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UTe2 is a recently discovered spin-triplet superconductor. One of the characteristic features of UTe2 is a magnetic field (H)-boosted superconductivity above 16 T when H is applied exactly parallel to the b axis. To date, this superconducting (SC) state has not been thoroughly investigated, and the SC properties as well as the spin state of this high-H SC (HHSC) phase are not well understood. In this study, we performed AC magnetic susceptibility and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements and found that, up to 24.8 T, the HHSC state is intrinsic to UTe2 and quite sensitive to the H angle, and that its SC character is different from that in the low-H SC (LHSC) state. The dominant spin component of the spin-triplet pair is along the a axis in the LHSC state but is changed in the HHSC state along the b axis. Our results indicate that H-induced multiple SC states originate from the remaining spin degrees of freedom., 6 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables

Background Previous large trials of trastuzumab (TZM) demonstrated improved outcomes in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer. However, its effectiveness and safety in Japanese patients is not yet clear. Recently, new anti-HER2 agents were developed to improve treatment outcomes, but the patient selection criteria remain controversial. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of TZM therapy as perioperative therapy for HER2-positive operable breast cancer in daily clinical practice and to create a recurrence prediction model for therapeutic selection. Methods An observational study was conducted in Japan (UMIN000002737) to observe the prognosis of women (n = 2024) with HER2-positive invasive breast cancer who received TZM for stage I–III C disease between July 2009 and June 2011. Moreover, a recurrence-predicting model was designed to evaluate the risk factors for recurrence. Results The 5- and 10-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 88.9 (95% CI 87.5–90.3%) and 82.4% (95% CI 79.2–85.6%), respectively. The 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) rates were 96% (95% CI 95.1–96.9%) and 92.7% (95% CI 91.1–94.3%), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for recurrence were an age of ≥ 70 years, T2 or larger tumors, clinically detected lymph node metastasis, histological tumor diameter of > 1 cm, histologically detected lymph node metastasis (≥ n2), and the implementation of preoperative treatment. The 5-year recurrence rate under the standard treatment was estimated to be > 10% in patients with a score of 3 or greater on the recurrence-predicting model. Conclusion The recurrence-predicting model designed in this study may improve treatment selection of patients with stage I–III C disease. However, further studies are needed to validate the scores generated by this model.

The polar magnet CaBaCo$_{4}$O$_{7}$ is known to exhibit the largest magnetic-field-driven electric polarization change ($\Delta P$) associated with an antiferromagnetic (AFM)-ferrimagnetic (FIM) transition in a narrow temperature range between 62 and 69 K. In this work, we investigate the effect of Ni doping on its multiferroic properties, by means of magnetization, electric polarization, dielectric constant, and magnetostriction measurements on single crystals of CaBaCo$_{3.9}$Ni$_{0.1}$O$_{7}$ up to 50 T. In the doped material, two kinds of AFM phases appear below 78 K, accompanying negative $\Delta P$. Upon the application of a magnetic field along any crystallographic axis, giant positive $\Delta P$ of up to $11 \sim 12$ mC/m$^{2}$ is observed along with an AFM-FIM transition in the whole temperature range below 78 K. The giant magnetoelectric effect inherent in CaBaCo$_{4}$O$_{7}$ can be further enhanced just by a small amount of chemical substitution, in terms of (i) increasing the magnitude of $\Delta P$ and (ii) expanding the temperature range in which giant $\Delta P$ appears., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, SM: 3 pages, 3 figures

Objective: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) versus vitamin K antagonists (VKA) after recent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) aged ≥85 years. Methods: Individual patient data analysis from seven prospective stroke cohorts. We compared DOAC versus VKA treatment among patients with AF and recent stroke (

We investigated the spin excitations of magnetoelectric LiFePO4 by THz absorption spectroscopy in magnetic fields up to 33 T. By studying their selection rules, we found not only magnetic-dipole, but also electric-dipole active (electromagnons) and magnetoelectric resonances. The magnetic field dependence of four strong low-energy modes is reproduced well by a four-spin mean-field model for fields applied along the three orthorhombic axes. From the fit of magnetization and magnon frequencies, we refined the exchange couplings, single-ion anisotropies, and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction parameters. Additional spin excitations not described by the mean-field model are observed at higher frequencies. Some of them show a strong shift with the magnetic field, up to 4 cm−1 T−1, when the field is applied along the easy axis. Based on this field dependence, we attribute these high frequency resonances to the excitation of higher spin multipoles and of two magnons, which become THz-active due to the low symmetry of the magnetically ordered state.

Single crystals of the unconventional superconductor UTe$_2$ have been grown in various conditions which result in different superconducting transition temperature as well as normal state properties. Stoichiometry of the samples has been characterized by the single-crystal X-ray crystallography and electron microprobe analyses. Superconducting samples are nearly stoichiometric within an experimental error of about 1 \%, while non-superconducting sample significantly deviates from the ideal composition. The superconducting UTe$_2$ showed that the large density of states was partially gapped in the normal state, while the non-superconducting sample is characterized by the relatively large electronic specific heat as reported previously., 8 pages, 6 figures

Single crystals of the unconventional superconductor UTe

The novel spin-triplet superconductor candidate UTe

Nonreciprocal directional dichroism, also called the optical-diode effect, is an appealing functional property inherent to the large class of noncentrosymmetric magnets. However, the in situ electric control of this phenomenon is challenging as it requires a set of conditions to be fulfilled: Special symmetries of the magnetic ground state, spin excitations with comparable magnetic- and electric-dipole activity, and switchable electric polarization. We demonstrate the isothermal electric switch between domains of Ba_{2}CoGe_{2}O_{7} possessing opposite magnetoelectric susceptibilities. Combining THz spectroscopy and multiboson spin-wave analysis, we show that unbalancing the population of antiferromagnetic domains generates the nonreciprocal light absorption of spin excitations.

To analyze the inrush current in a superconducting transformer, the machine parameters for the transformer were estimated from the measured current using a search algorithm. To address the large rising edge error in estimations performed using a genetic algorithm (GA), a differential evolution (DE) was used in this study. As a result, the estimated time was reduced to about 1/10 that obtained with GA, and the evaluation value indicating the difference between the measured value and the estimated value was reduced to about 1/2. Thus, it was possible to estimate with higher accuracy by using DE., 32nd International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS2019), 3-5 December, 2019, Kyoto, Japan

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief of British Journal of Anaesthesia. The study is retracted for the following reasons: Statistical analysis suggests that the data may be fabricated. Y Saitoh provided a statement in a personal communication to a member of the editorial board of British Journal of Anaesthesia that the study was not approved by the Institutional Review Board and that no evidence exists to support the study findings.

In order to identify the spin contribution to superconducting pairing compatible with the so-called "hidden order", ^{29}Si nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have been performed using a high-quality single crystal of URu_{2}Si_{2}. A clear reduction of the ^{29}Si Knight shift in the superconducting state has been observed under a magnetic field applied along the crystalline c axis, corresponding to the magnetic easy axis. These results provide direct evidence for the formation of spin-singlet Cooper pairs. Consequently, results indicating a very tiny change of the in-plane Knight shift reported previously demonstrate extreme uniaxial anisotropy for the spin susceptibility in the hidden order state.

Introduction/Background Exercise therapy is a core component of rehabilitation for patients with cardiopulmonary disease and diabetes. A recent study showed that cognitive function improved after a single episode of moderate-intensity exercise. However, the laterality of cortical oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) increases during exercise is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the laterality of O2Hb changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during 20 min of moderate-intensity cycling exercise. Material and method Twelve healthy volunteers (9 women) participated. After a 3 min of rest, 20 min of exercise was performed at a workload of 50% VO2peak, followed by 15 min of post-exercise rest. The O2Hb levels in the right (R-PFC) and left (L-PFC) prefrontal cortices were measured using a 34-channel, near-infrared spectrometry system. The O2Hb levels in each area were expressed as changes from the mean pre-exercise rest phase values. The O2Hb values in the last 5 min of the 20-min exercise period were averaged in both regions. The laterality index (LI) was calculated using the formula (L-PFC O2Hb–R-PFC O2Hb)/(L-PFC O2Hb + R-PFC O2Hb). A positive LI indicated that the increase in O2Hb in the L-PFC was larger than in the R-PFC; a negative LI indicated the opposite. Results O2Hb levels increased during the first 10 min and were maintained over the latter half of the exercise period in both R-PFC and L-PFC. The average O2Hb values in the last 5 min were 0.066 ± 0.013 mM·cm in the R-PFC and 0.085 ± 0.015 mM·cm in the L-PFC. The average LI of the PFC was 0.16 ± 0.10. Conclusion L-PFC-dominant O2Hb increases were observed during 20 min of moderate-intensity cycling exercises. The L-PFC plays an important role in executive functions and verbal working memory, which might be promoted by 20 min of exercise.

Velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic wave in molten alkaline silicates of lithium, sodium and potassium were measured at a temperature range between their liquidus and ∼200 K higher than their liquidus. Measurements were carried out by the pulse transmission method using a couple of ultrasonic pulse generator and receiver. Composition of the silicate sample was selected for covering the enough temperature range and for getting the correct knowledge of composition dependence of alkaline silicate. Measured velocity of ultrasound decreases with the increase in temperature in all samples. Composition dependence were similar between sodium and potassium silicates but little different in lithium silicate. Absorption of ultrasound depends both on the sound frequencies and temperatures. It suggests that there is some dispersion of sound waves propagating in the silicate medium. Since the lithium silicate melt behaves in a dissimilar way from those of other alkaline silicates, the authors tried the addit...

Our measurements of the ^{59}Co NMR spin-spin relaxation in URh_{0.9}Co_{0.1}Ge reveal a divergence of electronic spin fluctuations in the vicinity of the field-induced quantum critical point at H_{R}≈13 T, around which reentrant superconductivity (RSC) occurs in the ferromagnetic heavy fermion compound URhGe. We map out the strength of spin fluctuations in the (H_{b},H_{c}) plane of magnetic field components and show that critical fluctuations develop in the same limited region near the field H_{R} as that where RSC is observed. This strongly suggests these quantum fluctuations as the pairing glue responsible for the RSC. The fluctuations observed are characteristic of a tricritical point, followed by a phase bifurcation toward quantum critical end points.

This paper describes the design of a 66 kV high-Tc superconducting fault current limiter (FCL) magnet and the test results obtained. The magnet mainly consists of a vacuum vessel, a nitrogen bath, a pair of current leads, cryocoolers, and six sets of coils wound with Bi2223 tape. The rated current is 750 A. The insulation voltage of the magnet is of the 66 kV class. In the final year of the project, all six sets of the coils are set connected in the cryostat and evaluation tests have been implemented. In the cooling test, sub-cooled nitrogen of 65 K was obtained, with homogenous temperature distribution in the cryogen. The rated current of 750 A was successfully obtained for both direct and alternating current tests. In addition, the magnet passed the simultaneous current and voltage application test. The dielectric test results showed that the magnet satisfied the insulation for 66 kV apparatus in the Japanese Electrotechnical Committee Standard. Finally, the magnet was combined with a rectifier bridge circuit to form an FCL. In a fault current limiting test with a short-circuit generator, the FCL successfully limited short circuit current up to 20 kV applied voltage. The obtained result was in good agreement with the design and the Electro-Magnetic Transients Program (EMTP) analysis

A 66 kV-class power lead insulation system has been developed for high-Tc superconducting fault current limiters (SCFCL). The power leads are insulated with ethylene-propylene rubber without organic filler, and have excellent crack resistance. This system was evaluated by an insulation model and was shown to have strong enough electrical insulation properties for 66 kV-class equipment. To minimize insulation layer thickness, the dielectric characteristics of this EPR were investigated in detail. The specimens were made 0.3-10 mm thick: near the thickness of an actual power lead insulation layer. The breakdown stress was measured at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature. The V-t characteristic was also measured. Based on the study, the power lead insulation model was constructed and its electrical insulation properties were evaluated

We have confirmed that more female subjects than male subjects evaluate male body odor as significantly unpleasant. Through an investigation on sexual differentiation in sensitivity to male body odor, we concluded that one of the volatile steroids, androstenone, had two effects on female olfactory sense. First, female subjects perceived androstenone itself to be more unpleasant than male subjects. Second, for only female subjects, androstenone, at a concentration of one-tenth of detection threshold, enhanced the intensity and unpleasantness of body-odor constituents such as short-chain fatty acids.

One of the items included in the Super-conductive AC Equipment (Super-ACE) project, being performed from 2000 to 2004, is development of a 66 kV/1 kA class high-Tc superconducting (HTS) fault current limiter (FCL) magnet. This research focuses on fundamental technical items essential for a 66 kV class fault current limiter, that is, high current-capacity, high voltage-insulation, and sub-cooled nitrogen cooling. This paper describes the design of the magnet and the test results obtained. The magnet mainly consists of a vacuum vessel, a nitrogen bath, a pair of current leads, cryocoolers, and six sets of coils wound with Bi2223 tape. The rated current of the magnet is 750 Ap. The insulation voltage of the magnet is of the 66 kV class. In the final year of the project, all six sets of the coils are set connected in the cryostat and evaluation tests have been implemented. In the cooling test, sub-cooled nitrogen of 65 K was obtained, with homogenous temperature distribution in the cryogen. The rated current of 750 Ap was successfully obtained for both direct and alternating current tests. In addition, the magnet passed the simultaneous current and voltage application test. Finally, the dielectric test results showed that the magnet satisfied the insulation for 66 kV apparatus in the Japanese Electrotechnical Committee Standard (JEC) standard.

R&D of fundamental technologies for superconducting AC Power equipment (Super-ACE project) started as a national project, for a five-year plan since fiscal 2000 by MITI and NEDO. This project is to research and develop the basic technology of super-conductive cable, fault current limiter and transformer. This paper summarizes the research and development of following 2 types FCL. The R&D of the SN transition resistive type superconducting thin film fault current limiter aims to establish large-current/high-voltage technology by arranging films in multi-parallel/series, and increasing the current-carrying capacity through widening the area of the thin film of the current limiting element. The R&D of the reactor for a rectifier-type fault current limiter using coils of superconducting wire of the Ag sheath Bi2223 tape, aiming to apply it to high-voltage systems.

A novel motion capture system using magnetically coupled LC resonant marker have been developed. This system composed from the LC marker, a driving coil and a pickup coil array. The marker consists only of an inductor and a capacitor without battery or electric wires, and driven wirelessly by the action of electromagnetic induction. The position accuracy was around 2 mm when the marker was located within the space of 50 mm apart from the pickup coil array. The system is applicable for highly accurate motion capturing without magnetic shielding because the system is free from the earth field. Additionally, it has a possibility of a multi-point motion capturing because the system allow markers to have an individual frequency band.

FK888 is a candidate selective NK1 receptor antagonist that exhibits poor absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract. In our previous study, it was found that pulmonary application was effective in achieving systemic absorption of the drug in healthy volunteers. In this study inhalation powder formulations, which were carrier-free spherical soft agglomerates of FK888 fine particles, were evaluated using an E-haler. A proportional fine particle dose (FPD defined as the dose deposited less than 4.9 μm) was obtained from 10, 20 and 40-mg formulations (10, 20 and 40 mg as FK888, respectively) after discharging into a cascade impactor using an E-haler. However, poorer reproducibility of FPD was observed when five different lots of active ingredient were used in the 40-mg formulation (14.3 ± 2.7 mg for FPD, 35.8 ± 6.7% for the fine particle fraction; FPF defined as a percentage of FPD compared with the nominal dose defined as the quantity of FK888 loaded in a capsule, and a CV of 18.7%). It was found that the BET surface area of the fine drug particles was closely related to the in vitro aerodynamic properties, and the addition of 25% (w/w) coarse lactose (Pharmatose 325 M) was very effective in improving the variability (17.7 ± 0.9 mg for FPD, 44.2 ± 2.2% for FPF, and a CV of 4.9%, p

We tried to apply the LPE process to fabricate RE123 coated conductors. We have been investigating the construction using a BaZrO 3 buffer layer, called “non-reactive buffer type” on the textured Ni substrate. It was confirmed that this construction is stable for the LPE process, because the BaZrO 3 is stable to the RE–Ba–Cu–O solution at the process temperature. First, Y123 was grown on the MgO single crystal substrate with the BaZrO 3 buffer layer in order to confirm the potential of this combination. We confirmed that the BaZrO 3 layer could be effective to prevent from chemical diffusion of Ni and a high superconducting performance cloud be obtained as T c =92 K and J c =2×10 5 A/cm 2 . We prepared with the Sm123 seeded substrate on the BaZrO 3 /SOE/textured Ni, and confirmed that the seed layer and buffer layer showed the fourfold symmetry in the crystal in-plane alignment. Y123 was tried to grow on this sample and it was confirmed that the BaZrO 3 buffer layer prevented from the reaction between the Ni substrate and the solution. Consequently, the Y123 layer with a good in-plane alignment was obtained and it showed high T c value of 90 K.

In order to investigate the influence of the buffer layer for the seed film quality which is important to obtain high quality liquid phase epitaxy film, we prepared several different kinds of SmBa 2 Cu 3 O y (Sm123) seed films on SOE-NiO buffered biaxially textured Ni tapes with and without the second buffer layer of BaZrO 3 by the pulsed laser deposition method. As a consequence of the investigation, it was found that BaZrO 3 is a suitable material as a buffer layer to obtain highly in-plane aligned Sm123 seed films on SOE-NiO buffered biaxially textured Ni tapes.

63 Cu -NMR measurement has been performed to investigate the coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in a hybrid ruthenium (Ru)–copper (Cu) oxide superconductor RuSr2YCu2O8 (RuY1212). Broadening of the Cu-NMR signal below TM demonstrates that Cu nuclei in CuO2 planes feel a dipolar field from ordered Ru moments in RuO2 planes. On the other hand, the opening of the SC gap is confirmed from the observation of a decrease in the nuclear spin–lattice relaxation rate, 63 1/T 1 , below Tconset=45 K. These NMR results provide evidence that the superconductivity coexists with the (field induced) ferromagnetism at a microscopic scale. We also found that the T dependence and the magnitude of 1/T1T are quite similar to those in YBa2Cu3O7 (Y1237), indicative of the same spin-fluctuation character in both compounds. This suggests that the hole content in RuY1212 is comparable to that in Y1237.

From Ru- and Cu-NMR studies, we present evidence for coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in a cuprate superconductor ${\mathrm{RuSr}}_{2}{\mathrm{YCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ (RuY1212). The observation of a large enhancement of a radio-frequency field for the Ru-NMR signal at zero field reveals the existence of a ferromagnetic (FM) component in the ordered ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{2}$ plane below a Curie temperature of ${T}_{M}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}150\mathrm{K}$. Just below the onset temperature of superconductivity ${T}_{c}^{\mathrm{onset}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}45\mathrm{K}$, a remarkable decrease of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate ${1/T}_{1}$ was observed within the ordered ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{2}$ plane as well as the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ plane, revealing that the superconducting gap coexists with the FM component in the ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{2}$ plane on a microscopic scale. In addition, from the observation of a sharp peak in ${}^{101}({1/T}_{1})$ at ${T}_{c}^{\mathrm{zero}}\ensuremath{\sim}23\mathrm{K}$ where the resistivity becomes zero, we suggest that the motion of self-induced vortices originating from fluctuations of the FM component induces the resistivity between ${T}_{c}^{\mathrm{onset}}$ and ${T}_{c}^{\mathrm{zero}}$ in RuY1212.

We report temperature dependence of the Gaussian component of spin-echo decay rate (1/T2G) in under, optimally and overdoped single crystals Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212) with the superconducting (SC) transition temperatures T c =79, 86, and 77.3 K, respectively. For all the samples, 1/T2G was found to decrease below a temperature T c ∗ lower than T∗ but higher than Tc. Here T∗ is the temperature below which the ”pseudogap” emerges. Tc∗ undergoes a similar variation with Tc as function of doping level. This result is corroborated by those results of nuclear spin–lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 and the Knight shift reported previously. These anomalies below T c ∗ are suggested to be precursive to the SC transition. Based on the NMR results, three crossover temperatures, TmK, T∗ and Tc∗ are marked in the phase diagram on Bi2212.

This paper introduces nuclear magnetic resonance works in the strongly correlated super-conductors: heavy-Fermion, high-T C superconductors and Sr2RuO4. The analyses strongly support the spin-fluctuation-mediated superconductivity model in a high-T C superconductor.

We report characteristics of impurity-induced staggered polarization (IISP) and antiferromagnetic long-range order (AF-LRO) in the gapped spin-1/2 Heisenberg two-leg ladder compound ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (Sr123). We have carried out comprehensive NMR and NQR investigations on three impurity-doped systems, $\mathrm{Sr}({\mathrm{Cu}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{M}_{x}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3} (M=\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{n},\mathrm{}\mathrm{Ni})$ with $xl~0.02$ and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ with $xl~0.03.$ Either the Zn or Ni impurity that is nonmagnetic depletes a single spin on the ladders, whereas the La impurity is believed to dope electrons onto the ladders. The width of the Lorentzian Cu NMR spectrum increases with the increase in impurity content x and follows the Curie-like temperature (T) dependence as $W/T.$ The W's for the Zn- and Ni-doped samples (M doping) are larger than for the La-doped one (La doping). The NMR spectra were fit by assuming that unpaired spin ${S}_{0}=1/2$ induced next to impurity on the rung for the Zn and Ni doping ${(S}_{0}=1/4$ for the La doping) creates the staggered spin polarization along the leg, which decreases exponentially from ${S}_{0}.$ In Sr123, an instantaneous spin-correlation length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}$ was theoretically predicted as ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}/a\ensuremath{\sim}3\ensuremath{-}8,$ where a is the lattice spacing between the Cu sites along the leg. However, a correlation length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{s}/a$ estimated from the IISP along the leg was found to be much longer than ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}/a$ in $x=0.001$ and 0.005. The notable result is that ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{s}/a$ that was found to be T independent is scaled to mean distances ${D}_{\mathrm{AV}}=1/(2x)$ between the Zn and Ni impurities and ${D}_{\mathrm{AV}}=1/x$ between the La impurities. When ${D}_{\mathrm{AV}}=500$ for $x=0.001$ (Zn doping), ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{s}/a\ensuremath{\sim}50$ is estimated. The significantly broadened NQR spectrum has provided unambiguous evidence for the AF-LRO in the Zn and Ni doping (x=0.01 and 0.02). Rather uniform AF moments at the middle Cu sites between the impurities are estimated to be about $0.04{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ at 1.4 K along the a axis. By assuming that exponential decay constants of AF moments are equivalent to ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{s}/a$'s for the IISP, the size of an AF moment next to the impurity is deduced as ${S}_{\mathrm{AF}}\ensuremath{\sim}1/4.$ We propose that these exponential distributions of IISP and AF moments along the two-leg suggest that an interladder interaction is in a weakly coupled quasi-one-dimensional (WC-Q1D) regime. The formula of ${T}_{N}{=J}_{0}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{D}_{\mathrm{AV}}/({\ensuremath{\xi}}_{s}/a))$ based on the WC-Q1D model explains ${T}_{N}(\mathrm{exp})=3$ K $(x=0.01)$ and 5.8 K $(x=0.02)$ quantitatively and predicts to be as small as ${T}_{N}=0.09$ K for $x=0.001$ using ${J}_{0}=2000$ K. On the other hand, there is no evidence of AF-LRO for the La doping $(x=0.02$ and 0.03) down to 1.4 K, nevertheless their ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{s}/a$'s are almost equivalent to those in the Zn and Ni doping $(x=0.01$ and 0.02). We remark that the Q1D-IISP is dramatically enhanced by the interladder interaction even though so weak, once the impurity breaks up the quantum coherence in the short-range resonating valence bond (RVB) state with the gap. On the one hand, we propose that ${T}_{N}$ is determined by a strength of the interladder interaction and a size of ${S}_{0}.$

The carrier distribution among the inequivalent CuO 2 planes in multilayer cuprates is investigated by 63 Cu Knight shift measurement with varying the carrier concentration, δ and the number of CuO 2 plane in a unit cell, n. We found that 70 (60)% of total carriers are doped selectively into two outer CuO 2 planes in n = 3 (4). This indicates resultantly that the inhomogeneity of carrier distribution increases with increasing δ and n in multilayer cuprates.

Recent NMR measurements on high- T c and related material Sr 2 RuO 4 by the Osaka group are reviewed. The following results are presented: (1) Study of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 +Ni has revealed that the attractive force is spin in origin. (2) Analysis of T 1 , T 2 and Knight shift ( K ) in various high- T c materials supports the antiferromagnetic spin-fluctuation mediated superconducting model. (3) Temperatures at which a pseudogap starts to open obtained by 1/ T 1 T , d K /d T , photoemission and resistivity agree with each other in the Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ δ system. (4) 17 O Knight shift measurements in the related material Sr 2 RuO 4 suggests that a triplet pairing is realized in this compound as in the heavy-fermion superconductor UPt 3 .

Recent NMR measurements on high-T c materials by our group are reviewed. Study of YBa2Cu3O7+Ni has revealed that the attractive force is spin in origin. Analysis of T1, the Knight shift K and T2G in Tl2Ba2Ca2CuO10 (Tl2223), HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 (Hg1223), HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10 (Hg1234) and YBa2Cu4O8 (Y1248) supports the antiferromagnetic spin fluctuation (AFSF)-mediated-superconductivity-model. The temperatures at which a pseudogap starts to open obtained by 1/T1T, dK/dT, photoemission, resistivity and STM all agree with each other in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi2212). The origin of the pseudogap is discussed.