detected as positive. Twenty CSF samples were studied by PCR and 7 samples were positive. Also, 8 blood samples which were anti-T.gondii IgM negative and IgG positive were found to bepositive in 7 and negative in one sample with PCR results, subsequently. PCR tests with pericardial fluid and abscess materials were found to be negative. In the case of suspicious or risky situations such as false negatives or false positives resulting from cross-reaction that can occur in ELISA tests, unnecessary medication or interventional approaches can be avoided by applying molecular-based testing at laboratories with appropriate infrastructure. For this reason, we believe that the application of molecular tests in addition to serological tests in risky situations may give more reliable results.