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This paper discusses the development challenges of an offshore fluvial oil reservoir with horizontal wells. In highly productive sandstone reservoirs, horizontal wells suffer from uneven flow profile and subsequent premature coning effects because of sand heterogeneity and heel to toe effect. Moreover, excessively increasing the production rate or horizontal well length can increase the risk of limited sweep efficiency, resulting in remaining oil in the toe or poor sand with low permeability. First, we analyze the characters of fluvial oil reservoir focusing on sand architecture and heterogeneity. Second, the sweep efficiency was calculated by the production data. Finally, we optimize inflow control device (ICD) for several wells and compare the response of ICD wells with conventional screen completion wells.

Oral implantology has experienced more than half a century of development, the theoretical foundation and clinical technology are becoming more mature. This article elaborates on the establishment of implant timing, implant-related bone augmentation technology, surgical alternatives to bone augmentation technology, implant-related soft tissue augmentation technology, and computer-guided surgery. Provide a reference for a comprehensive understanding of dental implant surgery technology and its new developments.口腔种植治疗学经历半个多世纪的发展，理论基础和临床技术都日臻成熟。本文从种植时机的确立、种植相关的骨增量技术、骨增量技术的外科替代方案、种植相关的软组织增量技术以及计算机引导外科等方面的技术和新进展进行阐述，以期为口腔种植医师全面了解口腔种植外科技术及其新进展提供参考。.

The manufacturing industry, automatic production has been a crucial resource that cannot be replaced by labors. However, with the moving-abroad of manufactures and under the pressure of continuously reduce production cost, the core of production management in the manufacturing industry has lain in to increase the yield rate, lower unnecessary waste in production, and achieve excellent quality control. Smart Manufacturing Execution Systems (SMES) is now playing the role of integration. The major MESs in the present market all place the emphasis on semi-conductor, LCD panel, and modular assembling industries. The lack of identification numbers in the process of production disables the present solar cell industry to provide support and operate, and thus an MES for solar cell industry is in need.This research adopts the MES with LCD View, as the system model base. Based on the framework of prototyping constituted by information system, we proposed an SMES for solar cell industry, which is integrated with the present solar cell operation model and designed according to the framework of LCD View system.The solar cell SMES developed in this study can raise the personnel working efficiency in production and process analysis. The contribution of this study can real time analysis on quality abnormality, together with information on management, such as real time report on machine status, analysis on raw material, and production indices, the solar cell MES can facilitate production managers to make strategic decisions regarding production and improve the production as well as yield rate of products.

CeO2/TiO2 catalysts were fabricated by dry ball milling in the presence or absence of an organic ligand. It was found that the catalysts prepared by ligand-assisted ball milling exhibited high NH3-SCR activities due to the interaction between cerium ions and ligand molecules resulting in good dispersion, a high Ce3+ ratio and high reducibility of cerium species.

BackgroundWhile efficacy of combination treatment with methotrexate (MTX), sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (triple therapy') has been shown in clinical trials, few studies have examined its longevity in a real-life setting.

Sinus floor elevation was needed in 11 patients having 15 implant sites with the residual bone height (RBH) was less than 10 mm in the posterior maxillary region from Feb to May 2017. The RBH ranged from 3.10 to 8.34 mm [averaged (6.18±1.60) mm]. RBH6 mm was observed in 40% implant sites (6 implant sites) and RBH≥6 mm was observed in 60% implant sites (9 implant sites). The thickness of the sinus floor membrane correspond to the implant site measured by cone beam CT (CBCT) ranged from 0.50 to 4.24 mm [averaged (1.21±0.92) mm]. Sequential drills with stops were used to perforate the cortical bone of the sinus floor firstly, then the transcrestal around detached sinus floor elevation technique (TADSFET) was carried with osteotomes. Anorganic bovine bone was used as the augmentation material.Fifteen implants were placed in 15 implant sites. CBCT pictures showed that there was a smooth and continuous tent-shaped apophysis on each lifted site and no air fluid level was observed in the sinus immediately after operation. The mean elevated height of the 15 implant sites was (7.83±1.57) mm (ranged from 5.94 to 11.01 mm). The mean follow-up time was 7.91 months (7-10 months). The survival rate was 100% during the follow up period.纳入2017年2月至5月于清华大学附属垂杨柳医院口腔科就诊的11例上颌后牙缺失患者（15个种植位点），术前锥形束CT测量剩余骨高度（residual bone height，RBH）10 mm，需行上颌窦底提升术。术前RBH为（6.18±1.60）mm [（3.10~8.34）mm]，其中6个位点RBH6 mm，9个位点RBH≥6 mm。种植位点对应上颌窦底黏膜厚度（1.21±0.92）mm [（0.50~4.24）mm]。15个种植位点均应用带止动环序列钻逐级备洞磨穿上颌窦底骨皮质后用新型骨凿行穿牙槽嵴顶四周剥离上颌窦底提升术，术中植入无机牛骨基质及种植体15枚。术后即刻拍摄锥形束CT显示所有上颌窦底提升种植位点区域均形成一外形连续界限清晰的"帐篷状"隆起，上颌窦内均未见异常液平面。上颌窦底提升高度（7.83±1.57）mm [（5.94~11.01）mm]。随访7~10个月，随访期间所有种植体均存留无松动脱落。.

In this paper, TiO2/Ag/TiO2 multilayers, deposited by magnetron sputtering technique at room temperature are used as transparent conductive layers for Liquid Crystal (LC) devices fabrication. The measured electro-optical modulation characteristics and phase retardation of LC cell based on TiO2/Ag/TiO2 electrode show improved electro-optic performances in comparison with LC reference cell using commercial Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Low sheet resistance and high transparency of TiO2/Ag/TiO2 multilayers open a great potential for next generation ITO-free liquid crystals electro-optical modulators.

Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) layers are prepared by using atomic layer deposition technique. The obtained layers possess high optical transmittance at visible and near-infrared spectral range. By varying the Al content, optimal growth compositions of AZO are established where the electrical conductivity of the film is highest. Based on performed optical and electrical characteristics measurements, selected AZO films with optimal conductivity are implemented as transparent electrodes in liquid crystal display devices. The electro-optical modulation characteristics of these devices are found to be comparable to those of devices using commercial ITO electrodes.

A UV-curing technique was used to develop advanced anticorrosive coatings made of a poly(methyl methacry- late) (PMMA)/silica composite (PSC) with bioinspired Xanthosoma sagittifolium leaf-like superhydrophobic surfaces. First of all, a transparent soft template with negative patterns of xanthosoma sagittifolium leaf can be fabricated by thermally cur- ing the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pre-polymer in molds at 60°C for 4 h, followed by detaching PDMS template from the surface of natural leaf. PSC coatings with biomimetic structures can be prepared by performing the UV-radiation process upon casting UV-curable precursor with photo-initiator onto cold-rolled steel (CRS) electrode under PDMS tem- plate. Subsequently, UV-radiation process was carried out by using light source with light intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 with exposing wavelength of 365 nm. Surface morphologies of the as-synthesized hydrophobic PMMA (HP) and superhydropho- bic PSC (SPSC) coatings showed a large number of micro-scaled mastoids, each decorated with many nano-scaled wrinkles that were systematically investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The contact angles of water droplets on the sample surfaces can be increased from ~81 and 103° on PMMA and PSC surfaces to ~148 and 163° on HP and SPSC surfaces, respectively. The SPSC coating was found to provide an advanced corrosion protection effect on CRS electrodes compared to that of neat PMMA, PSC, and HP coatings based on a series of electrochemical corrosion measurements in 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte. Enhanced corrosion protection of SPSC coatings on CRS electrodes can be illustrated by that the silica nanoparticles on the small papillary hills of the bioinspired structure of the surface further increased the surface rough- ness, making the surface exhibit superior superhydrophobic, and thus leading to much better anticorrosion performance.

[1] In this paper, temporal and spatial analyses are employed to detect seismo-ionospheric precursors (SIPs) in the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) during the 16 October 1999 Mw7.1 Hector Mine earthquake. To discriminate anomalies caused by global effects, such as solar radiations, magnetic storms, etc., and local effects, such as earthquake, we cross-examine the GPS TECs and their gradients in the eastward and northward directions at epicenter/centers of the Hector Mine area and the other two reference areas at similar magnetic latitudes in Europe and Japan. Temporal variations of the northward TEC gradient suggest SIPs most likely appearing on days 6–5 before the earthquake. A global search by using the TEC of the global ionosphere map shows that the TEC increase and decrease anomalies continuously and specifically appear around the epicenter on day 5 before the earthquake.

The spin valve (SV) based field sensor has better signal output than anisotropy magnetoresistance (AMR) sensor. A SV multilayer with an in-plane magnetization anisotropy consisting of Ta 2/ IrMn 10/ CoFe 2.5 / Cu 2/ CoFe 2 / NiFe 2.5/ Ta 5 (thickness in nanometers) is prepared by means of sputtering. A field cooling at 550 K under an external magnetic field of 2 KOe is then employed. Nano-patterning is carried out by using a standard electron beam lithography in conjunction with ion-milling etching technique. A standard four-terminal ac lock-in measurement is employed to characterize the reversal behaviors. We find the reversal behaviors of cascaded SV device can be controlled by gap value and field cool again.

It is a digital age today. Exposed to all kinds of digital products in many fields. Certainly, implant dentistry is not exception. Digitalization could improve the outcomes and could decrease the complications of implant dentistry. This paper introduces the concepts, definitions, advantages, disadvantages, limitations and errors of digital implant dentistry.

C.-H. Wen, C.-H. Lin, S.-C. Tsao, Y.-C. Su, M.-H. Tsai and C.-Y. Chai Micronucleus scoring in liver fine needle aspiration cytology Objective: This study evaluated the role of the micronucleus (MN) in liver fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Methods: Histological features of 75 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), of which 25 were well differentiated, 37 moderately differentiated and 13 poorly differentiated, and 58 benign hepatic lesions (total, 133 cases) were correlated with MN expression observed in FNA smears reported as benign (n = 40), atypical (n = 14), suspicious (n = 30) and malignant (n = 49). Results: Stepwise increases in the MN score (0.4 ± 0.6, 1.2 ± 1.3, 6.3 ± 4.2 and 14.3 ± 8.8) correlated with the degree of cytological abnormality: benign, atypia, suspicious and malignant, respectively. The mean MN scores for well-, moderately and poorly differentiated HCC were 5.4 ± 2.2, 11.5 ± 4.5 and 24.9 ± 9.1, respectively, which was significantly different between malignant and suspicious (P

Objectives: To determine whether the standard techniques of measuring tumour size could be applied to the measurement of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Study design: A retrospective review of case notes from the Buddhist Tzu Chi Dalin General Hospital archives was performed. Settings: The Buddhist Tzu Chi Dalin General Hospital is a teaching hospital in Taiwan. Participants: All patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were included. Main outcome measures: Ninety-eight patients with newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated with high-dose radiotherapy and chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. Computed tomography-derived primary tumour volume, bidimensional measurement and unidimensional measurement were recorded. Intrarater reliability was measured. To examine the validity of various measurements, we estimated the Spearman’s correlation co-efficients between those measurements and the gold standard value (primary tumour volume measurement with summation of area techniques). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed and Kaplan–Meier survival curves constructed. Results: There was a significant association between primary tumour volume and bidimensional measurement with respect to tumour size at diagnosis (Spearman’s correlation co-efficient = 0.845, P

Non-invasive gene monitoring is important for most gene therapy applications to ensure selective gene transfer to specific cells or tissues. We developed a non-invasive imaging system to assess the location and persistence of gene expression by anchoring an anti-dansyl (DNS) single-chain antibody (DNS receptor) on the cell surface to trap DNS-derivatized imaging probes. DNS hapten was covalently attached to cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO) to form a 39+/-0.5 nm DNS-CLIO nanoparticle imaging probe. DNS-CLIO specifically bound to DNS receptors but not to a control single-chain antibody receptor. DNS-CLIO (100 microM Fe) was non-toxic to both B16/DNS (DNS receptor positive) and B16/phOx (control receptor positive) cells. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could detect as few as 10% B16/DNS cells in a mixture in vitro. Importantly, DNS-CLIO specifically bound to a B16/DNS tumor, which markedly reduced signal intensity. Similar results were also shown with DNS quantum dots, which specifically targeted CT26/DNS cells but not control CT26/phOx cells both in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that DNS nanoparticles can systemically monitor the expression of DNS receptor in vivo by feasible imaging systems. This targeting strategy may provide a valuable tool to estimate the efficacy and specificity of different gene delivery systems and optimize gene therapy protocols in the clinic.

While efficacy of combination treatment with methotrexate (MTX), sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) ('triple therapy') has been shown in clinical trials, few studies have examined its longevity in a real-life setting.Our aim was to assess the tolerability, longevity and efficacy of a triple disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) regimen initiated in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.Patients who met 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA with disease duration less than 2 years were offered triple therapy upon diagnosis. Treatment was intensified according to a response-driven step-up algorithm, which included progression to leflunomide (LEF) or a biologic agent.Of 181 new-onset RA patients, 119 commenced triple therapy. Median duration of triple therapy was 39 weeks, and 23.5% remained on it at last follow up, with median follow up 104 weeks. Continuous therapy with any three-DMARD combination (including LEF) occurred in 32% at last follow up, with median duration of 70 weeks. Cessation of at least one of MTX, SSZ or HCQ occurred because of an adverse event in 38%, remission in 7% and incomplete response in 28% of patients. SSZ accounted for 49% of initial drug withdrawals for an adverse event. Continuation of three-drug therapy did not significantly influence the proportion of patients achieving remission or low disease activity (LDA).Triple therapy in new-onset RA was reasonably well tolerated, persisting for median 39 weeks. SSZ intolerance commonly reduces longevity of triple therapy. Treating to the target of remission or LDA is more important than the number of DMARD continued.

There have been a large number of papers on the surface tensions of metals since Keene published his critical review in 1993. Consequently, current data for both the surface tensions of metals and their temperature dependencies have been critically assessed and recommended values are given. Experimental uncertainties can arise from two sources: systematic errors associated with the experimental methods (typically ±2%) and changes in surface tension arising from oxygen contamination of the specimen. Uncertainties arising from the latter can be variable.

This study demonstrates the successful use of back-propagation artificial neural networks (BPANNs) in predicting the shrinkage and warpage of injection-molded thin-wall parts. The effects of structural parameters of a BPANN on the predictionaccuracy and the capability of a BPANN in determining the optimal process condition are also discussed. The training and testing data are obtained experimentally based on a Taguchi L27 (313) test schedule. The results show that the trained BPANN can successfully predict the shrinkage and warpage of injection-molded thin-wall parts. Comparing the prediction accuracies of the trained BPANN and C-Mold software, it is noted that the trained BPANN predicts more accurately. In terms of determining the optimal process condition for minimizing the shrinkage and warpage of injected thin-wall parts, the trained BPANN is also shown to give a better optimal process condition than Taguchi's method. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2029–2040, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.

Optimal process conditions of thin-wall injection molding of a cellular phone cover were investigated with the consideration of interaction effects between process parameters. L27 experimental tests based on Taguchi's method were performed, and then Cyclone Scanner, PolyCAD and PolyWorks were used to measure the shrinkage and warpage of the thin-wall injected parts to determine the optimal process conditions. Based on the results of the analysis of variables and the F-test, interaction effects for each observed factor were determined. The results indicated that the packing pressure was the most important process parameter affecting the shrinkage and warpage of the thin-wall part. The optimal process conditions were different for the shrinkage and the warpage. This was because during the injection process, the mechanisms affecting shrinkage or warpage were different. Compared with the results obtained with simplified thin-wall parts in the literature, it was found that the geometry of a real commercial part did affect the optimal process conditions and the order of influence of process parameters. The optimal process conditions determined by Taguchi's method for reducing the shrinkage and warpage were verified experimentally in this work. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:917–928, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.

Industrial effluents are known to exhibit toxicity toward different aquatic organisms. In Taiwan management of these discharges still relies on chemical and physical characteristics of water, although various standard methods for assessing aquatic toxicity have been proposed by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. In this study we examined the toxicity and compared the sensitivity of different types of industrial effluents using two proposed toxicity tests: the Daphnia similis acute toxicity test and the Microtox® acute assay (Vibrio fischeri). Results showed that electroplating effluents were the most toxic of all the effluents tested, followed by acrylonitrile manufacturing, pulp/paper, and tannery effluents. The EC50 of an electroplating effluent for D. similis and V. fischeri (15 min) was as low as, respectively, 2.9% and 3.9% of the whole effluent. The other effluents were not acutely toxic to either organism tested. However, the tests exhibited different sensitivity toward various discharges. Only the electroplating and acrylonitrile manufacturing effluents had effects on both organisms. These results indicate the importance of the incorporation of aquatic toxicity tests into the management scheme for treated wastewaters. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 93–97, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10036

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) refers to a method of detecting the current energy consumptions of a house or a building using a single set of sensors at the utility service entry (USE). The voltage of USE in Taiwan can vary within ±5%. NILM, which uses active (P) and reactive powers (Q) as the load signatures may suffer from very low detection rates. In this paper, we proposed a new NILM method based on cascaded strategy. The proposed algorithm consists of three stages. In the first stage, the conventional PQ method will be employed. In the second stage, a linearized admittance method will be used to update the fundamental components of the current signals in the database due the voltage variations at USE. Finally, in the third stage, the updated current spectra from the second stage will be used for identifying the loads passed down from the first stage. It is shown via experiments that the proposed method yield better detection rate than the conventional PQ method.

It has been documented that sex hormone may play a role in the pathogenesis of murine lupus. To determine the effect of tamoxifen (TAM) on NZB/W F1 female mice, a total dose of 800 microg (22 mg/kg body weight) of TAM was administered subcutaneously every 2 weeks. The control mice were injected with peanut oil only. After treatment with TAM for 5 months, the mice were killed and immunological parameters were evaluated. The results suggest that NZB/W F1 mice treated with TAM had less severe proteinuria and increased survival rate compared to controls. Flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes revealed a significantly lower percentage of B cells and CD5+ B cells in the TAM-treated group. There was a significantly lower serum level of soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor I and II molecules in the TAM-treated mice. Immunohistological study showed that control mice had severe immune complex deposition in the kidney. In contrast, TAM-treated mice had much less pathological change. In summary, this study demonstrated that TAM treatment might be able to alleviate the symptoms of lupus nephritis, influence B-cell count, modulate the expression of cytokine receptors and thereby subsequently affect immune function. Further studies to determine the cellular mechanisms in lupus nephritis may increase our understanding of this complex disease and provide additional targets for therapeutic intervention.

The velocity-field characteristics of time-dependent horseshoe vortex flow at the juncture of an upright square cylinder and a base plate, which is subjected to an unsteady dam-break flow, were investigated experimentally. Flow visualization techniques and high-speed particle image velocimetry (HSPIV) were used to explore both qualitatively and quantitatively the unsteady feature of the flow field of horseshoe vortex structure at the juncture of square cylinder and base plate, respectively. The characteristics of the evolutionary horseshoe vortex system were analyzed, including the position of primary vortex core, down-flow velocity profile and the circulation of primary horseshoe vortex. The results show that air bubble entrains into the vortex centre in front of the model only in the cases with model-width varying from 3.0 cm to 5.0 cm. When the model width increases, the bubble entraining to the vortex centre occurs earlier. The results also show that the down-flow velocity profiles are highly affected by the vortex structures. The relationship between flow characteristics and the time duration after the gate is open is obtained by using regression analysis. The similarity of the position of the down-flow is presented with dimensionless length and dimensionless velocity as length and velocity scales, respectively.

To determine the efficacy of X-ray processes in inactivating L. monocytogenes levels in smoked catfish during storage at 5°C and to determine the effects of X-ray doses on controlling the growth of spoilage bacteria on smoked catfish during storage at 5°C for up to 5 weeks.Smoked catfish fillets inoculated with L. monocytogenes were treated with 0.0-2.0 kGy X-ray and stored at 5°C for 5 weeks. The negative controls (uninoculated/untreated) and uninoculated samples treated with the lowest (0.1 kGy) and highest (2.0 kGy) doses were stored at 5°C and tested for psychrotrophs count during the 5 weeks of storage. The initial L. monocytogenes population on smoked catfish was significantly (P0.05) reduced to undetectable level by a treatment of 1.0 kGy or higher. The initial psychrotrophs count on smoked catfish was significantly reduced from 4.7 CFU g(-1) to below the detectable level by a treatment with 2.0 kGy.Smoked catfish treated with 2.0 kGy X-ray had no detectable L. monocytogenes throughout 35 days of storage at 5°C. A treatment with 2.0 kGy X-ray also kept the levels of psychrotrophs in the smoked catfish within the acceptable level until 35 days.The results of this investigation indicate that X-ray at 2.0 kGy can eliminate L. monocytogenes and extend the shelf life of smoked catfish stored at refrigeration temperature.

To investigate the association between the gastric emptying rate and the presence of erosive esophagitis in duodenal ulcer (DU) patients among a population with high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection.Cross-sectional survey was performed in a cohort of 60 male patients with either active or healed DU, with or without the presence of erosive esophagitis. Clinical and social-demographic data, blood level of fasting gastrin, pepsinogen II/II ratio, and scintigraphic measurement of half emptying time (t(1/2) ) of the solid phase gastric emptying were evaluated.Patients with active DU and erosive esophagitis tended to have higher plasma level of fasting gastrin than those without erosive esophagitis (75.11±13.74 vs 45.81±5.06pgmL(-1) , P = 0.059). In the absence of H. pylori infection, patients with healed DU and erosive esophagitis had a trend to have longer half-emptying time (t(1/2) : 96.5±6.4 vs 69.1±11.3min, P=0.0572) than those without erosive esophagitis, and statistically significant longer after excluding those diagnosed with hiatal hernia (t(1/2) : 100.8±7.9min vs 69.1±11.3min, P0.05) from the former group. Among the healed DU patients, those with negative H. pylori infection, hiatal hernia and overweight (body mass index ≥24) had significantly increased risk of severe esophagitis.Presence of erosive esophagitis in a subset of Taiwanese patients with healed DU and negative H. pylori status was associated with slower solid phase gastric emptying.

The use of closed-loop implantable telemetry devices [1,2] is increasing as recent clinical studies have shown their efficiency and usefulness in detecting and treating various cardiac arrhythmias. In this paper, we present a single-chip closed-loop system providing closed-loop feedback of sensed cardiac patterns. This device promises more optimized stimulation parameters to cure rapid arrhythmias compared with open-loop devices. Our system incorporates more functionality comparing with the conventional micro-stimulators, yet consumes less power. It is powered by implanted rechargeable batteries periodically charged by radio-frequency (RF) coupling. This improvement of the powering system can prevent improper device operation or shutdown due to RF coupling and loading variations. Furthermore, this system eliminates the need for periodic surgery for battery replacement and improves quality of life of the patient.

The effect of hypoxia on the production and release of vasoactive substances from endothelial cells of pulmonary artery (PAECs) and aorta (AECs) was studied. The results indicated that the overall effect of the long half-life vasoactive substances released from PAECs and AECs was vasoconstrictive. The long half-life lipid-soluble substances produced by PAECs and AECs were vasodilative, and did not change in hypoxia. However, the long half-life water-soluble heat-unstable and heat-stable ones were vasoconstrictive. Hypoxia could reduce the release of the former and promote that of the latter which might be peptides. The PAECs could release specific long half-life mediator which was pulmonary artery-constrictive, water-soluble, heat-unstable, and not related to hypoxia. Hypoxia inhibited the production of PGI2, a short half-life vasodilator, in PAECs, but not in AECs.